I-Podust

I-Podust Ingabe inhlanzi yaseYurophu engenasawoti yomndeni we-carp. Iyabonakala ngomlomo, otholakala engxenyeni engaphansi kwekhanda nodebe oluphansi ngomphetho onzima wesifo. Ibuye ibe nolwelwesi lwesici esimnyama odongeni lwesisu.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Podust

I-Podust (Chondrostoma nasus) iyinhlobo ethanda ukuhlangana, ihlala ezikoleni kuzo zonke izigaba zempilo yayo futhi izondla ngokuklwebha amatshe. I-Podust ithanda ukugeleza njengamanje: kuyinhlobo ye-rheophilic. Ngenxa yamakhono akhe, wanikezwa indima yokuhlanza amanzi.

Iqiniso elithandekayo: Lezi zinhlobo zingasebenza njengesibonisi semvelo - ubukhona bayo bukhombisa ikhwalithi enhle yamanzi, ukwehluka okuthile kwezindawo zokuhlala nokuhlonipha ukuqhubeka kwemvelo okudingekayo ekufudukeni.

Umzimba we-podust uhlukile kwamanye ama-cyprinids ekucacisweni kwawo. Ikhanda kanye nesifonyo esine-tapered sehluke kakhulu futhi siyabonakala kalula. Ikhanda lincane futhi linomlomo ongenazimpondo. Izindebe zenzelwe ukunwaya ngezansi, ziwugqinsi futhi ziqinile. I-doral fin ifakwa ezingeni lamaphiko okhalo. Umphetho we-caudal ucindezeleke kakhulu. Ama-podust wesilisa angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-23, nabesifazane kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25.

Ividiyo: Podust

I-Podust iyinhlobo yokuhlangana ehlala emanzini agelezayo asheshayo anezindawo ezingajulile, zamatshe. Kutholakale emgodini omkhulu wemifula emikhulu ezungeze izakhiwo zabantu (izinsika zebhuloho) noma amatshe. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ihambela phezulu emifuleni evame ukuyihambela futhi iye emithanjeni. Le nhlanzi ihlala emifuleni yaseYurophu Ephakathi. Akukho e-UK, eScandinavia naseNhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia.

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-podust

I-podust inomzimba we-fusiform one-oval cross-section kanye nezinhlangothi ezicindezelwe kancane, izikali zensimbi ezi-blue-grey, nomsila we-orange. Unomlomo ophansi ocijile, omkhulu ongezansi onamabhantshi aminyene anomphetho onqenqemeni, umbhemu obuthuntu futhi ovelele. Ibanga phakathi kwendebe engenhla nengxenye engaphambili likhulu kunobubanzi beso. I-Podust inamazinyo e-pharyngeal enamacala amane, izikali ze-cycloid ezinosayizi onesizotha. Amaphiko ezinqeni afakwa phansi ekugcineni komgogodla.

Isisu simnyama, futhi umbala wangemuva uyahlukahluka kusuka kokumpunga noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuya kokumpunga ngokuluhlaza okotshani, kucishe kube mnyama. Izinhlangothi zepodust ziyisiliva, kanti isisu simhlophe noma simhlophe ngokuphuzi. I-dorsal fin iyabonakala, iyafana ngombala ne-dorsal. Isiphetho seCaudal esifana ne-dorsal fin, kepha esinombala obomvu ku-lobe engezansi. Amaphiko anombala obomvu ngokusobala noma obomvu ngokugqamile. Umgudu wokugaya ukudla we-podusta mude ngokukhethekile, ngoba uliphinda izikhathi ezine ubude bomzimba. I-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kuphela esikhathini sokuzala. Abesilisa bacwebezela kakhulu kunabesifazane, futhi baba namaqhubu amakhulu futhi avelele ekhanda naphambi komzimba.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengomthetho, ubude be-podust buvela kumasentimitha angama-25 kuya kwangu-40, kanti isisindo silinganiselwa ku-1 kg. Kodwa-ke, abantu abangafika ku-50 cm ubude no-1.5 kg ngesisindo babhaliwe. Isikhathi sokuphila esiqophiwe senhlanzi iminyaka eyi-15.

Ihlala kuphi ipodust?

Isithombe: Volzhsky podust

I-Pust itholakala ngokwemvelo emiseleni yoLwandle Olumnyama (iDanube, iDniester, iSouthern Bug, iDnieper), ingxenye eseningizimu yoLwandle iBaltic (iNiman, iOdra, iVistula) kanye nenyakatho yeNorth Sea (kuze kufike eMesa entshonalanga). Ngaphezu kwalokho, yethulwa emseleni weRhone, iLoire, iHerault neSoki (i-Italy, iSlovenia). Yinhlanzi efudukayo.

Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa cishe yonke iYurophu, ngaphandle kweNhlonhlo Yase-Iberia, entshonalanga yeFrance, e-Italy, eDalmatia, eGrisi, eBritish Isles, enyakatho yeRussia naseScandinavia. Esikhundleni salokho, ukhona emkhakheni wentshonalanga ye-Anatolia. E-Italy, yangeniswa eMfuleni Isonzo ngenxa yokuhlala emanzini aseSlovenia.

Lolu hlobo lokuhlangana lutholakala emanzini ajulile anemisinga esheshayo, imvamisa emanzini asemabhulohweni noma ezindaweni ezinamadwala. Ihlala ezansi, lapho idla khona ulwelwe nezinye izitshalo zasemanzini. Imvamisa i-podust ihamba kuma-jamb. Lezi zinhlobo zisabalele emifuleni nasemifudlaneni emikhulu, emathafeni noma ezintabeni, kuze kufike ekuphakameni okungaba ngamamitha angama-500. Kuyenzeka futhi emadamini nasemachibini okufakelwa, lapho kuvame ukutholakala eduze kwemithamo. Emifuleni emincane, ingahle ibe nokusatshalaliswa kwebanga elide okulingana nosayizi wayo, nabantu abadala abahlala ezindaweni eziphezulu zomfula.

Abantu abadala batholakala emanzini angajulile ngemisinga esheshayo, imvamisa eduze kwama-eddy enziwe yinqwaba yamabhuloho noma amatshe. Bahlala emifuleni emikhulu naphakathi nendawo esheshayo enamatshe anamatshe noma amatshe amadevu. Izibungu zitholakala ngaphansi kobuso, kanti izibungu ezondlayo zihlala ngasogwini. Ama-podusty amancane ahlala ezansi ezindaweni zokuhlala ezingajulile kakhulu. Njengoba bekhula, bashiya ugu bangene emanzini asheshayo. Ama-overwinters amancane okukhula emanzini angasemanzini noma emigodini emabhange.

Ebusika, abantu abadala bakha izixuku eziminyene ezindaweni ezingezansi zemifula. Abantu abadala bahambisa amashumi amakhilomitha amaningi ngenhla komfula baya ezindaweni zokuzalela, ezivame ukutholakala emithanjeni. Ukuzalela kwenzeka emanzini ageleza ngokushesha emibhedeni ejulile yamatshe. Isiziba sisongelwa endaweni ngokuvaleka, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zokuzalela nokungcola. Emiseleni, lapho bethulwe khona, bayasusa futhi baqede i-parachondroxemia eRhone nase-podust yaseningizimu ye-Europe eSoka.

Manje uyazi lapho i-podust itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi ethokozisayo idlani.

Idlani i-podust?

Isithombe: I-podust ejwayelekile

I-podust esencane iyisilwane esidla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezincane, kuyilapho abantu abadala bengama-herbivores we-benthic. Izibungu nezinsizwa zondla izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla ezincane, kuyilapho ama-juvenile amakhulu nabantu abadala bedla ama-benthic diatoms ne-detritus.

Njengezinye izinhlobo zalolu hlobo, i-podust isebenzisa izindebe ukuhlanza ingaphezulu lamatshe ifuna ukudla, isuse ulwelwe kanye nokufakwa okunothile ezintweni eziphilayo. Ngomlomo wakhe ongaphezulu, unyakazisa isisekelo samatshe esimbozwe ukudla kwakhe. Idla bobabili ulwelwe oluyindilinga, olususa ematsheni aphansi ngenxa yezindebe zalo ezinama-horny, nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, eziluthola endaweni efanayo.

Ukudla kwe-podust kufaka ukudla okulandelayo:

• izinambuzane zasemanzini;
• ama-crustaceans;
• izibungu;
• izimbaza;
• izimila zasolwandle;
• ubulembu;
• i-protozoa;
• rotifers;
• ama-nematode;
• izinsalela zezitshalo;
• amaminerali ahlanganiswe nesembozo se-algae;
• diatoms benthic.

Ingqapheli ingathola ubukhona be-podusta ngenxa yokudla okusele ezansi. Ezinganeni, umlomo usesikhundleni esiphakeme, ngakho-ke zidla ama-microinvertebrates kanye ne-plankton. Njengoba ukhula, umlomo uyehla uyemukela imikhuba efanele yokudla, njengakubantu abadala.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Podust eBelarus

AmaPodustas akhetha amathafa agobhoza ngokushesha emifuleni futhi afuna ukudla ezikoleni, ezindaweni ezivulekile, lapho azingela khona izilwane ezincane futhi adle ulwelwe phansi. Kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, bavela emaceleni ezindaweni ezinamatshe amade futhi aminyene kakhulu. Bavame ukuthatha uhambo olwandisiwe lokuzalisa ngendlela yokuthi babizwa ngokuthi "izivakashi eziphakathi nendawo". Badinga izindawo ezifudumele, ezithule kakhulu zokuthuthukiswa kwesibungu, nezindawo ezijulile, ezithule zemibungu.

