Ukubuka izinyoni ezidla ezinye, umuntu ubabaza amandla abo, ijubane lombani nokuqapha okungakholeki. Ikhuphuka emoyeni ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe isiteleka ngokubukeka kwayo okuhle, kokubusa. Ngaphezu kwezici zangaphandle, izinyoni ezinjalo zinama-nuances amaningi athakazelisayo maqondana nempilo yazo. Ake sizame ukutadisha ngokuningiliziwe indlela yokuphila yezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe, ezingabizwa ngokuphepha njengezikhulu zasezulwini.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe
Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe luyisidleke esinezimpaphe somndeni woKlebe, ukuhleleka okufana noklebe nohlobo lwezinkozi. Ngokuvamile, zonke izinkozi ziyizilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye. Umehluko wazo omkhulu kusuka ezinkozi ukuba khona kwetarsus (ngaphandle kwesembozo sezimpaphe). Ngaphansi kwezinzwani zale nyoni kufakwe izipikisi ezincane ezisiza ukugcina inyamazane (ikakhulukazi inhlanzi) ingaphumi.
Izazi ze-ornithologists zihlukanisa izinhlobo ezi-8 zokhozi, phakathi kwazo ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe ocatshangelwayo nalo lubaliwe. Kulula ukuqagela ukuthi le nyoni iqanjwe kanjalo ngenxa yokuthi inezimpaphe ezimhlophe zomsila. Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlobo zezinkozi ihlala ihlotshaniswa nezikhala zamanzi, ngakho-ke lesi silwane esinamaphiko singatholakala eduze nogu lolwandle, amabheshi amakhulu emifula namachibi amakhulu. Akusilo ize lokho, elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini sasendulo, i-etymology yegama elithi "ukhozi" imele "ukhozi lwasolwandle".
Ividiyo: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe
Ukuvela kokhozi olunomsila omhlophe kufana kakhulu nomzala walo waseMelika, ukhozi olunempandla. Amanye ama-ornithologists aze awahlanganisa ngenxa yokufana kwawo kuma-superspecies owodwa. Kujwayelekile futhi ukubona ukuqhathaniswa komsila omhlophe omkhulu nokhozi olusagolide. Njengamanje, ososayensi abakaze bakhombe izinhlobo ezithile zokhozi olunemisila emhlophe. Lezi zinyoni zinobukhosi, ziyaziqhenya futhi zihle, ngakho-ke zivame ukuboniswa ezitembu zokuposa zezifunda ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, izinhlobo ezi-4 zokhozi, kufaka phakathi ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe, zikhethe ububanzi bazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe ngo-2013 lwakhethwa njengenyoni yonyaka yiRussian Bird Conservation Union. Lokhu bekwenziwa ngenhloso yokudonsela ukunakekela kwabantu ezinkingeni zokuvikela lesi silwane esinamaphiko.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yokhozi emsila omhlophe
Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe lukhulu impela, lunomthethosisekelo onamandla, uqhwaku oluphakeme, amaphiko amade futhi abanzi nomsila ufushaniswe kancane ngokubukeka. Umbala wabesilisa nabesifazane ufana ngokuphelele, kepha owokuqala mncane kancane kunabesifazane. Isisindo samadoda sisuka ku-3 kuye ku-5.5 kg, abesifazane - kusuka ku-4 kuye ku-7 kg. Ubude bomzimba wokhozi buyahluka kusuka ku-60 kuye ku-98 cm, futhi amaphiko ayo ngobude angakhanga ngobude (kusuka ku-190 kuye ku-250 cm). Lezi zinyoni zinezimbali ezichazwe kahle zezimpaphe ezimboze i-tibia; azikho izimpaphe engxenyeni engezansi yetarsus. Izidladla zale nyoni zinamandla amakhulu; enqolobaneni yazo kukhona izinzipho ezibukhali, ezinkulu, ezimise okwegwegwe ezingeke zikulahlekele inyamazane yazo.
