Amaholide olwandle avame ukubabaza izinyoni ezindiza ngaphezu kwamanzi. Izingane ziphonsa kubo izingcezu zesinkwa nezithelo. Kepha bambalwa abantu abacabangayo zingaki izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zasolwandle ikhona Emhlabeni. Futhi abantu abanamaphiko bahlala hhayi kuphela eduze nemizimba yamanzi kasawoti.
Izici zomndeni
Phakathi kwabamele ama-Chaikov, kunezibonelo zobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Izinyoni ezincane zincane kunejuba futhi zinesisindo esingaba ngu-100 g. Umuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke ufinyelela ku-80 cm ubude futhi unesisindo esingu-2 kg. Izakhamuzi zasekhaya zibhekene nemingcele emaphakathi.
Ngaphandle, wonke ama-seagull abukeka efanayo. Banesibani esinyene nezimpaphe ezibushelelezi. Umsila namaphiko kuhlangabezana nazo zonke izidingo ze-aerodynamic, ezenza ukuthi izinyoni zindize kahle, zikwazi ukundiza isikhathi eside nokwenza imizila ebukhali. Izinyawo ezine-webbed zikuvumela ukuthi uhlale ngokuqiniseka emanzini, futhi ungaphazamisi ukuhamba ngokushesha emhlabeni (noma ukugijima).
Umehluko omncane phakathi kwabantu abadala ukuma komlomo. Kweminye, inkulu, ixhunyiwe. Ezinye zazigqokiswa ngokwemvelo ngesitho somzimba esikhonjwe ngomusa. Kepha zonke zenzelwe ukubamba isisulu esisheshayo kalula.
Izinhlobo zasolwandle ahlukile ngombala. Iningi linomzimba okhanyayo namaphiko amnyama (mpunga, mnyama). Kepha kukhona nabantu abangaqondile, phakathi kwabo okumhlophe nokubomvana okugqamile. Amaphayiphu nomlomo kungaba ophuzi, obomvu, omnyama.
Akukho mehluko wangaphandle kwezocansi kuma-gulls, kepha abasha emhlambini bahlukaniswa yimpaphe yabo e-brownish-variegated. Ezinyonini, ukuguqulwa kwengubo kuyisici - ngenkathi yokukhwelana, izimpaphe zasebusika ezinesizotha zithola imibala egqamile ngokukhanyayo.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Izici ezikhethekile zezinhlanzi zasolwandle ngumuntu oyedwa. Ozakwethu bomndeni bathembekile komunye nomunye. Insikazi inika inzalo kanye ngonyaka. “Inhloko yomndeni” inakekela ukudla kwayo ngesikhathi sokuzalisa, esenzeka ngo-Ephreli-Julayi (kuya ngesifunda). Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamaqhugwane, abalingani bayashintshana ngokuchamisela inzalo.
I-clutch ingaqukatha amaqanda e-variegated kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3, lawo amachwane achamisela ngemuva kwamasonto ama-3-4. Izingane ezimbozwe i-fluff sezivele ziboniwe, zikhule kahle, kepha ngesonto lokuqala azikwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela. Izinkukhu ezincane zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila. Isikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila kwabo siyiminyaka eyi-15-20.
Ukuphila
I-halo yama-gulls ivame kakhulu - ingabonakala ingagcini nje ngokukhuphuka olwandle noma olwandle. Izinyoni zihlala eduze kwemifula nezindawo zokugcina amanzi. Zitholakala etundra nasogwadule, zingabonakala ngisho nasezindlini zabantu ezinabantu abaningi. Kunoma yiliphi izwekazi izinyoni ezihlala kulo, kufanele kube khona amanzi amaningi eduze. Indlela eyinhloko yokukhetha indawo yithuba lokuzuza kokuthile.
