Ngaphansi kwengxenye "yezinqolobane" zomlando. Leli inani lezinhlobo zempisi emhlabeni. Kunezinhlobo eziyisi-7 zezilwane ezizingelayo ezinempilo, ezinye ezimbili sezishonile. Izinhlobo ezine zezinhlobo ezikhona zifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book. Impisi eyodwa kwezine yaze yamenyezelwa ukuthi ilahlekile. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bakwazile ukuqopha i- "last of the Mohicans" kumakhamera wevidiyo.
Izinhlobo zezimpisi ezingasekho
Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, izimpisi zinikezwe amandla amademoni. Akusizi ngalutho ukuthi isithombe segrey sichazwe kumuntu omnyama. Ngale ndlela kwavela umlingiswa wasenganekwaneni. Akukona okwezinhlobo ezisemthethweni zezimpunga, futhi ukuba khona kwabantu bempisi akukaze kufakazelwe. Omunye umbuzo, ubukhona bezinhlobo zasendulo eziyi-8. Ubukhona babo bufakazelwe ngenxa yokutholwa kwamathambo, imidwebo namarekhodi ezinkathi ezidlule.
Impisi eqondile
Lo mhlaseli wayehlala ePleistocene ngasekupheleni. Lesi ngesinye sezikhathi ze-Quaternary. Iqale eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2,5 edlule futhi yaphela eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11 eyedlule. Ngakho-ke abantu bakudala bazingela izimpisi ezimbi. Isilwane sanyamalala eminyakeni edlule yeqhwa. Kwakukhona eziningana zazo ngesikhathi sePleistocene. Lesi sakamuva sahlukaniswa ngobukhulu besithwathwa.
Ukuvela kwempisi ngokwesabekayo kuphila ngokuvumelana negama laso. Isidlakela sasiyimitha elilodwa nohhafu ubude futhi sasinesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-100. Izimpisi zanamuhla azikho kukhulu kunama-75 kilos, okungukuthi, okungenani ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu. Amandla okuluma wezimpunga zangaphambi komlando adlula ukubanjwa kwezimpunga zesimanje kakhulu.
Kwakukhona impisi ebabazekayo eNyakatho Melika. Izinsalela zesilwane zitholakale eFlorida, eMexico City, eCalifornia. Izimpisi ezivela empumalanga nasenkabeni yezwekazi zazinemilenze emide. Amathambo atholakala eMexico City naseCalifornia ayizidladla ezimfushane.
Impisi yeKenai
Yilokhu obekufanele ukuthi kubizwe kabi. Kodwa-ke, izinsalela zempunga yaseKenai zitholwe ngemuva kwesikhathi kunalezo zangaphambi komlando. Isilwane, esake sahlala e-Alaska, safinyelela kubude obungamamitha ayi-2.1. Lokhu akufaki umsila we-60cm. Ukuphakama impisi kweqe 1.1 metres. Umzingeli wayesinda cishe i-centner. Ubukhulu obunjalo bavumela umhlaseli ukuba azingele ama-moose.
Ukuba khona kwempunga yaseKenai kwasungulwa ngokutadisha izingebhezi zempisi ezitholakala e-Alaska. Ngokocwaningo, lolu hlobo lwachazwa ngo-1944 ngu-Edward Goldman. Lesi yisazi sezilwane saseMelika.
Impisi yaseKenai yafa ngawo-1910. Isilo saqothulwa ngabahlali abafika e-Alaska. Izidlakela zafa zisazingelwa nangenxa yokusebenzisa i-strychnine ngabantu. Itholakala ngembewu ye-bird cherry herb futhi isetshenziselwa ukubulala amagundane.
Impisi yaseNewfoundland
Wayehlala hhayi esiqhingini saseNewfoundland kuphela, kodwa nasogwini olusempumalanga yeCanada. Kuchaza Izinhlobo zempisiKufanele kushiwo okokuqala umugqa omnyama ogudle igebe ngokumelene nesizinda esimhlophe njengeqhwa. Abantu bomdabu baseNewfoundland babiza umhlaseli ngokuthi iBeotuk.