Umbala wezimpaphe ezinyoni esezikhulile unemvelaphi engafani, engasuka konsundu iye kolwandle, umehluko onjalo uyaqapheleka ngenxa yokuthi izimpaphe ezisezansi zimnyama, futhi iziqongo zazo zibukeka zilula (zishisiwe). Ukusondela eduze kwendawo yekhanda, umbala wokhozi uba lula, ucishe ube mhlophe ekhanda uqobo. Umbala wezimpaphe zokundiza, isisu namabhulukwe abanzi kumnyama uma kuqhathaniswa nomlando oyinhloko wezinyoni. Umsila omuhle omhlophe uqhathanisiwe nophezulu wezimpahla, imithwalo yezimpahla namaphiko.
Amehlo okhozi awakhulu kakhulu, futhi ama-iris awo angaba:
- nsundu ngokukhanyayo;
- nsundu nsundu;
- inhlaka;
- kuphuzi.
Ngalesi sizathu, izinkozi zivame ukubizwa ngamehlo egolide. Umbala wezitho zezinyoni noqhwaku olukhulu olukhonjiwe kuphuzi futhi okukhanyayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbala wezilwane ezincane umnyama kakhulu kunezihlobo zabantu abadala. Iris, umsila noqhwaku lwawo kumnyama mpunga. Uchungechunge lwamabala amade angabonakala esiswini, futhi iphethini lemabula liyabonakala phezulu komsila. Ngemuva kwe-molt ngayinye, izinkozi ezisencane ziya ngokuya zifana nezinyoni ezindala. Kuphela lapho izinyoni zivuthwa ngokocansi lapho ziqala ukubonakala zifana nezinkozi ezindala. Lokhu akwenzeki kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu ngisho nangemva kwalokho.
Ngakho-ke, ukhozi oluvuthiwe luhlukaniswa nezinye izidalwa ezinamaphiko ezifanayo ngokuba khona komsila omhlophe nekhanda elikhanyayo, intamo nomlomo. Ukhozi oluhleli lubukeka lunomsila omfishane, lukhulu futhi alunamoya omncane uma luqhathaniswa nokhozi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nenqe, ikhanda elinomsila omhlophe likhulu. Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe luhlukaniswa nokhozi olugolide ngomsila omfushane omise okomgexo kanye nomlomo omkhulu futhi ophakeme kakhulu.
Uhlala kuphi ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe?
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
E-Eurasia, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kokhozi olunemisila emhlophe ibanzi impela, ihlanganisa iScandinavia, iDenmark, i-Elbe Valley, ifinyelela eCzech Republic, eHungary, eSlovakia. Izinyoni zihlala emazweni aseBalkan, i-Anadyr basin, eKamchatka, ezihlala ogwini lwasePacific empumalanga ye-Asia. Enyakatho, indawo yokuhlala yokhozi ibamba iNorway, iKola Peninsula (ingxenye esenyakatho), iTundan tundra, iYamal (isifunda esiseningizimu), iqhubekisela phambili ububanzi obufinyelela eNhlonhlweni yeGydan, isondela emlonyeni wePasina neYenisei, izinkozi zezigodi zaseLena naseKhatanga. Ukuphela kobubanzi babo basenyakatho yiChukotka Range, noma kunalokho, ithambeka lalo eliseningizimu.
Ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu, izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe zikhethe:
- IGrisi ne-Asia Minor;
- enyakatho ye-Iran ne-Iraq;
- izindawo ezingezansi ze-Amu Darya;
- enyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina;
- ingxenye esenyakatho yombuso waseMongolia;
- Inhlonhlo YaseKorea.
Izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe zithanda iGreenland (ingxenye esentshonalanga), lezi zinyoni ezidla inyama nazo zihlala ezindaweni zezinye iziqhingi:
- Ama-Kurilskys;
- Izwe;
- ISakhalin;
- Hokkaido;
- I-Iceland.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Enyakatho, ukhozi lubhekwa njengokufuduka, eningizimu nasendaweni emaphakathi - ukuhlala phansi noma ukuzulazula. Amajuba asuka endaweni emaphakathi aya eningizimu ebusika, kuyilapho izinkozi ezinolwazi futhi ezivuthiwe zihlala ebusika, zingesabi ukuthi amadamu ayabanda.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, ukuhlakazwa kwezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe endaweni yalo kungabizwa ngokuthi ikuyo yonke indawo. Iningi lezinyoni ngokuya ngobuningi balo liyabonakala ezindaweni eziseLake Baikal, ezifundeni zase-Azov naseCaspian. Izilwane ezidla izilwane zivame ukuhlela izidleke zazo eduze nemizimba emikhulu emaphakathi nezwe noma ogwini lolwandle, lapho zinesizinda sokudla esiceze khona.
Ludlani ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe?
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe
Imenyu yokhozi olunemisila emhlophe, njengoba kufanele le nyoni enkulu, iyisilwane esidlayo. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, iqukethe izitsha zezinhlanzi, akusilo ize le ndaba enezimpiko ukuthi lubizwe ukhozi lwasolwandle. Inhlanzi isendaweni yokuqala yokuhlonishwa ngokuya ngokudla; imvamisa, izinkozi zibamba abantu abangaphezu kwamakhilogremu amathathu. Izintandokazi zezinyoni azigcini kuphela ezinhlotsheni zezinhlanzi, umdlalo wehlathi (womhlaba kanye nezimpaphe) nawo ukunambitheka kwezinkozi, futhi ngesikhathi esinzima sasebusika abazideleli izidumbu.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, izinkozi zijabulela ukudla okulula:
- Umvundla;
- amagundane emvukuzane;
- izinyoni zamanzi (amadada, amahansi, ama-loon);
- izimbila (bobaks);
- gophers.
Amaqhinga wokuzingela izinyoni ahlukile, konke kuncike ohlotsheni oluthile lwenyamazane nosayizi wayo. Ukhozi lungahlasela ngesikhathi sokundiza, luyakwazi ukucwilisa isisulu ngenhla lapho silubheka ngokuphakama. Kuvamile ukuthi izinyoni zigade inyamazane engaba khona lapho ziqamekela; zingathatha inyamazane eziyithandayo kwesinye isilwane esidla imbuya ngothi. Imisila emhlophe ehlala ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-steppe iqapha ama-gopher, izimbila kanye namagundane emvukuzane eduze ngqo kwemigodi yazo. Izinkozi zibamba izigaxa ezigijima ngokushesha endizeni. Ukhozi lwasolwandle luyazethusa izinyoni zamanzi futhi luzenze lucwile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokuvamile izinkozi zidla izilwane ezigulayo, ezibuthakathaka nezindala. Njengoba zidla izinhlanzi eziye zamiswa futhi zaminza, izinyoni zisusa ubukhulu bamachibi. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi zidla izidumbu, ngakho-ke zingabhekiswa ngokuphepha kuma-oda ezimpiko zemvelo. Ososayensi-ama-ornithologists baqinisekisa ukuthi imisila emhlophe yenza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu wokugcina ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo kulawo ma-biotopes lapho ahlala khona.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe lapho lindiza
Ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe luyisidleke sesine esinamaphiko maqondana nosayizi waso endaweni yase-Europe. Phambi kwakhe kukhona: inqe legriffon, indoda enentshebe nenqe emnyama. Imisila emhlophe ingowesilisa oyedwa; ngababili, bahlala amashumi eminyaka endaweni efanayo, enganwebeka kusuka ku-25 kuye ku-80 km. Umndeni wezinkozi uvikela ngokucophelela izinto zawo kwabanye abancintisana nabo. Ngokuvamile, kufanele uqaphele ukuthi ubunjalo balezi zinyoni bunzima kakhulu, ngisho nangamazinyane azo azihluphi isikhathi eside futhi azihambise ngokushesha empilweni ezimele ngokushesha nje lapho ziqala ukusukuma ephikweni.