Abahlali basolwandle (inhlanzi, i-squid, i-starfish) bahlala bengumthombo oyinhloko wokudla kwama-gulls. Kodwa izinyoni azikudeleli "ukudla komhlaba", zicosha indle yabantu. Ezindaweni zokulahla udoti olwandle naseziqukathi zodoti eduze kwezakhiwo zokuhlala, bafuna izinsalela zokudla kwezilwane.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo
Nomaphi lapho kuhlala khona izingwengwezi zasolwandle, kubalingiswa bazo emphakathini - bahlala emakoloni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umuntu wesizwe esikubo akahlukaniswa nje kuphela yizimpawu zangaphandle - uhlobo ngalunye lunolimi lwalo, olufaka inqwaba yazo zonke izinhlobo zemisindo.
Emndenini ochazwe kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-60 zezinhlanzi ezisakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Abanye bahlala phansi, abanye kufanele bazulazule. Okokuqala, kufanele uthinte isihloko, yiziphi izinhlobo zama-gulls uhlala eRussia.
Encane
Ngaphandle, inyoni iyefana nenyoni yesiziba, kodwa ikhanda layo limnyama bhuqe (kubandakanya ngemuva kwekhanda). Yebo, futhi ubukhulu bale nyoni abuzange buvele - awufinyeleli ku-30 cm ubude ngamaphiko we-62-69 cm, awunesisindo esingeqile ku-100 g.
Ingubo iyashintsha kuye ngesizini. Ebusika, ikhanda liba mhlophe, libe nezindawo ezimnyama ezimnyama ekhakhayini. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, iyaguqula - ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba, izimpaphe ezimhlophe zithola umbala opinki. I-gull encane ingeyehlobo lokufuduka. Isikhathi sokubonakala eRussia siwela ngoMeyi-Agasti.
Esikhathini esiningi, izinyoni zingabonakala emachibini nasemiseleni yaseTatarstan (Nizhnekamsk, Kuibyshev). Amakholoni amakhulu ajwayelekile enyakatho yeYurophu, kepha ayatholakala nase-Asia. I-seagull iyathanda ukwakha isidleke osebeni lwemifula namaxhaphozi, eziqhingini zamachibi. Umthombo wokudla oyinhloko izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla.
IMedithera
Ummeleli obucayi wamaChaikovs - ngomzimba ka-52-58 cm, amaphiko angama-1.2-1.4 m. Umhlane namaphiko kudwetshiwe ngomthunzi ompunga okhanyayo, ama-fenders amnyama ngemihlobiso. Zonke ezinye izimpaphe zimhlophe.
Uqhwaku nemilenze enamandla kunethoni ephuzi ngokusawolintshi. Umbala ofanayo ne-iris yamehlo, ahlanganiswe nendandatho ebomvu. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu yiBay of Biscay kanye ne-Peninsula yase-Iberia. ERussia bahlala ogwini loLwandle Olumnyama.
Izidleke zingakhiwa kumaqhugwane, emaweni ngisho nasophahleni lwezakhiwo eziphakeme. Akakhethi ngokukhetha imenyu - udla noma yini evelayo. Ngaphezu kwezakhamuzi zasemanzini, ayizideleli izinambuzane, amagundane, izidumbu. Iyakwazi ukubhidliza izidleke zemikhono yomndeni ongomakhelwane.
Isiliva
Lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezinesisindo esingafika kukhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu. Ubude bomzimba bungamasentimitha angama-60, kanti amaphiko ayo angamamitha ayi-1.25-1.55 Kwamanye amazwe, kuthathwa njengenyoni edla inyama ekwaziyo ukuhlasela umuntu osondela endaweni yokwakha isidleke.
Uqhwaku olunamandla, olucwecwe ukusuka ezinhlangothini, luguqulwe ekugcineni. Ipendwe ngombala ophuzi noma ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka onophawu olubomvu kumamandible aphansi. Ngobuningi, izidladla zihlukile kunozwilili ngombala obomvu-obomvana. I-seagull enezimpaphe ezimhlophe ibizwa ngegama lombala wamaphiko ayo, njengokungathi imbozwe ngesiliva.
Kutholakala yonke indawo futhi kungokwenhlobo yohlobo oluthile lokufuduka. Labo bantu abahlala eduze kwamachibi ezifunda eziseningizimu bahlala phansi. Amaqhugwane asenyakatho ezwekazi laseYurophu athuthela e-Asia.