Ukuqothulwa kwabahlali abampunga baseNewfoundland. Kubo, umhlaseli wayeyisongo emfuyweni. Ngakho-ke, uhulumeni waqoka umvuzo walezi zimpisi ezibulewe. Ngamunye wanikezwa amakhilogremu ama-5. Ngo-1911, isiqhingi sokugcina esiqhingi sadutshulwa. Lezi zinhlobo kwathiwa ngokusemthethweni zingasekho ngo-1930.
Impisi yaseTasmanian marsupial
Eqinisweni, wayengeyona impisi. Isilo saqhathaniswa nempunga ngokufana kwaso kwangaphandle. Kodwa-ke, umhlaseli weTasmania wayeyi-marsupial. Ngisho nezingane ezizalwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi "zaphuma" zangena esibayeni sesikhumba esiswini. Esikhwameni, bakhula baba sesimweni lapho babekwazi ukuphuma khona.
Ngemuva kwempisi yaseTasmania kwakukhona imivimbo eguqukayo. Bakhuthaze ukuzihlanganisa nedube noma ihlosi. Ngokwakheka komzimba, i-marsupial yafana nenja enezinwele ezimfishane. Igama elisemthethweni lezinhlobo yi-thylacine. Lesi sakamuva sadutshulwa ngo-1930. Kwakusenezilwane ezimbalwa ezazisele ema-zoo. Impisi yaseTasmania yahlala lapho kwaze kwaba ngo-1936.
Impisi yaseJapan
Wayenendlebe emfushane futhi enemilenze emifushane, wayehlala eziqhingini zaseShikoko, eHonshu naseKyushu. Isilwane sokugcina salolu hlobo sadutshulwa ngo-1905. Kusindile izimpisi ezinhlanu zaseJapane ezihlohliwe. Omunye wabo ukhonjisiwe e-University of Tokyo.
Letinye tilwane letine letifakiwe tikhona naseTokyo, kepha eNational Museum. IsiJapane uhlobo lwempisi yezilwane yayingeyona enkulu. Ubude bomzimba womzingeli babengekho ngaphezu kwemitha. Isilwane sasikala cishe ama-30 kilos.
Ekhulwini lama-21, ososayensi baseJapane bakhe kabusha izakhi zofuzo zempisi engasekho. Izinhlanganisela zamaphrotheni zahlukaniswa noqweqwe lwamazinyo lwalesi silwane esanyamalala. Amazinyo athathwe emathanjeni atholakele. Kutshalwe izingwejeje esikhunjeni sezimpisi zanamuhla. Kuvele ukuthi ufuzo lwesiqhingi olusampunga lu-6% oluhlukile kunesethi ye-DNA yabantu bezwekazi.
Impisi yaseMogollonian yasentabeni
Izintaba zaseMogollon zitholakala ezifundazweni zase-Arizona naseNew Mexico. Kuke kwahlala impisi. Kwakumpunga onsundu ngemaki emhlophe. Ubude besilwane bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-1.5, kepha kaningi bekungamasentimitha ayi-120-130. Isidlakela saseMogollon sasinesisindo esingama-27-36 kilograms. Lezi zinhlobo zamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengezaphela emhlabeni ngo-1944. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izimpisi, uMughal wayenezinwele ezinde.
Impisi yezintaba ezinamadwala
Futhi waseMelika, kepha esevele ehlala ezintabeni zaseCanada, ikakhulukazi esifundazweni sase-Alberta. Ingxenye yabantu yayihlala enyakatho ye-United States. Umbala wesilwane wawukhanya, ucishe ube mhlophe. Ubukhulu bomzingeli babuphakathi nendawo.
Kukhona iGlacier National Park eMontana. Igama lihumusha ngokuthi "Glacier". Indawo iyabanda. Yaziwa njengepaki yokuqala yomhlaba wonke emhlabeni. Kwathi ngo-1932. Ngakho-ke, kukhona umbiko mayelana nezimpisi eziningana ezihlala eGlasy, kanye nemingcele ehambisanayo yezilwane ezidla izintaba ezinamadwala. Asikho isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni salolu lwazi okwamanje.
Impisi yaseManitoba
Ibizwa ngesifundazwe saseCanada iManitoba. Izinhlobo ezingasekho zazinoboya obukhulu, obukhanyayo, nobude. Kwathungwa izingubo kuyo. Futhi, izikhumba zezilwane ezidla ezinye zaseManitoba zazisetshenziselwa ukuhlobisa nokuvikela izindawo zokuhlala. Lokhu kusebenze njengesikhuthazo esingeziwe sokudubula izidumbu ezizama ukubulala imfuyo.
