Ukudoba iBaikal kwenzeka minyaka yonke eduze nedolobhana laseTurka. Ibekwa ngoMashi, ukuze ingabi yiqhwa, kepha ibambe iqhwa. Ukudoba iqhwa. Bafika ngamaqembu avela ezifundeni zeBaikal, eNtshonalanga Siberia, naseMpumalanga yezwe.
Kukhona nezivakashi zakwamanye amazwe ezivela eChina, eMongolia, eKazakhstan, eKyrgyzstan. Owinile unqunywa isisindo senhlanzi ebanjwe iqembu. Abahlali baseKhabarovsk banqobe ngoMashi 2018. Ukubanjwa kweqembu okuphelele kwakungu-983 amagremu. Umuntu angathola umbono wokuthi kunezinhlanzi ezimbalwa eLake Baikal futhi zincane. Ngabe kunjalo?
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlanzi zeBaikal
Esho inhloboni yenhlanzi ehlala eBaikal, ochthyologists bakhuluma ngemindeni eyi-15 kanye nama-oda ama-5. Izinhlanzi ezikuzo zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu:
- owaseSiberia
- ISiberia-iBaikal
- IBaikal
Ezokuqala ziyisici samachibi aseSiberia. Bavele babhukude bangene oLwandle Olungcwele. Lezi zamuva zihlala echibini nakumanye amadamu wesifunda. Izinhlobo zeBaikal azitholakali ngaphandle koLwandle Olungcwele.
Izinhlanzi zokuhweba zeBaikal
Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-60 zezinhlanzi zihlala eChibini iBaikal. Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ingeyentengiso. Izinhlobo eziyi-13 zibanjwa ngezinga lokuhweba. Ingxenye yazo inenani elincane. It:
1. Intsimbi. EBaikal, ihlala ezindaweni zemifula egelezela echibini. Izinhlanzi zidinga amanzi afudumele. Kuyo, i-perch ikhula ize ifike kumasentimitha angama-25 ubude, inesisindo esingu-150-200 amagremu.
Ikhilogremu elilodwa nohhafu labantu abangaba ngamasentimitha angama-40 ubude babhekwa njengeyivelakancane. Ezingxabanweni ezifudumele zeBaikal, i-perch yakha u-30% wenqwaba yezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Ebusika, izilwane ziya emfuleni.
2. I-Dace. Ematheku aseBarguzinsky naseChivyrkuisky echibini, kusuka kumathani ayi-5 kuye kwangama-400 alokhu inhlanzi. Ukuhlala eBaikal abantu, njengoba kungabonakala ngezibalo, bashintsha ngamanani kusuka kwesinye isizukulwane kuye kwesinye.
Izinhlanzi zigcina zigudle ugu, zibe nomzimba wokugijima onama-silvery amakhulu. Isiphetho sendunu yedayi sinombala ophuzi. Ngokungafani ne-perch, inhlanzi ihlala echibini unyaka wonke.
3. Carp Crucian. Kunezinhlobo zesiliva eBaikal. Kujwayelekile emicibisholo yolwandle, kepha oLwandle Olungcwele uqobo akuvamile. I-carp yesiliva yehlukile kwamanye ama-crucian nge-dorsal fin yayo ende.
Inemisebe e-spiky, njenge-perch. Kodwa-ke, eyokugcina inamaphiko ama-2 emhlane. Emuva ithambile. I-carp ye-crucian ayinayo. Inhlanzi yaseBaikal ikhule ibe nobude obungu-30 cm, ithole isisindo esingu-300-gram.
4. Ipiki. Lokhu izinhlanzi ezentengiselwano zeBaikal ifinyelela imitha elilodwa nohhafu ubude. Izinga libhekwa njengabantu ngamasentimitha angama-60-80. Labo banesisindo esifinyelela ku-10 kilos. Izigebenga zingadonsa ezingama-30.
Isilwane asihambi ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-10 ukusuka ogwini lolwandle, sigcina emanzini afudumele emifudlana. Lapho, amapiki abamba izihlabathi ezibanzi zeBaikal nezinye izinhlanzi ezincane ezihleli phansi.
