Ingonyama yasolwandle Ingabe yilungu lomndeni elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-Otariidae, "izimvu zamanzi ezixubile", okubandakanya zonke izingonyama zasolwandle nezimpawu zezinwele. Yilona kuphela ilungu lohlobo lwe-Eumetopias. Izimpawu ezibekiwe zihlukile kuma-molluscs, "ama-seal weqiniso", lapho kukhona ama-valve endlebe angaphandle, izingalo ezinde ezifana namaphiko asetshenziselwa ukuqhuba, nezinsimbi ezijikelezayo zangemuva ezivumela ama-quadrupeed ukuthi ahambe emhlabeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sivuch
Amabhubesi asolwandle, noma izimvu zamanzi eziveziwe, angelinye lamaqembu amakhulu amathathu ezincelisayo eqenjini lentela le-pinnipeds. Ama-pinnipeds yizilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini (ikakhulukazi zasolwandle) ezibonakala ngokuba khona kwazo zombili izitho zangaphambili nezingemuva ngendlela yamaphiko. Ngaphezu kwamabhubesi asolwandle, amanye ama-pinniped afaka ama-walrus nezimpawu.
Amabhubesi asolwandle angenye yamaqembu amabili ezimvu zamanzi (noma yimaphi ama-pinnipeds ngaphandle kwama-walrus): izimvu zamanzi ezingenazindlebe, ezibandakanya umndeni wetekisi wezimpawu zangempela (i-Phocidae), nezimpawu ezivulekile, ezibandakanya umndeni wezimpawu ezinamacici (i-Otariidae). Ama-Walrus ngokuvamile athathwa njengomndeni ohlukile ophinishiwe, i-Obobenidae, yize kwesinye isikhathi kufakwa kuma-molluscs.
Ividiyo: Sivuch
Enye indlela yokwehlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu amabili amakhulu ezimpawu kungubukhona be-pinna, indlebe encane, ethambile (indlebe engaphandle) etholakala ezingonyameni zolwandle futhi engatholakali kwizimpawu zangempela. Izimpawu zangempela zibizwa ngokuthi "izimvu zamanzi ezingenazo izindlebe" ngoba izindlebe zazo kunzima ukuzibona, futhi amabhubesi olwandle abizwa "ngezimpawu ezinamacici". Igama elithi otariid livela kwelithi Greek otarion, okusho indlebe encane, kubhekiswe ezindlebeni ezincane kodwa ezibonakalayo zangaphandle (auricles).
Ngaphezu kokuba ne-auricle, kukhona okunye umehluko osobala phakathi kwezingonyama zasolwandle nezimpawu zangempela. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller anezimpiko zangemuva ezingaphenywa ngaphansi komzimba, zizisize zihambe phansi, kuyilapho amaphiko ezindluzelekazi ezimpawu zamanzi zangempela engeke abhekiswe phambili ngaphansi komzimba, okuholela ekuhambeni kwawo okuhamba kancane futhi okungahambi kahle phansi.
Amabhubesi asolwandle nawo ayabhukuda esebenzisa amaphiko awo amade angaphambili ukuzulazula emanzini, kuyilapho izimvu zamanzi zangempela zibhukuda zisebenzisa amaphiko azo angemuva nomzimba ongezansi ngokunyakazisa ohlangothini nohlangothi. Kukhona nokwehluka kokuziphatha, kufaka phakathi uhlelo lokuzalisa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibhubesi lasolwandle libukeka kanjani
Ingonyama yasolwandle enesikhumba esicwebezelayo ibizwa nge- "sea lion" ngenxa yokukhanya okukhanyayo koboya obuqatha obutholakala entanyeni nasesifubeni sowesilisa, esifana nomhlwenga wengonyama. Kwesinye isikhathi kwenziwa iphutha ngophawu, kepha kulula ukutshela umehluko. Ngokungafani nezimpawu, izindonga ezingaphandle zebhubesi lolwandle zimboza izindlebe ukuze zivikeleke emanzini. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller nawo anesakhiwo samathambo esivumela ukuba bahambe kuwo wonke amaphiko ngenkathi besekela isisindo sabo esigcwele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengengonyama yasolwandle enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ibhubesi lasolwandle elidala lingafinyelela ubude obungamamitha amabili kuya kwamathathu. Abesifazane banesisindo esiphakathi kuka-200 no-300 kilograms, kanti abesilisa batholakale benesisindo esifinyelela kuma-800 kilograms. Enye ingonyama enkulu yasolwandle yayinesisindo esicishe sibe ithani elilodwa.