Lezi zinhlobo zi-sessile, benthic, futhi ziyahlangana ngokuqhathaniswa. I-pust yakha izimbadada ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene nobudala, okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezinye izikhunta ze-rheophilic carp. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, zingathutha ngisho namakhilomitha angamakhulu amaningana ukuze zifinyelele ezindaweni ezilungele ukubekwa, ezivame ukutholakala emithanjeni emincane, lapho abantu abadala bengama khona esigabeni se-trophic.

Kusukela entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla sekwephuzile, ama-shoals asebenza kakhulu futhi ahamba ngemifudlana engezansi efuna ukudla. Ngalesi sikhathi, bavame ukubuthana eduze kwezithiyo ezinciphisa ijubane lamanzi, njengezinsika zebhuloho, amatshe amakhulu, izimpande zezihlahla ezigcwele, noma iziqu ezigcwele amanzi. Ebusika, zihamba emanzini ajulile, zicashe emifantwini noma ngaphansi kwamatshe amakhulu avikelwe emisakazweni enamandla, lapho zihlala zifihlekile noma zinciphise umsebenzi.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Phonsa emanzini

Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kufinyelelwa ngabesilisa phakathi konyaka wesibili nowesithathu, kanti abesifazane bavame ukudinga unyaka owengeziwe. Izinga lokukhula liphakeme ngokwedlulele, kepha lithonywe kakhulu ukushisa kwamanzi nokutholakala kokudla. I-Podust ifuduka amashumi amakhilomitha ambalwa iye ezindaweni zokuzalela, ezivame ukutholakala emithanjeni. Abesilisa bakha imihlambi emikhulu, ngamunye uvikela indawo encane. Abesifazane balala emadwaleni azosetshenziswa, phakathi kokunye, njengezindawo zokucasha i-gazinga.

Yize kuyisilwane esizala kakhulu, i-podust ayihlanganisi nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Abesifazane bazala kanye kuphela ngonyaka, nakwezinye izindawo isikhathi esifushane kakhulu sezinsuku ezi-3-5. Ukuzala kuphakeme kakhulu, owesifazane ubeka kusuka kuma-oocyte aluhlaza kusuka ku-50 000 kuya ku-100,000 u-1.5 mm ububanzi. Amaqanda amadumba anamathele, abekwe ezindaweni zokumba ezimbiwe ngabesifazane emgodini we-substrate. Ziyasuswa ngemuva kwamasonto ama-2-3. Ngemuva kokumunca isikhwama se-yolk, izibungu zihamba ngasogwini ukuze zidle ngaphansi kobuso.

I-Podust isho iqembu lezinhlanzi ezizala kanye ngonyaka. Inhlanzi iqala ukuzala kusukela ngoMashi kuya kuJulayi, kuya ngobude besimo sezulu kanye nesimo sezulu sonyaka okhona manje, emazingeni okushisa amanzi okungenani ayi-12 ° C. Imvula yenzeka emanzini ageleza ngokushesha, emibhedeni engamatshe amatshe amancane, imvamisa emithanjeni emincane. Abesilisa bafika kuqala ezindaweni zokuphuma, futhi ngamunye wabo uhlala engxenyeni encane yendawo evikelwe kubancintisana nabo.

Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umbala obala womzimba wabesilisa nabesifazane uyabonakala. Kwabesilisa, ukuqubuka okuzalelayo kumboza wonke umzimba, kanti kwabesifazane kunezigaxana ezikhethekile zokuqubuka kokuzala ekhanda. Ngo-Okthoba, ama-oocyte avuthiwe (agcwele isikhuphasha) kuma-ovari enza ama-68%. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube nokuzala okwenziwe ngaphambi kuka-Ephreli nokuthola gazinga elikhudlwana lokuzalisa entwasahlobo noma ekwindla.

Ukukhiqizwa kokugcina kwesidoda emasendeni kungenzeka kwenzeka ngaphambi nje kokuzala. Amaqanda amaningi akhiqizwa abesifazane nabakhulu kunabo bonke. I-podust ikhiqiza amaqanda anobukhulu obulinganiselwa ku-2.1 mm ububanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane abakhulu babeka amaqanda amakhulu kakhulu.