5. Roach. Izinhlobo zayo ezincane zaseSiberia zihlala eBaikal. Inhlanzi inekhanda elifushane, nomzimba ophakeme. Ngemuva, i-fin ihlukaniswa ngemisebe yamagatsha. Kukhona eziyishumi.Izimpiko zangaphakathi, zangemuva nezomhlanga zibomvu ngokubomvu. Kukhona indawo ebomvu ku-iris yamehlo we-roach.
Izikali ezinkulu zinemibala ekhanyayo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma nsundu ngokuluhlaza ngemuva. Izinhlangothi zezinhlanzi ziyisilivere. Ubude besilwane kuyaqabukela budlula amasentimitha ayi-18. 13. Izinhlanzi zigcina ezikoleni emanzini angajulile enosilika, ngaphansi kwezitshalo.
6. AmaGobies noma ama-shirokolobok, okunezinhlobo ezingama-27 echibini. Iningi ligcwele echibini. Ngaphandle kwawo, kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlobo ezindaweni eziphezulu zeLena. Kukhona nemigwaqo ebanzi eHangar. Isuka eBaikal. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwezinkunzi emfuleni kuyaqondakala.
Izinhlanzi Zechibi iBaikal hola indlela yokuphila engezansi, awunawo amathambo e-ocular kanye ne-posterior clavicular. Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zemigwaqo ebanzi zihlala echibini lonke phansi ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-1600. Lokhu kuvimbela ukudoba. AmaGobies ahlala ngasogwini ayabanjwa.
Izinhlanzi zenani elikhulu lezentengiselwano zeBaikal nazo zivamile noma zikhona, azitholakali ngaphandle koLwandle Olungcwele. Kunezinhlobo eziyi-7 ohlwini olujwayelekile:
1. Mpunga. Ama-subspecies aseSiberia ahlala echibini, elihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezi-2: omnyama nomhlophe. Esokuqala sigcinwa ezingxenyeni ezisogwini ezisenyakatho naseningizimu yedamu. Inhlanzi incamela phansi okuyimbokolo, ekhuphukela ebangeni elingamamitha angama-20.
Lokhu kwenzeka ehlobo. Ngaphandle, impunga emnyama iphila ngokuvumelana negama. Kunezindawo ezibomvu ngokunsundu emzimbeni nasemaphikweni. Ukumpunga okumhlophe okukhanyayo. Umugqa obomvu ugijima kuphela ngenhla kwesiphetho se-dorsal. Umzimba walezi zinhlobo mfushane futhi mude kunalowo omnyama mpunga.
Isiphetho sezinhlanzi ezimhlophe ngemuva siphansi futhi side. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-gray grey emhlophe iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-4-5, ithola isisindo esifinyelela kuma-3 kilogram. Inyama nayo yehlukile. Kokumpunga okumhlophe, kuyakhuluphala, kuthambile.
2. Omul. it izinhlanzi ezikhona eBaikal... Kukhona futhi i-European omul. Lowo mkhulu. IBaikal kuyaqabukela ifinyelela kuma-2 kilograms. Imvamisa isisindo sezinhlanzi sisuka ku-200 gram kuye ku-1.5 kilos.
Ngaphandle, isilwane sihlukaniswa ngamehlo amakhulu nezikali ezincane, ezingalingani kahle. Kukholakala ukuthi iBaikal omul iyinzalo ye-Arctic. Wawela uLwandle Olungcwele ngasemifuleni esuka e-Arctic Ocean cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-20 eyedlule.
ELake Baikal, i-omul ishintshile yahlukaniswa yaba yizinhlobo ezincane: ushoki omncane, ophakathi naphakathi. Lesi sakamuva sigcina eduze nogu, sinamacembe angaba ngu-55 ohlangothini olungaphakathi lwama-gill. Isilinganiso se-stamen omul sinama-48 awo.
