Cishe ukuphela kwenyoni edla inyama egxile ngokuphelele ezinhlanzini. I-osprey ihlakazeke emhlabeni wonke futhi ayikho e-Antarctica kuphela.
Incazelo ye-osprey
I-Pandion haliaetus (i-osprey) iyisilwane esidla inyama, esimele esisodwa i-oda le-Osprey (Pandion Savigny) kanye nomndeni wakwaSkopin (Pandionidae). Ngokulandelayo, umndeni uyingxenye ye-oda elibanzi elimise okwe-Hawk.
Ukubukeka
Inyoni enkulu enombala oyisici - ikhanda elimhlophe elinomugqa omnyama obaleka uqhamuka esinqeni udlule esweni uye emuva kwekhanda, phezulu kokumpunga okumnyama kanye nesifuba esimhlophe esinomgexo onamachashazi amnyama owela ngale. I-crest encane iyabonakala ngemuva kwekhanda, kanti i-osprey uqobo ibukeka ingahlelekile.
Kungaba nokuhlukahluka kombala ngokuya ngezinhlobo ezithile zangasese nokuthi ihlala kuphi, kepha wonke ama-osprey anezimpiko ezinde nezibanzi ezinokugoba okuthile endaweni yejoyini le-carpal. Ngenxa yamaphiko agobile amise okomnsalo, anemikhawulo ebheke phansi, i-osprey ezulazulayo iba njenge-seagull, futhi amaphiko ngokwawo abonakala ngathi abanzi kangako.
Umsila omfushane, osikwe isikwele endizeni usakazeka njengefeni, uveze (uma ubukwa kusuka ngezansi) uchungechunge lwemigqa emnyama eguqukayo ngemuva kokukhanya. I-osprey inamehlo aphuzi nomlomo omnyama oxhumeke. Itarsus, embozwe izihlangu ezincane ezinamacala amaningi, ayinazo izimpaphe. I-Osprey iba nombala onomphela cishe ngonyaka nohhafu.
AmaJuveniles ngabe awehlukile kubantu abadala ukube bekungengenxa ye-iris ebomvu esawolintshi, umgexo awuthambile, nokubonakala okukhanyayo okumpunga ngaphandle komsila namaphiko.
Ama-ornithologists akhuluma ngezinto eziningi ezenza ukudoba kube lula ku-osprey - izimpaphe ezinamafutha, ezingenakunqotshwa; izivalo zamakhala zivaleka lapho zitshuza; imilenze emide enamandla enezinzipho ezigobile.
Ubukhulu bezinyoni
Isilwane esidla ezinye esikhulu, sifinyelela ku-1.6-2 kg wesisindo ngobude obungu-55-58 cm nobude bamaphiko obufinyelela ku-1.45-1.7 m. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu be-osprey, kanye nama-nuances ombala wayo, kuncike kuma-subspecies ahlala khona esifundeni esithile.
Ama-Ornithologists ahlukanisa izinhlobo ezi-4 ze-osprey:
- I-Pandion haliaetus haliaetus yi-subspecies enkulu futhi emnyama kunazo zonke ezihlala e-Eurasia;
- IPandion haliaetus ridgwayi - efanayo ngosayizi P. h. i-haliaetus, kepha inekhanda elilula. I-subspecies ehlala phansi ehlala eziqhingini zaseCaribbean;
- I-Pandion haliaetus carolinensis iyi-subspecies emnyama futhi emikhulu etholakala eNyakatho Melika;
- I-Pandion haliaetus cristatus yizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke, ezinabamele bazo bahlala ogwini lolwandle, kanye nasemabhange emifula emikhulu yase-Australia naseTasmania.
Ngokuvamile, kungabonakala ukuthi i-osprey ehlala ezindaweni eziphakeme zikhulu kunezihlobo zabo ezizalelwe ezindaweni ezishisayo nasendaweni eshisayo.
Indlela Yokuphila
I-osprey ihlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ze-ichthyophagous, ngakho-ke ayikwazi ukucabanga impilo yayo ngaphandle kwechibi, umfula, ixhaphozi noma ichibi. Umzimba wamanzi oseduze utholakala ngaphakathi kwemingcele yendawo yokuzingela i-osprey futhi ingamakhilomitha ayi-0.01-10 ukusuka esidlekeni sayo. Ubuningi bezidleke buhlukile - izidleke ezimbili eziseduze zingahlukaniswa ngamamitha ayikhulu noma amakhilomitha amaningi.
I-osprey ayisoze yanikela ngethuba lokulawula amadamu amancane amancane noma izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zomfula / idamu elikhulu ngasikhathi sinye (ngokususelwa ekuqondeni komoya ngesikhathi sokuzingela). Ukuze kulawulwe ngaleyo ndlela, i-osprey yakha isidleke emgodini womfula noma emhlwenga osexhaphozini.
