Izinkawu ezinkulu noma ama-hominoid angumndeni omkhulu, lapho abamele abathuthuke kakhulu be-oda lama-primates bangabakho. Kubandakanya nomuntu nabo bonke okhokho bakhe, kepha bafakiwe emndenini ohlukile wezidlamlilo futhi ngeke kubhekwe ngokuningiliziwe kulo mbhalo.
Ngokuqhubekayo kulo mbhalo, igama elithi "izinkawu ezinkulu" lizosetshenziswa kuphela kweminye imindeni emibili: ama-gibbon nama-pongid. Yini eyenza inkawu ihluke kubantu? Okokuqala, ezinye izici zesakhiwo somzimba:
- Umgogodla womuntu ugoba emuva naphambili.
- Ingxenye yobuso yogebhezi lwenkawu enkulu inkulu kunobuchopho.
- Umthamo wezinkawu ohlobene nawo ophelele ungaphansi kakhulu kowabantu.
- Indawo ye-cerebral cortex nayo incane, ngokungeziwe, ama-lobes angaphambili nasesikhashana akathuthuki kangako.
- Izinkawu ezinkulu azinasilevu.
- Ubambo lwenkawu luyisiyingi, luyindunduma, kanti kubantu luyisicaba.
- Amazinyo enkawu akhulisiwe futhi aphumela phambili.
- Isinqe sinciphile kunesomuntu.
- Njengoba umuntu emile, i-sacrum yakhe inamandla amakhulu, ngoba isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi sidluliselwe kuye.
- Inkawu inomzimba nezingalo ezinde.
- Imilenze, kunalokho, imifushane futhi ibuthakathaka.
- Izinkawu zinonyawo olucijile lokubamba ngesithupha esiphikisana nezinye. Kubantu, sigobile, isithupha siyafana nezinye.
- Umuntu cishe akanaso isembozo soboya.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokwehluka okuningana kokucabanga nokwenza. Umuntu angacabanga ngendlela engaqondakali futhi axhumane ngenkulumo. Unakho ukwazi, okwazi ukukhiqiza imininingwane nokwakha amaketanga anengqondo.
Izimpawu zezinkawu ezinkulu:
- umzimba omkhulu onamandla (mkhulu kakhulu kunezinye izinkawu);
- awukho umsila;
- ukungabi khona kwezikhwama zezihlathi;
- ukungabikho kwama-sciatic calluses.
Futhi, ama-hominoid ahlukaniswa yindlela yawo yokuhamba ezihlahleni. Abagijimi kuzo ngemilenze emine, njengabanye abamele i-primate oda, kepha babamba amagatsha ngezandla zabo.
Amathambo ezinkawu ezinkulu futhi inesakhiwo esithile. Ukhakhayi luphambi komgogodla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inengxenye engaphambili ebanzi.
Imihlathi inamandla, inamandla, inkulu, ihlelelwe ukugoqa ukudla okuqinile kwezitshalo. Izingalo zide ngokwedlula imilenze. Unyawo lubambekile, isithupha sibekwe eceleni (njengasesandleni somuntu).
Izinkawu ezinkulu zifaka ama-gibboni, ama-orangutan, ama-gorilla nezimfene. Abokuqala babelwe umndeni ohlukile, kanti abathathu abasele bahlanganiswe baba yipongidi eyodwa. Ake sicabangele ngamunye wabo ngokuningiliziwe.
1. Umndeni we-gibbon uqukethe imikhakha emine. Bonke bahlala e-Asia: India, China, Indonesia, eziqhingini zaseJava naseKalimantan. Umbala wabo uvame ukuba mpunga, onsundu noma omnyama. Usayizi wazo mncane uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkawu ezinkulu: ubude bomzimba wabamele abakhulu bufinyelela amasentimitha angamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, kanti isisindo sabo singamakhilogremu ayishumi nantathu.
Indlela yokuphila yasemini. Bahlala ikakhulu ezihlahleni. Phansi zihamba ngokungaqiniseki, ikakhulu ngemilenze yazo yangemuva, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile zincike kwezangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, ziyehla kuyaqabukela. Isisekelo sokondleka ukudla kokutshala - izithelo namaqabunga ezihlahla zezithelo. Bangadla nezinambuzane namaqanda ezinyoni.
Esithombeni i-ape gibbon enkulu
2. IGorilla - kakhulu inkawu enkulu... Leli yilungu lomndeni elikhulu kunawo wonke. Eyeduna ingafinyelela kumamitha amabili ukuphakama futhi isisindo sayo singamakhilogremu angamakhulu amabili namashumi ayisihlanu. Ijazi ngokuvamile limnyama; amaduna amadala angaba nomhlane osampunga osampunga.
Bahlala emahlathini nasezintabeni zase-Afrika. Zikhetha ukuba semhlabathini, lapho zihamba khona, ikakhulukazi ngemilenze emine, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile zikhuphukela ezinyaweni zazo. Ukudla kusekelwe ezitshalweni futhi kufaka amaqabunga, amakhambi, izithelo namantongomane.