Inhlanzi i-pelagic, igcina ibanga ukusuka ogwini, kodwa eduze kwaphezulu. Abantu abancane abanamazinga amancane abanamahlumela angaphezu kuka-44 we-branchial futhi bahlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400. Esithombeni sezinhlanzi zeBaikal lezi zinhlobo ezintathu ziyehluka ngobude bomzimba. Kuphezulu kakhulu ku-omul ejulile. Inekhanda elide kanye ne-rake eliphakathi. Ezasogwini izinhlanzi Baikal omul anekhanda elifushane.
3. Ama-Taimen. Lokhu izinhlanzi salmon Baikal kufakwe eNcwadini Ebomvu. Isimo sokuqala sanikezwa isilwane. Ngamanye amagama, lolu hlobo lusengozini. Inani labantu lanyamalala ohlangothini lwechibi lase-Irkutsk. Ama-salmonid ajwayelekile kakhulu emgodini we-Angara.
Inhlanzi inomzimba ovulekile futhi ophansi onomhlane obanzi. Ingxenye yesihlanu yobude bomzimba iwela ekhanda elikhulu. Unamazinyo. I-Taimen ikhula ngokushesha. Ngeminyaka eyi-10, isisindo sesilwane singama-kilos ayi-10, kanti ubude ngamasentimitha ayi-100. Ubude obukhulu beBaikal taimen ngamamitha ayi-1.4. Isisindo senhlanzi singaba ngamakhilogremu angama-30.
4. Inhlanzi emhlophe. Kucebisa izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zaseBaikal ama-subtypes amabili. Sikhuluma ngezinhlobo ezimhlophe ze-lacustrine kanye ne-lacustrine-river. Ichibi linama-gill rakers angaba ngu-30. I-Whitefish yomfula inesilinganiso sama-24 futhi ihlukaniswa ngumzimba ophansi, izikali ezithembeke ngokuthembekile.
Kubantu abathile be-lacustrine, amapuleti omzimba aqiniswa kancane. I-whitefish yomfula eLake Baikal yondla kuphela amafutha, ingena emfuleni ebusika. ILakefish ayishintshi indawo yazo unyaka wonke.
5. I-Sturgeon. Lokhu izinhlanzi ezibomvu zeBaikal kuwo kuphela ummeleli we-cartilaginous. Isilwane asinamathambo. Esikhundleni sayo kufakwa amapuleti oqwanga. Lesi sakhiwo sifana nezinhlanzi zasendulo, lapho i-sturgeon ingeyayo. Uhlala ezansi ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-40.
Inhlanzi yeBaikal ayivelakancane, ebhalwe encwadini ebomvu. Ngakho-ke, akukho ukudoba. Kodwa-ke, kuhlelwa amapulazi lapho kukhuliswa khona ama-sturgeon ngokukhethekile ukuze kwenziwe inyama ne-caviar. Ngokwengeziwe, izinhlobo ziyasindiswa. Amanye amafry akhishelwa emfuleni weBaikal naseLwandle Olungcwele uqobo.
6. IBurbot. Inhlanzi inwetshiwe, ifana nenyoka, inezikali ezincane nezincane, zimbozwe amafinyila. Iqukethe i-antibiotic yemvelo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi ezigulayo zivame ukuzihlikihla ezinhlangothini zama-burbots, zizama ukwelashwa. Kwesinye isikhathi kufanele ubhukude ujule ngamamitha ayi-180 ukuthola “udokotela”.
Kodwa-ke, iningi labantu lihlala kumamitha angama-60. Uphawu oluyinhloko lwe-burbot izinga lokushisa kwamanzi. Izinhlanzi zikhululekile ukufudumala kuze kufike ku-10-12 degrees.
7. IDavatchan. Kuyinto engaphansi kwe-arctic char, ingeka-salmon. Izinhlanzi ezibomvu. Umzimba oboshiwe uqala ngekhanda elincane bese uphela ngomphetho we-caudal fin. Ezinhlangothini i-davatchan orange-red. Ingemuva lenhlanzi limnyama.
Le nhlanzi yehlukile kweminye imishado ngemishayo yayo enamabhali amaningi. Kukhona okungenani iziqu ezingama-27 kubo.Ubude obukhulu bezinhlanzi ngamasentimitha angama-44. UDavatchan unesisindo esingaba ikhilogremu.