Iningi le-osprey linamathela ezindaweni zalo zokudla, ngakho-ke kuyaqabukela lakha amakoloni. Ukuqoqwa kwamaqembu kwenzeka kaningi eziqhingini futhi nasemigqeni yokudlulisela, okungukuthi, lapho kunesikhala esiningi sezidleke ezinqwabelene.
U-Osprey uvame ukuphendukela ekuzingeleni ngokuhlanganyela, okusebenza kangcono kunokuzingela okukodwa. Izinyoni ziphumula ezihlahleni, zibheke ukuqapha okungokwemvelo. Bahlala kukholamu emagatsheni, emadwaleni asogwini, emabhange amnene noma emaweni. I-osprey yenza imisindo, into efana ne- "kai-kai-kai", ihambela phezulu "ki-ki-ki" eduze kwesidleke.
Lapho i-osprey ifuna inyamazane emfuleni, ijwayele ukuzamazama - iyama bese izulazula ngaphezulu kwamanzi, ishaya amaphiko ayo ngokushesha. I-Osprey ivikela izidleke zazo, kepha ungazivikeli izindawo ezingazodwana, ngoba ukudla ezikuthandayo (zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi) kuhamba futhi kungaba kude kakhulu esidlekeni.
Abamele iningizimu yezinhlobo zezilwane bathambekele ekuzingeni, kuyilapho i-osprey esenyakatho ikakhulu ifuduka.
Isikhathi sokuphila
U-Osprey uhlala isikhathi eside, okungenani iminyaka engama-20-25, kanti inyoni iba mdala, ayanda amathuba ayo okuphila impilo ende. Abantu abahlukahlukene banezibalo zabo zokusinda, kepha ngokujwayelekile isithombe simi ngokulandelayo - ama-60% wezinyoni ezincane asinda kuze kube yiminyaka emibili kanye no-80-90% wezinyoni ezindala.
Iqiniso. Ama-ornithologists akwazile ukulandela owesifazane okhenjiwe, ophethe irekhodi lokuphila isikhathi eside eYurophu. Ngo-2011, wahlanganisa iminyaka engama-30.
ENyakatho Melika, i-osprey endala kwakungowesilisa owaphila iminyaka engama-25 ubudala. Owesilisa owayehlala eFinland, okwathi ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe wayeneminyaka engama-26 enezinsuku ezingama-25 ubudala, wasinda kuso isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka. Kepha kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi osprey abaningi endle kuyaqabukela bephila kuze kube yile minyaka.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kobulili ngombala ubonakala kuphela ngokuqaphelisisa - abesifazane bahlala bumnyama futhi banomgexo okhazimulayo okhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bangu-20% abasindayo kunabesilisa: owokuqala unesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-1.6-2 kg, owokugcina - kusuka ku-1.2 kg kuye ku-1.6 kg. Izinsikazi ze-Osprey nazo zibonisa amaphiko amakhulu (5-10%) wamaphiko.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-osprey ihlala kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres, kumazwekazi lapho izala khona noma ifukamela ubusika. Akukacaci ukuthi ngabe abameleli bezinhlobo bayazala e-Indo-Malaysia naseNingizimu Melika, kepha izinyoni zihlala zibonakala lapho ebusika. Futhi ebusika, ama-ospreys ahlala esidlekeni eGibhithe nasezingxenyeni zeziqhingi zoLwandle Olubomvu.
I-Osprey ikhetha amakhona aphephile ezindawo zokwakha izidleke, hhayi kude namanzi angajulile, acebile ngezinhlanzi. Izidleke zakhiwa ngamakhilomitha ama-3-5 ukusuka emizimbeni yamanzi (amadamu, amachibi, amaxhaphozi noma imifula), kepha kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezu kwamanzi.
ERussia, i-osprey ithanda amachibi abandayo anwetshiwe, kanye nemifula / ukunweba kwemifula, lapho kukhula khona izihlahla ezinde (ezineziqongqo ezomile), ezifanele ukwakhiwa. Izinyoni ziyabaxwaya abantu, kepha ziyazivumela zisondele e-Australia naseMelika, zakha izidleke ngisho nasezakhiweni ze-transformer.
Ukudla kwe-Osprey
Ngaphezu kwe-99% yayo iqukethe izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi, ngoba i-osprey ayikhethi futhi ibamba konke okusondela eduze kwamanzi. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlanzi zikhulu, i-osprey ikhetha izinhlobo ezi-2-3 ezimnandi kakhulu (ngokombono wakhe). U-Osprey uvamise ukuzingela endizeni (ngezikhathi ezithile kusuka ekuqamekeleni): andizela ngaphezu kwamanzi, angabi ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10-40. Ngale ndlela yokuzingela, ukubonakala kwamanzi kubalulekile ku-osprey, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukubona inyamazane echibini elinodaka.