Izinyoni ze-silvery akuzona nje ama-omnivores kuphela - ziziphatha njengabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Ngeke kube nzima ngabo ukweba izinhlanzi emanetheni, ukuzuza ezitolo zabathengisi basemgwaqweni, nokucekela phansi izidleke zohlobo lwabo nezinyoni zeminye imindeni. Ziphila ngokudla izilwane ezincane futhi azibalekeli izidumbu.
Gull onekhanda elimnyama
Umuntu omkhulu ngokuphelele angafika ku-70 cm ngosayizi futhi enesisindo esingaba ngu-2 kg. Kwake kwabhekwa njengama-subspecies we-herring gull ngenxa yokufana nokuhleka okuncane. Manje ihlukaniswe njengeqembu elizimele ngenxa yezici zalo zangaphandle.
Ikhanda lenyoni endala limnyama. Izimpaphe zamaphiko kanye nangemuva kuthambile-umlotha. Izidladla ziphuzi, futhi umbala woqhwaku useduze no-olintshi, ekugcineni umakwa ngomugqa omnyama. Amehlo acijwe "yiribhoni" emhlophe. Uhlala emakoloni amakhulu. Izindawo eziyizintandokazi ezingxenyeni zaseRussia yizilwandle i-Azov neCaspian, eCrimea. EYurophu, uhlala eMedithera.
I-Relic
Idonsela ukunaka ngobuhle bayo nokubukeka kwayo. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singamasentimitha angama-44-45.Inhloko nentamo kudwetshwe kwamnyama ngokujulile (ebusika kubekwa kumhlophe). Izeluleko zezimpiko ezimpunga zibekwe kahle. Izimpaphe zangemuva zinombala wensimbi ofanayo.
Isisu nomsila kumhlophe njengeqhwa. Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, izidladla ezibomvu, uqhwaku oluqinile nesikhumba esizungeze amehlo kuphuma kahle. Amajwabu amehlo aphezulu nangaphansi "agqoke" ngomugqa omhlophe. AmaKoloni ama-relic gulls angahlangatshezwa emadamini aseningizimu eRussia, eKazakhstan naseChina. Kungokwesilwane esisengozini yokuqothulwa, ngakho-ke kubhalwe kuRed Book.
UStepaya
Lezi zinhlobo zingabhekwa njengezifuywayo zasendulo - izinyoni zihlala zizinze ogwini lweCaspian nolwandle olumnyama, nazo zithatha insimu yase-Ukraine. Ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwama-gulls kutholakala ePoland, Belarus, Hungary, Kazakhstan.
Kugqama phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo zamafomu anomusa. Naphezu kobukhulu bayo obukhulu (obungu-55-66 cm ubude) nesisindo esimangalisayo (cishe u-1.2 kg), le nyoni ezacile ihamba kamnandi emhlabeni futhi indiza kamnandi emoyeni.
Isici esivelele yinhloko encane enebunzi elixegayo nentamo ende. Inombala ojwayelekile wezinhlobo eziningi. Imilenze ezacile nomlomo kuphuzi okukhanyayo. Izimpaphe ezinkulu zimhlophe, izimpiko ziyimpunga. Abantu babiza inyoni yesteppe ngokuhleka. Uvame ukuphakamisa ikhanda lakhe, enze imisindo ye-guttural efana nokuhleka.
Ezasolwandle
Ummeleli omkhulu wamaChaikov ungama-75-80 cm ubude, enamaphiko angaba ngu-1.7 cm nesisindo esingu-2 kg. Zonke izimpaphe zale nyoni zimhlophe, kuphela izindawo ezingaphezulu zamaphiko ezidwetshiwe ezimnyama ngokujulile. Intsha engafika eminyakeni engu-4 inezimpaphe ezinsundu. Ukuqondanisa i-seagull, uqhwaku lwayo oluphuzi nophetho olubomvu lunamandla, lide futhi ligobile. Izinyawo eziphinki eziqinile neziphaphathekile.
Igama lezinhlobo ze-gull capaciously ugcizelela izici zabo. Laba bameleli bomndeni bahlala emakoloni amakhulu asogwini olusenyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean. Bahlala futhi eYurophu Ephakathi. Abanye abantu bathuthela eningizimu ebusika futhi bangahlangana nabo eCrimea.