I-carp yase-Amur nayo ihlala eLake Baikal. Iwugqinsi, ibanzi, imbozwe izikali ezinkulu zesiliva. Izinhlanzi zazibekwe echibini lokuzenzela. Sikwenzele ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwezinhlobo zabadobi boLwandle Olungcwele. Abantu bokuqala abangama-22 be-carp yase-Amur bathutha ngo-1934.
Izinhlanzi okungezona ezentengiselwano zeLake Baikal
Izinhlanzi eziningi ezivela echibini laseSiberia zithakazelisa kakhulu ososayensi kunabathengi abaphupha ngezibiliboco. Kunezinhlobo echibini elinamagremu ambalwa enyama, futhi intshisekelo yesayensi ayinakubalwa. Uhlu lubandakanya:
1. IGolomyanka. Kwakusetshenziswa njengokudla kuphela phakathi nempi. Ungathathi inyama ku-golomyanka. Kepha, cishe isigamu sesisindo sezinhlanzi sinamafutha. Bayidla ngemuva kokuyincibilikisa. Amafutha ukuguqulwa okuguqukayo kwe-golomyanka yempilo kukholamu lamanzi.
Isilwane futhi sinamathambo anezimbotshana, alula, awekho amaphiko aphansi. Konke lokhu kuyinxephezelo ngokungabi bikho kokubhukuda kwesinye. Ihlukahluka ku-golomyanka nasekubonakaleni, kukhanya ngokoqobo. Ukuthosa kwesinye isikhathi kuyabonakala.
Golomyanka - inhlanzi eviviparous yaseBaikal... Lokhu kwehlukile. Izinhlanzi ze-Viviparous ngokuvamile zihlala ezilwandle. Kwenzeka nini nokuthi kanjani ukuvundiswa kwe-golomyanka, ososayensi abakakutholi lokho. Ukutadisha kwalezi zinhlobo kuvinjelwe isitayela sayo sokuphila esijulile. Izinhlanzi ezingabonakali zeBaikal akwenzeki ngaphezu komaki wamamitha ayi-135.
Ungathola ama-subspecies ama-2: ama-golomyanka amancane namakhulu. Lesi sakamuva sifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-30. I-golomyanka encane ayidluli ku-13.
2. Longwing. Ibhekisa kububanzi obubanzi, ayidluli amasentimitha angama-20 ubude, inesisindo esingama-100 amagremu. Isilwane sihlukaniswa ngamaphiko ama-pectoral-oars amade. Zinamathiselwe emzimbeni onesikhumba, phezulu kwawo kunombala onsomi ojulile.
Iningi labantu litholakala enyakatho yeBaikal basin. Kanye ne-golomyanka, amaphiko amade ayindawo yaleli chibi.
3. I-Yellowfly. Kubukeka sengathi kunamaphiko amade, kepha amaphiko anombala wegolide. Esifubeni "izigwedlo" izinhlanzi azibhukudi kuphela, kodwa futhi zihamba ngezansi. Amaphiko ahlala ngokumelene nayo engxenyeni enkulu yendawo yabo, entwasahlobo. I-Yellowfly igxuma njengexoxo. Ubude, inhlanzi ifinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-17, kuyilapho isisindo sayo singamagremu ayi-16.
IGolomyanka ne-dlinnokrylki kungokwe-oda elifana nofezela. I-Suborder - isihlilingi. Ukufunda abameleli bayo oLwandle Olungcwele, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ama-32 iziqu. Izinhlanzi zeChibi iBaikal nazo zihlukaniswe zaba imikhaya engaphansi:
- golomyankovoe
- ukhaphethi ojulile
- izinwele eziphuzi
I-Scorpionfish i-80% yenani eliphelele lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi eLake Baikal. Zonke lezi zigcwele echibini. Inani eliphelele lezinhlanzi elikuwo lilinganiselwa kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-230. 3-4 zibanjwa minyaka yonke. Njengoba ofezela benganakwa, konke "ukushaywa" kuwela kuzimpunga, i-omul, i-burbot nezinhlobo ezinenani eliphansi.