Ngokuthula okwanele, bakhombisa ukuhlasela kwezinye izilwane kuphela ekuzivikeleni. Izingxabano ze-Intraspecific zenzeka kakhulu phakathi kwabesilisa abadala kunabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, kuvame ukuxazululwa ngokukhombisa ukuziphatha okusongelayo, kuyaqabukela kufinyelele ekulweni, futhi ngisho nangaphezulu ekubulaweni.
Esithombeni igorila lenkawu
3. Ama-orangutan yiwona ayivelakancane Izinkawu ezinkulu zanamuhla... Kulezi zinsuku zihlala ikakhulukazi eSumatra, yize phambilini zazisatshalaliswa cishe kulo lonke elase-Asia.Zizinkulu kunazo zonke izinkawu, zihlala ikakhulukazi ezihlahleni. Ukuphakama kwabo kungafinyelela imitha elilodwa nesigamu, futhi isisindo sabo singaba amakhilogremu ayikhulu.
Ijazi lide, li-wavy, lingaba ngamabala ahlukahlukene abomvu. Ama-orangutan ahlala cishe ngokuphelele ezihlahleni, angahambi ngisho nokudakwa. Ngale njongo, bavame ukusebenzisa amanzi emvula, aqoqa emaqabungeni.
Ngokuchitha ubusuku, bazihlomisa ngezidleke emagatsheni, futhi nsuku zonke bakha indawo yokuhlala entsha. Zihlala zodwa, zakha ngazimbili kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Zombili izinhlobo zesimanje, iSumatran neKlimantan, zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Inkawu ye-orangutan ebonisiwe
4. Izimfene yizona ezihlakaniphe kakhulu amazinyane, izinkawu ezinkulu... Futhi bayizihlobo eziseduze zabantu embusweni wezilwane. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zazo: i-chimpanzee ejwayelekile kanye ne-pygmy, ebizwa nangokuthi ama-bonobos. Ngisho nosayizi ojwayelekile awumkhulu kakhulu. Umbala wejazi uvame ukuba mnyama.
Ngokungafani namanye ama-hominoid, ngaphandle kwabantu, izimfene ziyi-omnivores. Ngaphezu kokutshala ukudla, badla nezilwane, bakuthole ngokuzingela. Ulaka ngokwanele. Izingxabano zivame ukuvela phakathi kwabantu, okuholela ekulweni nasekufeni.
Bahlala ngamaqembu, inani lawo, ngokwesilinganiso, abantu abayishumi kuya kwabayishumi nanhlanu. Lona umphakathi oyinkimbinkimbi ngempela onesakhiwo esicacile kanye nokulandelana. Izindawo ezihlala njalo ngamahlathi aseduze kwamanzi. Le ndawo iyingxenye esentshonalanga nasenkabeni yezwekazi lase-Afrika.
Esithombeni inkawu yoshimpanzi
Okhokho bezinkawu ezinkulu kuthakazelisa kakhulu futhi kuhlukahlukene. Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo zezinsalela eziningi kakhulu kulo mndeni omkhulu kuneziphilayo. Owokuqala wavela e-Afrika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyishumi edlule. Umlando wabo oqhubekayo uhlobene kakhulu naleli zwekazi.
Kukholakala ukuthi umugqa oholela kubantu uhlukene namanye ama-hominoid cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezinhlanu edlule. Kucatshangelwa omunye wabangenela isikhundla sikakhokho wokuqala wohlobo uHomo I-Australopithecus - inkawu enkulueyaphila eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezine edlule.
Lezi zidalwa ziqukethe zombili izici zasendulo zezinkawu nezinqubekela phambili ngokwengeziwe, esezivele zingabantu. Kodwa-ke, kunokunye okuningi okwedlule, okungavumeli i-Australopithecus ukuthi ibhekiswe ngqo kubantu. Kukhona futhi umbono wokuthi leli yigatsha lesibili, lokufa lokuziphendukela kwemvelo, elingazange liholele ekuqhamukeni kwezinhlobo ezithuthukile zezinkawu, kufaka phakathi nabantu.
Nasi isitatimende sokuthi omunye ukhokho womuntu othakazelisayo, I-Sinanthropus - inkawu enhleisivele ingalungile ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, isitatimende sokuthi ungukhokho womuntu asilona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba lolu hlobo seluvele luyingqayizivele yabantu.
Bebevele benenkulumo, ulimi nolimi oluthuthukisiwe, yize kungezakudala, kepha kuyisiko. Kungenzeka ukuthi kwakunguSinanthropus owayengukhokho wokugcina wama-homo sapiens anamuhla. Kodwa-ke, inketho ayifakiwe ukuthi yena, njenge-Australopithecus, ungumqhele wegatsha eliseceleni lentuthuko.