Umsila omnyama
Inobukhulu obumaphakathi futhi inomsila onamandla ophuzi ogobile kancane onomaka obomvu nomnyama ekugcineni. Kugqama kumithunzi ejwayelekile emhlophe nampunga phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ezinophaphe lomsila omnyama.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokuhlala yi-East Asia. Kepha kunabantu eNyakatho Melika, e-Alaska. ERussia, i-black-tailed gull ingatholakala emachibini asezindaweni eziseningizimu.
"Izakhamizi" zenhlokodolobha
Lezi zinyoni zasolwandle zijwayele ukufika emadolobheni kangangoba zingabonakala nasenhlokodolobha yaseRussia. Ukucabangela izinhlobo zasolwandle eMoscow, okuvame kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa - grey kanye ne-lacustrine. Muva nje, abantu besiliva nabo baye babonwa.
Izindawo eziyizintandokazi zamakholoni indawo yaseKopotnya, iSeverny (eduze nomgwaqo omkhulu waseDmitrovskoe), iLake Kiyovo. Ukuhlanganiswa okunjalo kuhlotshaniswa nokushoda kokudla kwemvelo nenani elikhulu lokulahlwa komhlaba lapho ungazuza khona ngokulahlwa kokudla. Kulokhu, ama-seagulls athatha imisebenzi yabadla izambane likapondo.
USizaya
Ngaphandle kokuthi inyoni inesisindo esisuka ku-300 kuye ku-550 g, awukwazi ukuyibiza incane - ubude bomzimba okungenani bube ngamasentimitha angama-46.Iphiko lifinyelela ku-1.2 m.Linokufana kwangaphandle ne-herring gull, kepha izimpaphe zigcwele ngombala onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kumathiphu, amaphiko aqoshwe ngomhlobiso omnyama nomhlophe. Uqhwaku oluphuzi nolugobile kancane alunachashazi elibomvu elifana nse nezinkonkoni.
Akuhlali eziqhingini nasogwini lolwandle kuphela, kepha futhi kwenzeka nasemizimbeni yamanzi yangaphakathi nezwe yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Ebusika ifudukela e-Afrika engenhla ihlale emakoloni aseMedithera, lapho izala khona.
Ihluke kancane kwezinye izinhlobo ngendlela yokudla. Izidlakudla azisebenzi kangako, okuqukethwe nakho konke okuzayo. Kepha ingathatha inyamazane yemikhono ebuthakathaka yekoloni langaphandle. Uthanda ukuzitika ngamajikijolo.
Ozernaya
Inyoni ejwayelekile ukwedlula zonke ezitholakala ezweni. Ungamazi ngesiqu sakhe esimhlophe nape, ikhanda elimnyama namaphiko ampunga. Izimpaphe zomsila nazo zidwetshiwe ngemibala efanayo. Izidladla noqhwaku oluncane kubomvu tebhu. Inxanxathela enamakhanda amnyama ibhekwa njengenyoni emaphakathi - iphiko elilodwa lifinyelela cishe kumitha. Umuntu omdala unesisindo esingu-350 g, umzimba ungama-40 cm ubude.
I-seagull ihlala zombili ogwini lolwandle futhi eduze nemifula namachibi. Lolu hlobo lungatholakala nasemadolobheni anamanzi amakhulu. Izidleke zikhula emhlangeni, zibekele amaqanda ohlobo oluluhlaza okotshani kuzo. Amachwane achanyuselwe aselungele ukuzindizela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30.
Abantu bangaphandle
Gull njengoba izinhlobo zezinyoni - umhlali ojwayelekile wezindawo zaseRussia. Kepha ezinye izinhlobo azitholakali lapha.
Okumpunga
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokwakha izidleke zabantu yiNingizimu Melika (iPeru, iChile). Abavakashi abavame ukufika emaphethelweni asePacific. Laba bameleli bomndeni bangabizwa ngezinyoni ezijwayelekile. Ubude bomzimba abufinyeleli ku-45 cm, kanti i-seagull inesisindo esingaba ngu-360-450 g.
