Umiyane woMalaleveva uyilungu eliyingozi kakhulu lomndeni womiyane neqhawe lezindaba ezahlukahlukene ezethusayo. Ihlala emazweni amaningi futhi ayikwazi ukuthwala nje kuphela izinto ezibangela ukungezwani komzimba, kepha futhi nomalaleveva, obangela ukufa kwabantu abangafika kwesigamu sesigidi minyaka yonke. Ezindaweni zethu, abaningi abazi ukuthi lesi sidalwa esinegama elonakele sibukeka kanjani, futhi imvamisa senza iphutha ngomiyane onemilenze emide ongenabungozi kamalaleveva, kanti awunabungozi nakancane kubantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Umiyane kaMalariya
Umiyane kamalaleveva yisinambuzane esidonsa igazi, okuyisibopho segazi esivela ku-suborder enamanzi amaningi, okuyisifo se-malaria plasmodia, esibhekwa njengezilokazane eziyingozi kakhulu kubantu. Igama lesiLatini lale nhlobo yama-arthropods yi-anopheles, elihumusha njengelimazayo, elingenamsebenzi. Kunezinhlobo ezingama-400 zama-anopheles, eziningi zazo ezikwazi ukuthwala umalaleveva, kanye nokuba yisikhungo esikhulu sezinye izimuncagazi eziyingozi.
Ividiyo: Umiyane ka-Anopheles
Izinhlobo eziningana zezinsalela ziyaziwa kusuka e-Oligocene naseDominican amber deposits. Ezinye izazi-mlando zikholelwa ukuthi umalaleveva yiyona imbangela eyinhloko yokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma Wasentshonalanga ngekhulu lesihlanu leminyaka. Ngalezo zinsuku, kwaqhamuka izifo eziwumqedazwe ezifundeni ezisogwini lwase-Italy. Ukugeleza kwamanzi amaxhaphozi amaningi, ukubeka imigwaqo emisha kuphenduke kwaba umalaleveva cishe ononya kubantu abahlala eRoma. Ngisho noHippocrates wachaza izimpawu zalesi sifo futhi wahlobanisa ukuqala kwezifo zikamalaleveva nezimo zemvelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Omiyane bakaMalaleveva babheka umhlaba ngophrism wemisebe ye-infrared, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukuthola izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele, abantu, ngisho nasebumnyameni obumnyama. Ekufuneni into yokwamukela ingxenye yokudla - igazi, la ma-arthropod angandiza ebangeni elifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-60.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umiyane we-anopheles
Ummeleli oyingozi womndeni womiyane unomzimba oval, ubude bawo obungafinyelela ku-10 mm. Amehlo omiyane kamalaleveva aqothulwe, aqukethe inani elikhulu lama-ommaditia. Izimpiko zesinambuzane zimi okweqanda, zihlangene ngokuqinile, zinemithambo eminingi nezindawo ezimbili ezinsundu. Isisu somiyane sinezingxenye eziyishumi nambili, ezimbili zokugcina okuyizingxenye zangaphandle zezinto zokuzala. I-Antenna nezimpondo ezisekhanda elincane zenzelwe ukuthinta nokuhogela. Umiyane unamabhangqa amathathu emilenze, ama-haltere anamathiselwe esifubeni.
Umlomo we-arthropod uyithuluzi lokubhoboza nokusika langempela. Udebe olungezansi lomiyane luyishubhu elincanyana elisekela izitayela ezibukhali. Ngosizo lwama-pair amabili emihlathi, i-arthropod isheshe yephule ubuqotho besikhumba sesisulu futhi imunce igazi ngeshubhu yodebe lwangezansi. Kwabesilisa, ngenxa yesici sokudla kwabo, izinsimbi ezihlaba umxhwele zincane.
Ngisho nomuntu ojwayelekile, azi ezinye zezici, angabona ngamehlo - phambi kwakhe kukhona othwala izimuncagazi eziyingozi noma umiyane ojwayelekile ocindezelayo.
Izici ezihlukile:
- ezinambuzaneni eziyingozi, imilenze yangemuva yinde kakhulu kunaleyo yangaphambili, kuyilapho kumiyane ojwayelekile ifana;
- ngemuva kwethole le-anopheles kuphakanyisiwe, futhi ukukhala kutholakala ngokuqinile ebusweni.