Lapho izinkozi zizingela izinhlanzi, zibheka ngokuqapha inyamazane bese zitshuza zivela phezulu, ukuyikhetha ngosizo lwezinzipho ezibukhali ezinyaweni zazo. Umzingeli angacasha ngisho ebusweni bamanzi okwesikhashana esihlukanisiwe ukuze abambe izinhlanzi ekujuleni, ngiyasilawula ngokuphelele lesi simo. Lapho indiza, izinkozi azibukeki futhi zisheshise njengokhozi nokhozi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nazo, zibukeka zisinda kakhulu, zikhuphuka kancane kakhulu. Izimpiko zazo zibuthuntu futhi azinakho ukugoba okuvamile okhozi.
Ukhozi oluhleli egatsheni lufana ncamashi nenqe, luye lwehlise ikhanda luze lube nempaphe efinyile. Izwi lezinkozi lihlukaniswa ngokumemeza okuphezulu, okukhohlakele. Lapho izinyoni ziphazanyiswa okuthile, ukukhala kwazo kuba ngokuphazima kweso ngokuba khona kokukhala okuthile kwensimbi. Kwesinye isikhathi izinkozi ezimbili zakha i-duet ememezayo. Izinyoni zisho ukumemeza kanyekanye, ziphonsa amakhanda emuva.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe eRussia
Njengoba sekushiwo, izinkozi zisekela izibopho zomshado eziqinile, zakha umbhangqwana impilo yonke. Umbhangqwana wezinyoni zomndeni uhlala uya ebusika ndawonye emazweni afudumele futhi ngokubambisana ubuyela esidlekeni sabo, lokhu kwenzeka esikhathini sikaMashi noma u-Ephreli. Indlu yezinkozi yokwakha izidleke iyikhaya lomndeni langempela lezinyoni, lapho zihlala khona impilo yabo yonke, ziqedela futhi zivuselele izindawo zazo zokuhlala, uma kunesidingo. Izinkozi zikhetha izindawo zokwakha izidleke ezihlahleni ezikhula emachibini nasemifuleni, noma emaweni nasemadwaleni, nawo aseduze kwamanzi.
Ukwakha isidleke, izidlakela ezinezimpaphe zisebenzisa amagatsha awugqinsi, kuthi ezansi kufakwe amagxolo, amahlumela amancane, iziqu zotshani nezimpaphe. Isakhiwo esikhulu kangaka sihlala sisegatsheni elikhulu futhi eliqinile noma endaweni yemfoloko emagatsheni. Esinye sezimo eziyinhloko ukuphakama kokubekwa, okungahluka kusuka ku-15 kuye ku-25 m, lokhu kuvikela amatshwele kubantu abangafuni ukungena emhlabathini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho indawo yokwakha izidleke isanda kwakhiwa, ayidluli imitha elilodwa ububanzi, kepha ngokuhamba kweminyaka iba nzima ngokwengeziwe, ikhula kancane kancane izikhathi ezimbalwa. Isakhiwo esinjalo singawa kalula kumandla aso adonsela phansi, ngakho-ke imisila emhlophe imvamisa kufanele iqale ukwakha ikhaya elisha.