Le nyoni ilithethelela ngokuphelele igama layo - zonke izimpaphe zingumbala womthofu. Ngabe leso sisu sikhanya ngethoni kunangemuva. Yebo, ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ikhanda liba mhlophe qwa. Izimpaphe zomsila zigudle umugqa omnyama nomhlophe. Imilenze nomlomo kunombala wamalahle, kanti iris yamehlo ansundu.
Krasnomorskaya
Lona kanye igama lohlobo lukhombisa "ukubhaliswa" - iGulf of Aden kanye nogu loLwandle Olubomvu. Indiza yakhe ungayibuka e-United Arab Emirates, Israel, Iran, Oman, Turkey.
Inyoni encane (engama-43 cm ubude namaphiko ayi-1-1.2 m) ivelela ukuzaca kwayo nokuma kwayo okuhle. Inemilenze ephakeme ephuzi kanye nomlomo omncane omncane omnyama obomvu onethiphu emnyama.
Ingemuva kunombala ompunga ngombala. Umthunzi okhanyayo wesifuba namahlombe. Kwezinye izindawo, ungabona izimpaphe ezimhlophe. Emaphikweni, umbala ompunga okhanyayo esisekelweni uphenduka ubemnyama emaphethelweni.
Ikhanda nentamo nakho kumbozwe izimpaphe ezimnyama ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Umngcele omhlophe obanzi ugqama ngokusobala uzungeze i-iris emnyama. Kule nyoni yathola igama layo lesibili - amehlo amhlophe.
I-Delaware
Le seagull imele iNyakatho Melika. Izindawo zalo zokwakha izidleke zitholakala yonke indawo kusuka ezifundazweni ezimaphakathi nezwe kuya emingceleni yaseCanada. Ebusika, amakoloni athuthela engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwekazi. Le nyoni inesilinganiso esimaphakathi - umzimba ongu-41-49 cm namaphiko ayi-1-1.2 m. Umzimba ozacile uhlotshiswe ngekhanda elikhulu, usethwe entanyeni emfushane. Lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngamaphiko amancane, amade, acijile kanye nomsila omfushane.
Izimpaphe eziyinhloko zomzimba zingaphansi okumhlophe, phezulu okumpunga. Umbala omnyama ukhona eziqongweni zezimpaphe zokundiza. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ikhanda liphenduka libe mhlophe, umugqa omnyama onqamulelayo uvela ekugcineni koqhwaku oluphuzi. Amehlo nezidladla zale nyoni nazo zipendwe ngombala ophuzi. Akukho fluff ezungeze amehlo - isikhumba esibomvu siyabonakala lapho.
California
Ungomunye ohlala e-United States, uhlala eCanada aye eColorado nasempumalanga yeCalifornia. Ebusika, imindeni iya ogwini lwasePacific, lapho izalela khona amatshwele.
Ngaphandle, inyoni icishe ifane ne-herring gull, kepha inekhanda eliyindilinga nosayizi omncane. Izinyawo ziphuzi, njengo mlomo onendandatho emnyama ekugcineni. Izimpaphe entanyeni zihlotshiswe ngamachashazi ansundu. Izimpaphe zangemuva nangaphezulu zinempunga ejwayelekile. Zonke ezinye izitho zomzimba zimhlophe njengeqhwa.
Inkohliso ehlekisayo
Muva nje, abezindaba bakubikile lokho Ama-ornithologists ase-Ukraine athuthukise uhlobo olukhethekile lwama-gulls... Igama noma yiziphi izimpawu azinikiwe. Okuwukuphela kwemininingwane ukuthi izinyoni zino-guano onoshevu ongagxilisa insimbi. Ngokuya ngemicimbi yezepolitiki yeminyaka edlule, kungacatshangwa ukuthi ibutho lase-Ukraine "liphethe isikhali somoya esikhulu" esikwaziyo ukubhubhisa ibhuloho laseCrimea ngodoti.
Isiphetho
Impilo yangempela izinhlobo zama-gulls esithombeni... Izinyoni zingabizwa njengezidliwayo, kepha inhloso yazo yangempela icaciswa ngokwemvelo. Izakhamizi zamachibi zihlanza ukungcola komhlaba.