Ososayensi bakhomba umehluko omkhulu ongabonakala kuphela ekuhlolweni okuningiliziwe nguchwepheshe:
- amaphiko ama-anopheles anezikali futhi ambozwe ngamabala ansundu;
- ubude bezintshebe eziseduze nodebe olungezansi bude obumiyane be-malaria kunabameleli abavamile bomndeni womiyane.
Abantu abahlala emazweni ashisayo banombala okhanyayo futhi ngosayizi omncane; ezindaweni ezipholile, kukhona omiyane abansundu ngokumnyama abanomzimba omkhulu. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-Anopheles nazo zihlukile ngombala nangosayizi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngaphambi kokuluma, umiyane we-anopheles wenza ukunyakaza okufana nohlobo lomdanso.
Manje uyazi ukuthi umiyane we-anopheles ubukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi itholakala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi umiyane kamalaleveva?
Isithombe: Umiyane we-Malaria eRussia
Ama-Anopheles aguqulelwa empilweni cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, okuhlukile kuphela izifunda ezinesimo sezulu esibanda kakhulu. Kunezinhlobo eziyishumi zemiyane kamalaleveva eRussia, ingxenye yazo itholakala enkabeni yezwe. Kukholakala ukuthi kusukela ekubukekeni kokubhebhetheka komalaleveva, akunangozi, ngoba asiboni ukuqubuka kukamalaleveva, kepha lezi zidalwa zingathwala ezinye izifo ezimbi kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziphikelela kakhulu zama-anopheles zihlala endaweni yaseRussia, esinda ehlathini ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo lapho ngisho namagciwane e-malaria engakwazi ukuba khona.
Izinhlobo zamaNdiya kanye neqembu lama-anopheles ase-Afrika, ayingozi kakhulu kubantu, ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo. Bazizwa bekhululekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Ukuhlala, bakhetha izindawo eziseduze nemizimba ehlukahlukene yamanzi, kufaka phakathi amaxhaphozi, adingekayo kwabesifazane ukubeka amaqanda futhi bacebile ngamagciwane amancane okondla inzalo.
Cishe amaphesenti angama-90 amacala nokufa kwabantu ngenxa yomalaleveva kwenzeka e-Afrika. Eduze kweSahara, kutholakala uhlobo olunzima kakhulu lwalesi sifo - umalaleveva oshisayo, oshiya cishe ithuba lokuphila. Ngisho nasemazweni lapho amagciwane kamalaleveva engekho, amacala kamalaleveva angenisiwe ayaqoshwa kaningi, kanti ingxenye yesithathu yawo iphela ngokufa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Plasmodia yizinto ezinengqamuzana elilodwa, ezinye zazo ezibanga umalaleveva oyimfihlo. Emjikelezweni wokuphila we-plasmodium, kunemikhosi emibili: umiyane ne-vertebrate. Bangakwazi ukukhubaza kumagundane, kubantu, ezihuquzelayo nasezinyonini.
Udlani umiyane we-anopheles?
Isithombe: Umiyane omkhulu kamalaleveva
Izinsikazi zalezi zinambuzane zondla ngegazi, kepha hhayi njalo, ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, zishintshela kumpe wezimbali, futhi le nkathi iyona ephephe kakhulu kulabo abangaba izisulu zesinambuzane esincela igazi. Abesilisa abalokothi badle ngegazi, bakhetha umpe ofanayo wezitshalo eziqhakazayo. Ngemuva kokuluma umuntu ogulayo ngomalaleveva, i-anopheles iba yisithwali sayo. Kwezimuncagazi, umiyane yiwona ophethe kakhulu, kanti i-vertebrate iphakathi nendawo kuphela.