Impisi yaseManitoba yaphinde yakhiwa ngobuciko e-Yellowstone National Park. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlolwa kwezinto ezithintekayo zofuzo zesidalwa esingasekho kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala "okuphindwe kabili", hhayi "iwele". I-genome yempunga yanamuhla yeManitoba yehluke kakhulu kweyeqiniso.
Impisi yeHokkaido
Ibizwa futhi ngokuthi ezo futhi yayihlala esiqhingini saseJapan iHokkaido. Umzingeli wayehlukaniswa ngogebhezi olukhulu olunezinyosi ezinkulu nezigobile. Ubukhulu besilwane budlule imingcele yesiqhingi saseJapan esiqhingini, sisondela kuleso sempisi ejwayelekile.
Uboya bempisi yeHokkaido babuphuzi kancane, bufushane. Izidladla zesilwane esidlayo nazo azizange zihluke ngobude. Ummeleli wokugcina walolu hlobo wanyamalala ngo-1889. Ukufa kwabantu kudalwe yisigameko sokudubula esifanayo, "esabhebhezelwa" ngumvuzo kahulumeni. Baqeda lezi zimpisi ngokulima ngenkuthalo amasimu aseHokkaido njengendawo yokulima.
Impisi yaseFlorida
Wayemnyama bhuqe, ezacile, enezidladla eziphakeme. Ngokuvamile, lesi silwane sasifana nempisi ebomvu ephilayo, kodwa enombala ohlukile. Kucacile egameni lesilwane ukuthi sasihlala eFlorida. Umuntu wokugcina wadutshulwa ngo-1908. Ngaphezu kokuzingela, isizathu sokuqothulwa kohlobo lwazo kwaba ukufuduka kwaso ezindaweni zokuhlala. Impisi yaseFlorida yakhetha indawo yase-American prairie.
Izinhlobo zempisi zanamuhla
Eqinisweni, izimpisi ezikhona azizona eziyi-7, kepha zingama-24, ngoba izimpunga ezijwayelekile zinama-subtypes ayi-17. Sizokugqamisa esahlukweni esehlukile. Okwamanje, izinhlobo eziyisi-6 zezimpisi ezizimele futhi "ezinesizungu":
Impisi Ebomvu
Impisi Ebomvu — buka, eyamunca izimpawu zangaphandle hhayi ezimpunga kuphela, kodwa futhi nojakalase onempungushe. Umbala obomvu woboya nobude bawo ngemuva nasezinhlangothini zesilwane esidla isikhumbuzi sikhumbuza okwakamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impisi has a isifonyo ewumngcingo, njengoba ukukopela red. Umsila omude, ocwathile wesilwane esidlayo esibomvu nawo ufana nempungushe. Isakhiwo somzimba sisondele kujakalasi, isihlangu esifanayo.
Cishe emehlweni, ekhaleni nasekupheleni komsila wempisi ebomvu, izinwele zicishe zibe mnyama. Kanye nomsila, ubude besilwane ngamasentimitha ayi-140. Impisi inesisindo esingama-14-21 kilograms. Izidalwa ezibomvu zinikeza izinhlobo zezimpisi eRussia, kodwa ibhalwe njengosengozini emazweni e-Federation. Kodwa-ke, umhlaseli naye uvikelekile ngaphandle kwezwe. Ukuzingela kuvunyelwe kuphela eNdiya futhi kungaphansi kwelayisense kuphela.
Impisi yasolwandle
Umhlophe. Ngokusho kwegama nombala, umhlaseli uhlala e-Arctic. Ukuze singanqotshwa amakhaza, lesi silo sikhule ngoboya obukhulu obukhulu nobude. Impisi yasePoland nayo inezindlebe ezimfushane. Lokhu kuqeda ukulahleka kokushisa ngamagobolondo amakhulu.
Phakathi kwalezi ezikhona, impisi enkulu kakhulu. Ukukhula kwesilwane kufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-80. Ukukhula - futhi ngama-80, kepha amakhilogremu. Ezimweni zokushoda kokudla, umhlaseli we-polar uhlala ngaphandle kokudla amasonto ambalwa. Lapho-ke isilo sizokufa, noma sisazothola umdlalo.