I-sea lion puppy ejwayelekile inesisindo esingamakhilogremu angama-20 lapho izalwa. Lapho kuzalwa, imidlwane yamabhubesi olwandle i-Steller inoboya obukhulu, obukhulu, obucishe bube mnyama ngokubukeka kwesithwathwa, ngoba imikhawulo yezinwele ayinambala. Umbala uyakhanya ngemuva kwe-molt yokuqala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo. Iningi labesifazane abadala linemibala emuva. Cishe wonke amaduna ahlala eba mnyama ngaphambili entanyeni nasesifubeni, amanye anombala obomvu tebhu. Abesilisa abadala banamabunzi abanzi nezintamo zemisipha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emanzini, ibhubesi lasolwandle liyabhukuda nge-breaststroke futhi lingafinyelela ngejubane eliphezulu cishe elingu-27 km / h.
Umsindo webhubesi lasolwandle uyikhorasi yemvamisa esezingeni eliphansi "yokubhonga" kwabantu abadala, exutshwe nezwi "lemvu" lemidlwane emincane. Amabhubesi asolwandle aseCalifornia avame ukuzwakala phakathi kwamabhubesi asolwandle aseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska, futhi imisindo yawo yokubhonga iyinkomba yokutshela la mabhubesi asolwandle amancane, amnyama.
Ihlala kuphi ibhubesi lasolwandle?
Isithombe: Ibhubesi lasolwandle laseKamchatka
Amabhubesi asolwandle akhetha isimo sezulu esibandayo, esipholile kunamanzi angaphansi komhlaba aseNyakatho Pacific Ocean. Zidinga izindawo zokuhlala zasemhlabeni nezasemanzini. Zikhwelana futhi zizalele ezweni, ezindaweni zendabuko ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-rookeries. I-Rookery imvamisa iqukethe amabhishi (amatshe amatshe, amatshe noma isihlabathi), izingqimba, nemifula enamadwala. Ezilwandle zeBering ne-Okhotsk, amabhubesi olwandle nawo angakhipha iqhwa lolwandle. ENyakatho yePacific, izindawo zokuhlala ezingonyama zasolwandle zingatholakala ngasogwini lwaseCalifornia kuya eBering Strait, kanye nasemaphethelweni ase-Asia naseJapane.
Inani labantu lihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- empumalanga;
- entshonalanga.
Amabhubesi asolwandle asatshalaliswa ikakhulu ngasogwini lweNyakatho yePacific Ocean ukusuka enyakatho yeHokkaido, eJapane kudabula iziQhingi zaseKuril noLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, iziQhingi zase-Aleutian kanye noLwandle iBering, ugu oluseningizimu ye-Alaska naseningizimu enkabeni yeCalifornia. Yize zivame ukutholakala emanzini asogwini ngaphandle kweshalofu lasezwenikazi, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zifuna imithambeka ejulile yezwekazi nasemanzini e-pelagic, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokungazalanga.
Izakhamizi zaseCanada ziyingxenye yabantu abasempumalanga. ECanada, iziqhingi ezisogwini lwaseBritish Columbia zinezindawo ezintathu ezizalisayo zamabhubesi olwandle, eziseScott Islands, eCape St. James nasogwini lweBanks Islands. Ngo-2002, kwazalwa imidlwane ebalelwa ku-3 400 eBritish Columbia. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, inani eliphelele lezilwane ezitholakala kula manzi asogwini cishe liyi-19,000, kanti cishe zingu-7,600 zazo zisencane. Luhlobo lweduna olunamandla kunawo wonke olunezinsikazi eziningi.
Amabhubesi asolwandle aseSteller azalela ngasogwini lwaseNyakatho Pacific ukusuka e-Año Nuevo Island maphakathi neCalifornia kuya eziQhingini zaseKuril enyakatho yeJapane, enendawo ephakeme kakhulu yama rookeries eGulf of Alaska nase-Aleutian Islands.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona ibhubesi lolwandle. Ake sibone ukuthi lolu phawu ludlani.
Idlani ibhubesi lasolwandle?