Ukuzingela
I-osprey ishesha ngokuphumelelayo ngemuva kwenhlanzi isuka endaweni ephakeme - iyibona isuka lapho indiza ishefa khona, inyoni isigamu-isakaza amaphiko ayo bese yelula izinyawo zayo phambili, iwele ngokushesha kulowo oshonile endaweni ephakeme noma nge-engela yama-degree angama-45. Imvamisa iya ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi, kepha ngokushesha iyakhuphuka, ithathe indebe (evame ukuqondiswa ikhanda kuqala) kuzipho lezidladla zodwa noma zombili.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ukubamba inhlanzi eshelelayo kusizwa ngozipho abade, iminwe yabo inamachashaza abukhali ngezansi, kanye nomunwe obheke emuva emuva (wokubamba inyamazane ephephile).
Ukuze lisuke emanzini, i-osprey isebenzisa iphiko lamaphiko elinamandla, elicishe libe phezulu. Emoyeni, ujwayele ukuzithintitha bese endiza esihlahleni noma eweni ukuze athole isidlo sasemini sokuphumula. Eseqedile ukudla, ubuyela emfuleni ukuyogeza izikali zenhlanzi namafinyila ngokufaka imilenze yakhe nekhanda emanzini.
Izimayini
I-osprey endala enesisindo esingu-2 kg ayesabi ukudoba inyamazane elingana noma ngisho nokuyedlula ngesisindo, idonsa izinhlanzi ezintathu noma ezine-kilogram. Nokho, lokhu kunalokho okuhlukile kunomthetho - uvame ukuthwala izinhlanzi eziyikhulu noma ezimbili zama-gram fish.
Kwenzeka ukuthi i-osprey ingabali amandla ayo bese iluma uzipho lwayo isisulu esinesisindo esingu-4 kg noma ngaphezulu, okusinda kakhulu kuso. Uma inyoni ingenaso isikhathi sokukhipha uzipho, inhlanzi esindayo iyisa phansi. Abadobi ngezikhathi ezithile babamba ama-pikes amakhulu kanye ne-carps "ngomhlobiso" owesabekayo emhlane wabo - amathambo e-osprey efile. Kukhona nesifinyezo sokutholwa okunjalo, lapho i-carp enkulu (ebanjwe eSaxony) ibanjwa khona ne-osprey efile ihleli ogangeni lwayo.
Imininingwane
Inyoni idla inhlanzi iqala ekhanda. Uma owesilisa ondla insikazi ngalesi sikhathi, udla ingxenye yokubamba, alethe enye ingxenye esidlekeni. Ngokuvamile, ama-ospreys awasetshenziselwa ukufihla lokho akubambayo: ayathwala, alahle noma ashiye izinsalela esidlekeni.
I-Osprey yaziwa ngokudelela isidumbu futhi cishe ayikaze iphuze amanzi, yanelisa isidingo sansuku zonke somswakama ngezinhlanzi ezintsha.
Abaqaphi bezinyoni baphinde babala amaphesenti ama-dives aphumelele (24-74%), bephawula ukuthi isilinganiso sithonywa isimo sezulu, ama-ebbs / ukugeleza kanye nekhono le-osprey uqobo. Amaxoxo, ama-voles amanzi, ama-muskrats, ama-squirrels, ama-salamanders, izinyoka, izinyoni ezincane kanye nezingwenya ezincane zithatha iphesenti elilodwa lezinyoni zezilwane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ukusuka ezindaweni zobusika, i-osprey ivame ukufika ngamunye ngamunye ukuvula imizimba yamanzi, kepha abesilisa bakwenza lokhu ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Imibhangqwana izama ukubuyela ezidlekeni zayo, izibuyise entwasahlobo njengoba kudingeka.
Ukwakha izidleke
Imvamisa, ngaphezu kwesidleke, ungabona owesilisa, ebhala ama-pirouettes omoya - lezi yizinto zesiko lokukhwelana futhi ngasikhathi sinye umzamo wokwethusa izimbangi.
Ngokuvamile, i-osprey yindoda eyodwa, kepha ikhombisa isithembu lapho izidleke zisondele futhi owesilisa engazivikela zombili. Isidleke sokuqala kuleli cala sibaluleke kakhulu kowesilisa, ngoba uqala ngokuyisa izinhlanzi lapho.
I-Osprey edabuka eRussia ikakhulu isidleke kuma-conifers amade akhula onqenqemeni lwehlathi, umfula / ichibi lelwandle, noma ame eceleni emaphethelweni ehlathi. Isihlahla esinjalo sikhuphuka u-1-10 m ngenhla kombhede wehlathi futhi kufanele simelane nesidleke esikhulu esenziwe ngamahlumela iminyaka eminingana.