Kusukela endlaleni, impisi yase-Arctic ikwazi ukudla amakhilogremu ayishumi enyama ngasikhathi. Ukutholakala kokudla e-Arctic kuyehla ngenxa yokuncibilika kweqhwa, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Inani lezimpisi ezibandayo nalo lehlile. Kubhalwe ku-International Red Book.
Impisi enamanzi
Leli gama lihlotshaniswa nokuba khona "komgexo" wezinwele ezinde entanyeni nasemahlombe empisi. Linzima, njengomhlwenga wehhashi. Njengama-mustangs, isilwane sihlala emapampas nasemathafeni. Inani elikhulu lempisi lahlala eNingizimu Melika. Asikho isilwane phesheya kolwandle.
Impisi enomhlwenga incike, inyawo eziphakeme. Impahla yokugcina ivumela isilwane ukuthi "singaminzi" phakathi kotshani obude bama-pampas. Udinga ukubheka isisulu, futhi kulokhu udinga ukuba ngaphezu "kwesimo".
Umbala wesilwane esibomvu ubomvu. Ngokungafani nempisi ye-arctic, impisi enamakhanda inezindlebe ezinkulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukukhula komuntu waseMelika kufana nokuhlala e-Arctic Circle, kepha ngesisindo esincane. Ngokwesilinganiso, impisi enesisindo inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-20.
Alukho usongo lokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo okwamanje. Kodwa-ke, impisi enamadoda ibhalwe ku-International Red Book njengengcuphe. Isimo sikhombisa inani elinciphayo lohlobo olusathuthuka.
Impisi yase-Ethiopia
Zingaki izinhlobo zezimpisi ungazihluphi, futhi ngeke uthole okuningi njengempungushe. Lesi silwane sibomvu, sinomsila omude nophaphathekile, izindlebe ezinkulu futhi ezicijile, isifonyo esincanyana, izidladla eziphakeme.
Umzingeli uvame kakhulu e-Ethiopia, okungukuthi, awenzeki ngaphandle kwe-Afrika. Ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwe-DNA, lesi silwane sahlukaniswa njengojakalasi. Ngemuva kocwaningo, kwavela ukuthi i-genome ye-predator iseduze nezimpisi.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpungushe, impisi yase-Ethiopia inesifonyo esikhulu, kodwa amazinyo amancane. Ukuphakama kwesidlakela sase-Afrika ekubuneni kungamasentimitha angama-60. Ubude besilwane bufinyelela imitha, kanti isisindo esiphezulu singama-19 kilograms.
Impisi yase-Ethiopia yaziwa njengezilwane ezingavamile, ezibalwe kwi-International Red Book. Ingxenye yokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo kungenxa yokuwela nezinja ezifuywayo. Le yindlela ukulahleka kofuzo kwezimpisi okulahleka ngayo. Phakathi kwezinye izizathu zokunyamalala, okuyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zasendle ngabantu.
Impisi yeTundra
Okungenani okufundwe okukhona. Ngaphandle, lesi silwane sibukeka njengesilwane esidla ezinye izilwane, kodwa asinaso isayizi, sinesisindo esingeqile kuma-49 kilogram. Ukuphakama kwamadoda amakhulu kufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-120.
Abesifazane bangaphansi kwabamele ubulili obuqine ngokwesiqu, isisindo, kodwa hhayi ngobude bomzimba. Uboya obuminyene be-tundra wolf buqukethe izinwele zokuqapha ezingaba ngamasentimitha ayi-17 ubude nejazi elingaphansi. Isendlalelo sakamuva singu-7 cm.
Impisi yaseSpain
Impisi encane ebomvu-mpunga, njengoba igama lisho, ihlala eSpain. Lezi zinhlobo kwathiwa azisekho, kepha ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola abantu abaningana abasindile. Izimpisi zaseSpain zinezimpawu ezimhlophe ezindebeni zazo namamaki amnyama emsileni nasezintweni zangaphambili. Zonke ezinye izidalwa zifana nempisi ejwayelekile. Ososayensi abaningi babheka iSpain njengabantu abangaphansi kwayo.