Ama-Anopheles angasebenza ebusika ngendlela yabesifazane abavundisiwe. Ngaphakathi kwesifazane, i-plasmodia ye-malaria ayikwazi ukusinda ebusika, ngakho-ke omiyane bokuqala ngemuva kobusika abazithwali umalaleveva. Ukuze umiyane wowesifazane ophethwe umalaleveva akwazi ukuthelela futhi, kudingeka aphuze igazi lesiguli esine-malaria abese ephila amasonto ambalwa ukuze kwakheke izimuncagazi ngaphakathi kuye. Ezimweni zaseRussia, lokhu akunakwenzeka, ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abangaphezu kwengxenye yabesifazane bafa zingakapheli izinsuku ezine belunywe yilowo one-malaria.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Anopheles yenza amaphiko ayo angaba ngu-600 ngomzuzwana owodwa, okubonwa ngumuntu njengokuncinza. Umsindo okhishwa ngesikhathi sokubaleka kwabesilisa nabesifazane uyehluka ngobude; nabantu abadala bayancipha behle kunabancane. Ijubane lokundiza lomiyane kamalaleveva lidlula ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-3 ngehora.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ukulunywa umiyane u-Anopheles
Omiyane be-Malaria basebenza kakhulu ebusuku. Ukufuna ukudla, abesifazane abadingi ukukhanya kwelanga nhlobo - bathola ngokushesha into yokuhlaselwa noma kumnyama, bagxile kwimisebe ye-infrared evela emzimbeni wesisulu. Njengabo bonke omiyane, bayaphazamiseka kakhulu futhi abasali emuva isikhathi eside baze benze umsebenzi wabo.
I-Anopheles ihlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nokuhamba kwayo okukhulu. Uyakwazi ukundiza amakhilomitha amaningi ngaphandle kokufika noma ukuphumula. Izindiza ezinkulu zenziwa ikakhulukazi ngabesifazane befuna ukudla, kulokhu bayakwazi ukumasha okumangazayo kwamashumi amakhilomitha. Abesilisa bachitha cishe impilo yabo yonke endaweni eyodwa, imvamisa kakhulu otshanini obunezitshalo eziningi eziqhakazayo.
Emazweni anezimo zezulu ezishisayo ezinomswakama, asebenza unyaka wonke. Kwezinye izindawo, abantu abazalwa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo futhi abasinda basebusika kuze kube sentwasahlobo. Ukuze benze lokhu, bakhetha izindawo ezifihlekile, bangahlangana ngisho nasezindlini zabantu. Ngokufudumala kokuqala, bayavuka. Isikhathi sokuphila somiyane we-anopheles cishe izinsuku ezingama-50.
Kunezici eziningana ezingangeza noma zinciphise lesi sikhathi:
- izinga lokushisa lomoya. Uma uphansi, omiyane bahlala isikhathi eside;
- ngokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco, izinambuzane ziphila isikhathi eside;
- ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okungazelelwe nakho kufushanisa impilo ka-Anopheles.
Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi umjikelezo wokuphila komiyane be-malaria abahlala emahlathini mfushane kakhulu, ngoba kunzima kakhulu kowesifazane ukuthola ukudla ezimweni ezinjalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umiyane we-Ural malaria
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-anopheles kuyefana nokwamiyane abajwayelekile abanciphayo futhi kunezigaba ezilandelayo:
- isigaba seqanda;
- izibungu;
- iziphungumangathi;
- imago.
Ezintathu zokuqala zenzeka emanzini, zihlala ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kuya emasontweni ambalwa. Uma amaqanda ebekwa echibini elinamachibi, isikhathi sokukhula sifushane, ngoba kunokudla okuningi lapho futhi kuhlala kusuka ngesonto kuya kwamabili. Ukushisa okwenyuka kwamanzi nomoya nakho kuthinta izinga lentuthuko.
Phakathi komiyane be-malaria, i-dimorphism yezocansi iyabonakala, kanye nabantu abathandana nabobulili obuhlukile banesakhiwo esihlukile sezitho zobulili. Ukuhlangana kwenzeka lapho kugobhoza impukane. Amaqanda avuthwa ngaphakathi kowesifazane izinsuku ezimbili kuya kwezingu-20, kuya ngesimo sezulu. Ukushisa okuhle kakhulu ngama-25-30 degrees - ngakho, ukuvuthwa kwenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Ngemuva kokuphela kokuvuthwa, abesifazane omiyane be-anopheles baphuthuma emizimbeni yamanzi ukubeka amaqanda. I-Clutch yenziwa ngezindlela eziningana, inani eliphelele lamaqanda lingafinyelela izingcezu ezingama-500.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, kuvela izibungu emaqandeni. Esigabeni sesine sokuvuthwa, izibungu ziyancibilika bese zakha isiphungumangathi, ezingondli nganoma iyiphi indlela isikhathi sonke sokuphila kwazo. Iziphungumangathi zinamathela ebusweni bamanzi, ziyakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza okusebenzayo futhi zicwile phansi echibini uma ziphazamisekile. Abancane basesigabeni se-pupal cishe izinsuku ezimbili, bese kuthi abadala baphume baphume kubo. Kubonakele ukuthi inqubo yokuthuthuka kwabesilisa iyashesha. Kungakapheli usuku, abantu abadala sebekulungele ukuzala futhi.