Isithombe: Sea lion
Amabhubesi olwandle ayizilwane ezidla inyama ngamazinyo abukhali nemihlathi eqinile edla isisulu sawo. Zibamba izinhlanzi zazo futhi zidle noma yini etholakala kalula endaweni yazo. EBritish Columbia, ibhubesi lasolwandle lidla kakhulu izinhlanzi zesikole ezifana ne-herring, i-hake, i-salmon kanye ne-sardine. Kwesinye isikhathi bacwila ngokujula ukuze babambe ama-bass olwandle, i-flounder, i-squid ne-octopus.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amabhubesi asolwandle angabhukudi abahle kakhulu kwesinye isikhathi abacwila ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-350 befuna ukudla futhi imvamisa bahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engaphezu kwemihlanu ngesikhathi.
Amabhubesi asolwandle abadala adla izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi i-Pacific herring, i-gerbil, i-Atka mackerel, i-pollock, i-salmon, i-cod ne-rock fish. Badla ne-octopus kanye ne-squid. Ngokwesilinganiso, ingonyama endala yasolwandle idinga cishe u-6% wesisindo sayo somzimba ngosuku. Amabhubesi amancane asolwandle adinga ukudla okuphindwe kabili.
Amabhubesi asolwandle abulala nezimpawu zoboya nezinye izilwane. EziQhingini zasePribilof, kuye kwabonakala izingonyama ezincane ezingamadoda zasolwandle zibulala futhi zidla imidlwane yasenyakatho yoboya, kuyilapho kwezinye izikhathi zazidla izimvu zamanzi ezinemigexo. Ngokudla kwabo, amabhubesi asolwandle angathonya izinhlanzi eziningi, ama-bivalve molluscs, ama-gastropods nama-cephalopods.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Steller sea lion in nature
Amabhubesi asolwandle yizilwane ezincelisayo, ngakho-ke adinga ukuza ebusweni ukuze aphefumule umoya. Bachitha esinye isikhathi sabo emhlabathini bese bephuma bangene emanzini beyozingela ukudla. Amabhubesi asolwandle akhetha indawo eshalofini elisogwini engaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-45 ogwini, yize etholakala ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100 ogwini olwandle emanzini angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2000. Awehambisi njengezimpawu ezithile, kodwa ahambela ngezikhathi ezithile ezindaweni ezahlukene zokudla nokuphumula.
Amabhubesi asolwandle ajwayele ukuhlangana futhi ahlangane ngamaqembu amakhulu emabhishi noma kuma-rookeries. Imvamisa zihlala ngamaqembu amabili kuya kwayishumi nambili, kepha kwesinye isikhathi kufinyelela kubantu abayikhulu ndawonye. Olwandle, zihlala zodwa noma zihamba ngamaqembu amancane. Bazondla ebusuku ngasogwini nasemanzini e-pelagic. Amabhubesi asolwandle angahamba amabanga amade phakathi nenkathi futhi angatshuza afinyelele ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-400. Asebenzisa umhlaba njengezindawo zokuphumula, ukuncelana, ukukhwelana nokuzala. Amabhubesi asolwandle akhiqiza imisindo enamandla, kuhambisane nokuzamazama kwekhanda okuqonde mpo kwabesilisa.
Ukuzalela amabhubesi olwandle ngesinye sezibuko ezithandwa kakhulu emvelweni. Lapho lezi zidlakela zishayisa osebeni, amabhishi abawathandayo, abizwa ngokuthi ama-rooker, ayanyamalala ngaphansi kwemizimba yabo. Imidlwane emincane kwesinye isikhathi iyanqotshwa yisixuku, futhi ayilalelwa abesilisa abanamandla ngenhloso eyodwa. Abesilisa kumele basungule futhi bagcine ama-rookeries ukuze bazale. Iningi labo alikwenzi lokhu lize libe neminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye noma eyishumi ubudala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Steller sea lion emanzini
Amabhubesi olwandle angabafuyi bamakholoni. Zinohlelo lokumatanisa lwe-polygynus lapho inani elincane kuphela labesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi elizalela iningi lemidlwane ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sengonyama yasolwandle siqala ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi kuya ekuqaleni kukaJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ibuyela ekhaya layo i-rookery - idwala elingalodwa, lapho abantu abadala bebuthanela ukuzala nokubeletha - ukuzala umdlwane owodwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, amabhubesi olwandle ahlangana emakoloni aminyene ukuze aphephe, kude nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Imisindo yabantu abadala kanye nokukhala kwemidlwane esanda kuzalwa kudala umsindo omkhulu wokuvikela. Lo msindo wokubumbana nohlala njalo wethusa izidlo ezingaba khona.
Ibhubesi lasolwandle lensikazi linakekela umdlwane walo unyaka owodwa kuya kwemithathu. Umama uhlala emhlabathini nemidlwane yakhe usuku olulodwa bese eya olwandle ukuyolanda ukudla ngakusasa. Ulandela leli phethini ukondla imidlwane yakhe ngenkathi eqhubeka nokuzondla.