Impisi empunga nezinhlobo zayo
Ama-subspecies ayi-17 empisi empunga yinombolo ehlobene. Ososayensi baphikisana ngokuhlukaniswa nabanye kwalokhu noma leso sabantu. Ake sijwayelane nemixhantela engezansi eye “yavikela” ilungelo layo lokuya endaweni ehlukile ngokuhlukaniswa. Eziyisithupha zazo zitholakala endaweni yaseRussia:
Impisi yaseRussia
Ihlala enyakatho yezwe, isisindo sayo sisuka kumakhilogremu angama-30 kuye kwangama-80. Abesifazane bacishe babe ngama-20% amancane kunabesilisa. Ngelinye ilanga, abazingeli badubula babulala isilwane esingama-85-kg. Ngaphandle kwalokho, impisi yaseRussia ibizwa ngokuthi ejwayelekile, ayidingi isingeniso ekubukekeni kwayo. Ngokuqondene nentukuthelo, emampunga asekhaya kunolaka kakhulu kunezilwane ezifanayo ezivela eMelika. Abanye abantu bempisi ejwayelekile banombala omnyama.
Impisi yaseSiberia
Okujwayelekile hhayi iSiberia kuphela, kepha neMpumalanga Ekude. Kukhona hhayi kuphela grey, kodwa futhi nabantu ocher. Uboya babo bukhulu, kodwa hhayi bude. Usayizi waseSiberia awuphansi kunejwayelekile. Kuphela manje, ukungafani kobulili phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane be-subspecies akusaziwa kangako.
Impisi yaseCaucasus
Phakathi kwezimpisi zaseRussia, uboya bayo bufushane, bufushane futhi bufushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Isilwane uqobo lwaso sincane, akuvamile ukuthi sibe nesisindo esingaphezu kwama-45 kilograms. Umbala wesidumbu saseCaucasus ungwevu ompunga. Ithoni imnyama. Izimpisi zaseSiberia nezijwayelekile ziyimpunga elula, kanti i-thuja icishe ibe ngabantu abamnyama.
Impisi Ephakathi yaseRussia
Lokhu ukubuka kwempisi empunga iyesabeka. Abamele ama-subspecies bakhulu kunezimpisi ze-tundra. Ubude bomzimba we-Russian Russian grey bufinyelela ngamasentimitha ayi-160. Ngokuphakama, isilwane singamasentimitha ayi-100-120. Ubuningi bempisi yaseRussia Ephakathi bathola amakhilogremu angama-45.
Ama-subspecies ajwayelekile ezifundeni ezimaphakathi zaseRussia, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile angena eNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Amahlathi ayathandwa. Ngakho-ke, kukhona elinye igama lama-subspecies - impisi yehlathi.
Impisi yaseMongolia
Phakathi kwalabo abatholakala eRussia, encane kunazo zonke. Umzingeli uhlala ehlathini-izindunduma zaseKamchatka naseNtshonalanga yeSiberia. Ngaphandle, impisi yaseMongolia ihlukile hhayi ngosayizi kuphela, kodwa nangethoni emhlophe yejazi. Inzima, inzima lapho uthinta. Igama lohlobo luhlotshaniswa nezwe lakubo. UnguMongolia. Kwakukhona lapho lapho izimpisi ze-subspecies zathuthela ezindaweni zaseRussia.
Impisi ye-Steppe
Unempunga egqwalile, ethanda umbala onsundu. Ngemuva kumnyama, futhi ezinhlangothini nasesiswini sesilwane kukhanya. Ijazi lomzingeli lifushane, liyingcosana futhi limahhadla. Ama-subspecies we-grey wolf ajwayelekile eningizimu yeRussia, ahlala emazweni aseCaspian, ama-steppes phambi kwezintaba zaseCaucasus kanye nesifunda seLower Volga.
Kuyacaca ukuthi kungani abaseRussia bebiza izimpisi ngezimpunga. Ensimini yeFederation, ithoni empunga ikhona ngombala wazo zonke izidalwa ezihlala lapha. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izimpisi zombili zibomvu futhi zimnyama. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe unjani umbala wesilwane, ubukhulu yinto ebaluleke kakhulu esigabeni sabantu bezenhlalo. Abantu abakhulu kakhulu baba ngabaholi bamaphakethe ezimpisi. Imvamisa, laba ngabesilisa.