Izitha zemvelo zomiyane kamalaleveva
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umiyane we-anopheles
Ama-Anopheles anezitha eziningi, abhujiswa izingwe, iminenke, izikelemu ezahlukahlukene, zonke izinambuzane zasemanzini. Izibungu zomiyane, ekubeni ukudla okuthandwa kakhulu amaxoxo nezinhlanzi, zifa ngamanani amakhulu, zingafinyeleli esigabeni esilandelayo sokukhula kwazo. Izinyoni ezihlala phezu kwamanzi nazo azizideleli. Kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezithile ezidla nabantu abadala, kepha zitholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo.
Ngenxa yengozi ebangelwa omiyane be-malaria, wonke amazwe anokuqhamuka kukamalaleveva abheke kakhulu ukuwaqeda. Lokhu kwenziwa kaningi ngosizo lwamakhemikhali aphatha izindawo ezinqwabelene kuzo. Ososayensi bafuna indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokulwa nama-anopheles. Ngisho nabanjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo bahilelekile ekuxazululeni le nkinga enkulu kangaka, ngoba izinhlobo eziningi zomiyane kamalaleveva sezijwayele amakhemikhali asetshenziswa kuzo futhi zanda ngesilinganiso esethusayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoNgokusebenzisa ukhunta olushintshwe izakhi zofuzo, ososayensi bakwazi ukubhubhisa cishe bonke abantu bakwa-Anopheles ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola. Ukhunta olungisiwe uyakwazi ukubhubhisa izinambuzane ezindala ngisho nangaphambi kokuba zikhiqize inzalo yazo eningi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umiyane kaMalariya
Ngenxa yokuzala okumangazayo, amandla okusinda ezimeni ezingezinhle neze zezinambuzane, isimo sezinhlobo ze-anopheles sizinzile, noma ngabe kunenani elikhulu lezitha zemvelo ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala. Isimo singashintsha ngandlela thile esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, lapho kuzokwethulwa isikhali sofuzo esisha kunazo zonke ekulweni nalokhu kumunca igazi. Besebenzisa izindlela ezindala zokulawula omiyane be-malaria, inani labo labantu liyalulama ngesikhathi esifushane, liphinde libulale amakhulu ezinkulungwane ezimpilo zabantu. Igama elithi "anopheles" aliqondiseli ize lihunyushwe ngokuthi alinamsebenzi noma liyingozi, ngoba lezi zidalwa azinayo inzuzo, zimane zilimaze kakhulu.
Ngemuva kokuqedwa kukamalaleveva endaweni yase-USSR maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, iRussia yonke yazithola ingaphandle kwendawo kamalaleveva. Eminyakeni eyalandela, kuphela amacala angenisiwe azo zonke izinhlobo zikamalaleveva avela kwezinye izindawo aqoshwa. Ngama-90s, ngenxa yokufuduka okukhulu kwabantu kanye nokushoda kwenani elanele lezindlela zokulwa nomalaleveva, kwaba nokuqubuka kwesigameko esikhaleni sonke sangemva kweSoviet. Kamuva, lesi sifo sangeniswa eTajikistan, e-Azerbaijan, lapho ubhadane lukamalaleveva lwenzeka khona kaningana. Namuhla isimo siyavuma.
Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi umiyane kamalaleveva ihlala ikakhulukazi emazweni ashisayo, wonke umuntu kufanele azi ukuthi ithwala yiphi ingozi, ukuthi ingazivikela kanjani ngempumelelo kuyo. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu: okokuqala, ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, lezi zinambuzane zihlala ezindaweni ezintsha futhi zingahle zivele maduze ezindaweni ezingalindelekile, futhi okwesibili, ezokuvakasha emazweni angaphandle zikhula ngokwengeziwe minyaka yonke.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: unyaka we-02.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/28/2019 ngo-11: 43