Ibhubesi lasolwandle elisanda kuzalwa liyisidalwa esincomekayo. Uyakwazi ukukhasa kusukela ezelwe futhi afunde ukubhukuda cishe emasontweni amane ubudala. Yize kunzima ukukuhlola, kubonakala sengathi izinga lokufa kwemidlwane liphezulu impela futhi lingahle libe ngumphumela wokugcwala kwezilwane ezindala noma lapho ziphoqeleka ukushiya i-rookery, azikwazi ukubhukuda nokuminza.
Imidlwane iba nokuvikeleka ezifweni eziningi ngenkathi inceliswa. Njengoba zikhula futhi zilunyulwa, imidlwane ingagula ngenxa yama-parasites angaphakathi (njengezikelemu eziyizikelemu kanye nezikelemu) ezithinta ukukhula nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ibhubesi lasolwandle lensikazi lazi kahle izidingo zalo zenjanyana, alilishiyi isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku ngesikhathi, phakathi nenyanga yokuqala ebucayi yokuphila kwayo.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhubesi olwandle
Isithombe: Sea Lion Steller
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi imisebenzi yabantu njengokuzingela nokubulala ibe yingozi enkulu kakhulu ezingonyameni zolwandle. Ngenhlanhla, lezi futhi yizingozi ezingavikeleka kakhulu. Lesi sidalwa esikhulu singabanjwa ngengozi ezintweni zokudoba futhi singaminyaniswa imfucumfucu entanyeni yabo. Ibhubesi lasolwandle elihilelekile lingaminza ngaphambi kokuba liphunyuke noma lizikhulule.
Ukungcola, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, nokungcoliswa kwemvelo njengezinsimbi ezisindayo kusongela izindawo zokuhlala ezingonyama zasolwandle. Lo monakalo ongavinjelwa ungaholela ekufudukeni kwabahlali ezindaweni zabo ezibalulekile futhi, ekugcineni, kwehle isibalo sabo.
Ingonyama yasolwandle nayo ibhekene nezinsongo zemvelo, njengokuncipha kwenani lokudla okutholakalayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhomo ebulalayo iyazizingela. Njengazo zonke izilwane, lesi sifo sibeka engcupheni inani lezingonyama zasolwandle.
Ososayensi njengamanje bayaphenya ukuthi kungani inani lezingonyama zasolwandle lehla. Izizathu ezingaba khona zalokhu zibandakanya ukwanda kwezibalo zezinambuzane, ukugula, ukudliwa kwemikhomo ebulalayo, ikhwalithi yokudla nokusatshalaliswa, izinto ezithinta imvelo kanye nokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco okubangelwa izinguquko zemvelo ngobuningi bezinhlobo ezinkulu zezilwane noma ukuncintisana nezinye izinhlobo noma abantu ngokudla.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibhubesi lasolwandle libukeka kanjani
Lezi zindawo ezimbili zezingonyama zasolwandle zimelela izitayela ezahlukahlukene zofuzo, morphological, ecological kanye nesibalo sabantu. Izitayela zabantu ezimpumalanga nasentshonalanga ziyahlukahluka ngezizathu eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngamagama alula, umehluko kungenzeka ungumphumela wezinhlobo ezahlukene nobukhulu bezinsongo izilwane ezibhekene nazo kulo lonke uhla lwazo.
Inani labantu basentshonalanga lifaka wonke amabhubesi olwandle aphuma kuma-rookeries entshonalanga yeSakling Point. Inani lamabhubesi olwandle lehla lisuka ku-220,000 laya ku-265,000 ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1970 laya ngaphansi kuka-50 000 ngo-2000. Ngenkathi inani lasentshonalanga livame ukukhula kancane kancane kusukela cishe ngo-2003, lisancipha ngokushesha ezindaweni ezinkulu zobubanzi balo.
Inani labantu basempumalanga lifaka amabhubesi olwandle aphuma kuma-rookeries empumalanga yeSakling Point. Phakathi kuka-1989 no-2015, amanani abo empumalanga akhuphuke ngesilinganiso esingu-4.76% ngonyaka, ngokususelwa ekuhlaziyweni kwenani lemidlwane eCalifornia, Oregon, British Columbia naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska. Bangaphezu kuka-80% abantu abangamabhubesi olwandle abanyamalala eRussia nasemanzini amaningi ase-Alaska (iGulf of Alaska kanye neBering Sea) phakathi kuka-1980 no-2000, kwasala abantu abangaphansi kwama-55,000. Amabhubesi olwandle asencwadini Ebomvu njengalawo asengozini yokuqothulwa maduze.