Insikazi ingabeka amaqanda ukusuka ku-1 kuye ku-3, imvamisa kukhona ama-2. Umbala wegobolondo umhlophe, kungahle kube khona ama-ocher specks kuwo. Amaqanda makhulu ngokwanele ukulingana nezinyoni. Bangama-7 - 8 cm ubude. Isikhathi sokufukamela cishe amasonto amahlanu. Amachwane azalwa esikhathini sangoMeyi. Cishe izinyanga ezintathu, abazali banakekela izingane zabo, okuyinto edinga kakhulu ukunakekelwa kwazo. Kakade ekuqaleni kwenyanga yokugcina yasehlobo, izinkozi ezincane ziqala ukundiza, kuthi ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba zishiye iziko labazali, zingene empilweni yabantu abadala, ezimele, engaba ezimweni zemvelo ezineminyaka engama-25 kuya kwengama-27 ubudala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokumangazayo, izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe lapho zithunjiwe zingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-40.
Izitha zemvelo zokhozi olunemisila emhlophe
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe
Ngenxa yokuthi ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe luyisidlakudla esikhulu futhi esinamandla esinezimpaphe esinomlomo ohlaba umxhwele nozipho oluqinile, cishe alinabahlaseli ababi endle. Kepha lokhu kungashiwo ngezinyoni esezikhulile, kepha amachwane asanda kuzalwa, izilwane ezincane ezingenamava kanye namaqanda ezinkozi yizona ezisengozini enkulu futhi ezingaphathwa ezinye izilwane ezidlayo ezingakuthandi ukuzidla.
Izazi zezinyoni zaseSakhalin zithole ukuthi isibalo esikhulu sezidleke zezinyoni sihlushwa yizidladla zamabhere ansundu, lokhu kufakazelwa ukutholakala kwemihuzuko ethile emagxolweni ezihlahla lapho kuhlala khona izinkozi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngo-2005, amabhere amancane acekela phansi cishe ingxenye yezindawo zokuhlala izinyoni, ngaleyo ndlela ecekela phansi inzalo yawo. Ukugasela kwamasela ezidlekeni kungenziwa futhi ngabamele umndeni we-weasel, nawo ohamba ngobunyoninco esihlokweni sesihlahla. AmaCorvids nawo angalimaza ukwakhiwa kwamatshe.
Ngokudabukisayo, kodwa esinye sezitha ezimbi kakhulu zokhozi muva nje bekuyindoda eyathi, maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, yaqala ukuqothula okunenjongo kwalezi zinyoni ezinkulu, izithatha njengezimbangi ezinkulu zokutholwa kwezinhlanzi nama-muskrats. Kule mpi engalingani, inani elikhulu hhayi nje kuphela lezinkozi ezindala labhubha, kodwa namaqanda namachwane awo abhujiswa. Manje isimo sesishintshile, abantu babala imisila emhlophe njengabangani babo.
Noma kunjalo, izinyoni ziyaqhubeka nokuhlupheka ngenxa yezenzo zabantu, ziwela ezingibeni ezibekelwe abazingeli bezinye izilwane (kufinyelela kuzinyoni ezingama-35 ngenxa yalokhu ngonyaka). Imvamisa, ukungena okukhulu kwamaqembu ezokuvakasha kuphoqa izinyoni ukuba zifudukele kwezinye izindawo, ezithinta kabi impilo yazo. Kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi ilukuluku lomuntu elilula liholele enhlekeleleni, ngoba inyoni ngokushesha iphonsa i-clutch yayo uma umuntu eyithinta, kepha ayisoze yahlasela eyabo bip.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yokhozi emsila omhlophe
Isimo sabantu bokhozi abanemisila emhlophe siyindida, kwezinye izindawo sithathwa njengesilwane esijwayelekile, kwezinye izindawo sengozini. Ebuningini beYurophu, ukusakazeka kokhozi kubhekwa njengokungajwayelekile, i.e. kungalingani. Kunemininingwane yokuthi cishe ama-7000 wezinyoni zezinyoni esidlekeni ezindaweni zaseRussia naseNorway, okungamaphesenti angama-55 enani eliphelele lezinyoni zaseYurophu.