Kancane kancane, isidleke sivela ezintanjeni zokudlulisa amandla, amapulatifomu okwenziwa ngisho nezakhiwo. I-Osprey yokwakha isidleke emhlabathini akuyona into engavamile e-Australia Lesi sidleke senziwa ngamagatsha, sizigoqe ngotshani lwasolwandle noma ngotshani, imvamisa sisebenzisa izinto zokwakha ezingajwayelekile - izikhwama zepulasitiki, ulayini wokudoba nezinye izinto ezitholakala emanzini. Ukusuka ngaphakathi, isidleke sifakwe ubulembu notshani.
Amachwane
Owesifazane ubeka amaqanda ambalwa alula (amakwe kakhulu anezindawo ezibubende, ezinsundu noma ezimpunga), afukanywa yibo bobabili abazali. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35-38, amaphuphu ayaqandusela, kanti ubaba ubhekene nokondla umndeni, hhayi nje kuphela amantshontsho, kodwa nowesifazane. Umama uvikela amaphuphu futhi alinde ukudla kumlingani wakhe, futhi angakutholi, ancenga abesilisa abaseduze.
Kuyathakazelisa. Ubaba okhathalelayo nsuku zonke uletha esidlekeni izinhlanzi ezisukela kwezingu-3 kuye kweziyi-10 zingu-60-100 g ngamunye. Bobabili abazali bangadwengula inyama bayinike izicucu.
Kungakadluli izinsuku eziyi-10, amaphuphu ashintsha ingubo yawo emhlophe yaba mpunga, bese ethola izimpaphe zokuqala emva kwamasonto ambalwa. I-brood igcwele ngokugcwele ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-48-76: ezindaweni ezifudukayo, inqubo esheshayo iyashesha.
Ngenyanga yesibili yokuphila kwabo, amaphuphu afinyelela ku-70-80% wobukhulu bezinyoni ezindala, futhi ngemuva kokubaleka, benza imizamo yabo yokuqala yokuzingela bodwa. Njengoba sezivele zazi ukubamba izinhlanzi, amaphuphu awangabazi ukubuyela esidlekeni ayofuna ukudla kubazali bawo. Ukubanjwa okuphelele komndeni ehlobo cishe kungu-120-150 kg.
I-osprey brood ihlala esidlekeni cishe izinyanga ezimbili, kepha ngokungafani nenzalo yezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama, ayibonisi ubudlova uma kunengozi, kepha, kunalokho, izama ukufihla. Abazali bavame ukushiya isidleke ukuze bangavezi obala ukukhula kwentsha. Umsebenzi wokuzala ku-osprey osemusha awubonakali ngaphambi kweminyaka emithathu.
Izitha zemvelo
ENyakatho Melika, amachwane okuthiwa ama-osprey, kanye nabantu abadala, azingelwa yisikhova saseVirginia kanye nokhozi olunempandla. I-Osprey nayo yaziwa njengezitha zemvelo:
- izinkozi nezikhova;
- ama-raccoon nama-martens (izidleke zokuhlasela);
- ama-felines nezinyoka (izidleke zokuhlasela).
Izinyoni ezihlala ebusika emazweni ashisayo zihlaselwa yizinhlobo ezithile zezingwenya, ikakhulukazi iNayile: ibamba i-osprey etshuza ngenhlanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature iqambe i-osprey ngokuthi yi-Least Concern (LC), ikubalula ukuthi inani labantu emhlabeni jikelele liyanda. Kodwa-ke, iPandion haliaetus njengamanje ifakiwe kumadokhumenti emvelo amaningi, njenge:
- Isijobelelo II Somhlangano WaseBerne;
- Isijobelelo I se-EU Rare Bird Directive;
- Isijobelelo II Somhlangano WaseBonn;
- Izincwadi zeRed Data zaseLithuania, eLatvia nasePoland;
- Izincwadi zeRed Data zaseRussia, Ukraine neBelarus.
Encwadini Ebomvu YaseBelarus, i-osprey ibhalwe esigabeni II (EN), esihlanganisa ama-taxa angasongelwa ngokuqothulwa ezweni, kepha anesimo esingesihle sokongiwa kweYurophu / umhlaba wonke noma isibikezelo sokonakala kwawo.
Kulezo zifunda lapho inani le-osprey lincipha khona, lokhu kungenxa yokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, ukufakwa ubuthi ngemithi yokubulala izinambuzane nokucekelwa phansi kwesisekelo sokudla.
Inani lamanje le-osprey eRussian Federation cishe lingama-10 ayizinkulungwane ezizalanayo. EYurophu naseNyakatho Melika, inani le-osprey liyalulama ngenxa yezinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nokuheha kwezinyoni ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke.