Izinsongo zamabhubesi olwandle zifaka phakathi:
- iziteleka ezivela esikebheni noma emkhunjini;
- ukungcola;
- ukonakaliswa kwemvelo;
- ukuzingela okungekho emthethweni noma ukudubula;
- ukuhlola uwoyela negesi olwandle;
- ukuxhumana (okuqondile nokungaqondile) nezindawo zokudoba.
Umthelela oqondile kule ndawo yokudoba ubangelwe kakhulu ngamagiya (ama-drift no-gillnets, ama-longline, ama-trawls, njll.) Angabamba, abambe, alimaze noma abulale izingonyama zasolwandle. Babonakale bebhajwe ezingutsheni zokudoba, okuthathwa ngokuthi "ukulimala kanzima." Imithelela engaqondile yokudoba ifaka phakathi isidingo sokuncintisana ngezinsizakusebenza zokudla kanye nokuguqulwa okungenzeka ezindaweni zokuhlala ezibucayi ngenxa yemisebenzi yokudoba.
Ngokomlando, izinsongo zifake:
- ukuzingela inyama yabo, izikhumba, uwoyela neminye imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene (ngawo-1800);
- ukubulala ngemali (ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1900);
- ukubulala ukuze kuvinjelwe ukudliwa kwabo ezinhlanzini ezikhungweni zasemanzini (amapulazi ezinhlanzi). Kodwa ukubulawa kwamabhubesi asolwandle ngamabomu kwakungavunyelwe njengoba ayevikelwe ngaphansi koMthetho Wokuvikela Izitho Zolwandle Zasolwandle.
Ukuvikelwa kwebhubesi lolwandle iSteller
Isithombe: Sivuch ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokwanda kwenani labantu, izingonyama zasolwandle zidinga ukuvikelwa njalo endaweni yazo. Yize ibhubesi lasolwandle lihlushwa yiminyaka eminingi lizingelwa eCanada, kusukela ngo-1970 livikelwe ngaphansi komthetho iFederal Fisheries Act, ovimbela ukuzingelwa ngokuhweba kwengonyama yasolwandle. Kuke kwaba nezimo lapho kuye kwanikezwa izimvume zokubulala amabhubesi olwandle ngomzamo wokuvikela amapulazi ezinhlanzi azingelwa izilwane.
Umthetho Wezilwandle, owasungulwa ngo-1996, uvikela indawo yokuhlala izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle. Ama-rookeries akhethekile okuzalanisa anokuvikelwa okungeziwe ngaphansi kweNational Parks Act yaseCanada futhi njengengxenye ye-Provincial Ecological Reserve.
Izindawo ezivikelayo, imikhawulo yokubamba, izinqubo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezinye izindlela sezilethwe lapho kuzobanjelwa khona amakhulu kanye nezindawo zokuhlala izingonyama zasolwandle ukuvikela indawo yazo ebucayi.Indawo yokuhlala ebucayi inikezwe amabhubesi asolwandle njengendawo yokugcina izinto ezingama-32 km kuzo zonke izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezibanjiwe kanye nama-rookeries, kanye nezindawo ezihambisana nawo, izindawo zomoya namanzi kanye nezindawo ezintathu ezinkulu zokudla zasolwandle. INational National Fisheries Service nayo isikhombe izindawo ezinemikhawulo ezungeze ama-rooker futhi yaqala ukusebenzisa izindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi zokuphathwa kwezinhlanzi ezenzelwe ukunciphisa ukuncintisana phakathi kwezindawo zokudoba kanye nabantu besilwane abasengozini yokuqothuka ezindaweni zokuhlala ezibucayi.
Ingonyama yasolwandle kubhekwe "inkosi" yezingonyama zasolwandle. Lesi silwane esincelisayo esikhulu ngokuvamile sihamba sodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane, kodwa sijoyina ezinye ukuze zivikeleke ngesikhathi sokumitha nokubeletha. Kuncane okwaziwayo ngempilo yaso yasolwandle, kodwa-ke, izindaba ezimnandi ukuthi selokhu ibhubesi lasolwandle lavikelwa okokuqala ngo-1970, inani labantu abadala seliphindaphindwe kabili.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 29.08.2019 ngo-23: 31