Idatha yaseYurophu ikhombisa ukuthi inani lamabhangqa azala ngenkuthalo liyahlukahluka kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-12.3 ayizinkulungwane, okulingana nabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-18-24.5 abavuthiwe. Ososayensi bezinyoni baphawula ukuthi inani lezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe liyakhula kancane, kepha nokho liyanda. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, kunezinto eziningi ezingezinhle ze-anthropogenic ezinomthelela omubi ebukhoneni balezi zinyoni ezinamandla.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- ukucekelwa phansi nokugeleza kwamaxhaphozi;
- ubukhona bezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zemvelo;
- ukugawula izihlahla ezindala ezinkulu lapho izinkozi zithanda ukuhlala khona;
- ukungenelela komuntu kuma-biotopes emvelo;
- inani elinganele lokudla ngenxa yokuthi umuntu ubamba izinhlanzi ngobuningi.
Kumele kuphindwe futhi kuphawulwe ukuthi kwezinye izifunda nasemazweni, izinkozi ziyizinhlobo ezisengozini yezinyoni, ngakho-ke zidinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokuzivikela abantu abazama ukuzinikeza zona.
Unogada wokhozi omhlophe
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Njengoba sekushiwo, inani lezinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene alifani, kwezinye izindawo lincane kakhulu, kwezinye, kunalokho, kubonakala inani elikhulu lezilwane ezinamaphiko.Uma sibheka okwedlule, bese kuthi kuma-80s ekhulu elidlule leminyaka, inani lalezi zinyoni emazweni aseYurophu lehle kakhulu, kepha izindlela ezivikelwe ngesikhathi esifanele zenza isimo saba sesimweni esifanele, futhi manje izinkozi azibhekwa njengezisengozini.
Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe lubhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, lapho lunesimo se- "Least Concern" ngenxa yobubanzi balo bokusabalalisa. Ensimini yezwe lethu, ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe nalo lubhalwe kuRed Book of Russia, lapho linesimo sezinhlobo ezingavamile. Izinto ezikhawulela kakhulu zifaka phakathi imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yabantu, okuholela ekwehleni kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke, ukuqedwa kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yamanzi, kanye nokususwa kwezinyoni ezindaweni ezinabantu. Ngenxa yokuzingela ngokungemthetho, izinyoni azinakho ukudla okwanele, ziwela ezingibeni, zife ngenxa yokuthi osomatekisi bazenza zigxishwe. Izinkozi zibulawa ukudla amagundane anobuthi ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane.
Izindlela zokuvikela ezinkulu ezinomphumela omuhle ekubuyisweni kwenani lezinyoni zifaka:
- ukungaphazanyiswa komuntu kuma-biotopes emvelo;
- ukuhlonza izindawo zokwakha izidleke zezinkozi nokufakwa kwazo kuhlu lwezindawo ezivikelwe;
- ukuvikelwa kwezinyoni endaweni enkulu yezindawo ezingcwele nezinqolobane;
- ukwanda kwenhlawulo yokuzingela ngokungemthetho
- ukubhaliswa kwaminyaka yonke kwezinyoni zasebusika;
- inhlangano yezingxoxo ezichazayo phakathi kwabantu ukuthi umuntu akumele asondele esidlekeni senyoni, noma ngenhloso yokufuna ukwazi.
Sengiphetha, ngithanda ukungeza lokho okungenani ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe futhi onamandla, omkhulu futhi onamandla, usadinga isimo sengqondo sokucophelela somuntu, ukunakekelwa nokuvikelwa. Ubukhulu balezi zinyoni ezihloniphekile nezihloniphekile ziyajabula, futhi amandla azo, ubuhlakani nokuqapha kuyakhuthaza futhi kunikeze amandla. Izinkozi ziletha izinzuzo eziningi emvelweni, zisebenza njengezinhlelo ezinamaphiko. Kusathenjwa ukuthi abantu bazophinde babe wusizo kulezi zidlakela ezinamaphiko, noma okungenani ngeke zibalimaze.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09.02.
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 23.12.2019 ngo-14: 38