Izitha zemvelo zepodust

Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-podust

I-Podust isisulu sezinhlanzi nama-ichthyophages, izilwane ezihuquzelayo zasemanzini nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjenge-otters. Ukuthandwa kwepodust ngemifudlana ehlanzekile, enomoya-mpilo kwenza kube isisulu sama-salmonid amakhulu njenge-brown trout, marbled trout kanye ne-Danube salmon. Lezi zinhlobo zithinteka ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye namagciwane. I-podust ingabamba futhi iphathe ama-parasites, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-trematode kanye ne-cestode, amanye ama-helminths, ama-protozoa, ama-crustaceans ama-parasitic, namanye ama-invertebrate. Izibonelo ezilimele nezigulayo zivame ukungenwa yizifo ezibulalayo zefungal.

I-Podust ibhekwa njengenhlanzi ebaluleke kakhulu emjikelezweni wempilo yama-salmon. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa kwama-podustas amancane, le nhlanzi iyazondla. Ngaphambi kokuzala, i-podust ihambela phezulu, lapho ivame ukuhlangana nezingqinamba ezinjengamadamu akhiwe emifuleni, anciphisa inani lawo. I-pust izwela kakhulu ekungcoleni.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Podust ayinayo intshisekelo enkulu kumdobi: izimfanelo zayo njengenhlanzi ephilayo ziphakathi, futhi, ukubamba kwayo okusemthethweni kuvame ukuba phansi impela.

Kuyinhlanzi yezemidlalo ebalulekile ebhobokiswe ngeziqhumane ngokujula. UPodust usola kakhulu futhi ukusabela kwakhe ekubanjweni kuyaphila. Ulwelwe olunezigaxa, izikelemu zomhlaba, izibungu zezinambuzane nezinye izibungu zisetshenziswa njengesithiyelo. Inyama ye-podust iyaziswa, kepha kuphela esimweni samasampula amakhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho inani elikhulu lamathambo likhona enhlanzini. Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kwenziwa kuphela ezifundeni ezingasemngceleni woLwandle Olumnyama. Lezi zinhlobo zisetshenziswa njengezinhlanzi ze-forage emapulazini e-trout nase-salmon.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: Fish podust

I-Podust ijwayelekile kakhulu kububanzi bayo. Indawo yayo yokusatshalaliswa iyanda manje. Yethulwe ngezinhloso zokudoba emigodini eminingi lapho itholakala khona yonke indawo, isongela ubukhona bezinhlobo zomdabu noma uhlobo oluhlobene kakhulu lapho incintisana khona nokuncintisana kokudla nokuzala.

Endaweni, abanye abantu sebenqabile ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamadamu nezinye izithiyo zokufakelwa ezingangeneki eziphazamisa ukuqhubeka komfula, kukhanselwa imisebenzi yokuzala yasentwasahlobo yabafuyi. Indawo yayo entshonalanga yeYurophu yasizwa ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi zokuhamba. Lokhu kufakwa ngokushesha kanye nokujwayela kwayo kukhombisa ukusebenza kohlobo lwazo.

EDanube ese-Austrian ephansi, i-podust yayiyinhlobo yesisindo engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu elidlule. Kodwa-ke, ukulahleka kwezindawo zokuzalela ngenxa yezindlela zobunjiniyela bemifula (izakhiwo ezinqamulelayo, ukwakhiwa okuqinile kogu lolwandle, ukucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi asezikhukhuleni) kuholele ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lepodust ezingxenyeni eziningi zemifula.

I-Podust iseNcwadini Ebomvu yamanye amazwe, njenge:

• IBelarus;
• ELithuania;
• Ukraine;
• ERussia.

Cishe kuwo wonke amazwe lapho lolu hlobo lusakazeke khona, ukuvinjelwa kokudoba ngesikhathi sokuzala kanye nezinyathelo zokudoba ezisetshenziswayo kuyasetshenziswa. IPodust ibhalwe ku-Annex III we-Berne Convention for the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats njengohlobo olusongelwayo. Ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Natural and Natural Resources), lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengolusongelwa kancane.

Podust ukuvikelwa

Isithombe: I-Podust evela eNcwadini Ebomvu

Ngenxa yokuvinjelwa kokwakhiwa kwesikhungo samandla eHainburg ngo-1984, esinye sezigaba ezimbili zokugcina zokugeleza kwamahhala kwe-Austrian Danube sagcinwa. Izinhlanzi ezithanda imisinga, njenge-podust, zithola izindawo zokuhlala lapho, ezisanda kuba mbalwa kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, lesi akusona isilinganiso sokuphepha esihle kunazo zonke kubo.

Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kunamaphrojekthi amaningi wokubuyisela asetshenzisiwe endaweni yepaki kazwelonke, ukubambezeleka kokuphuma kwezitshalo zamandla esigabeni sokugeleza kwamahhala ezansi nomfula iVienna kuholela ekwandeni okuqhubekayo kombhede womfula futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwehlukane kancane kancane amahlathi asezikhukhuleni. Ngokwakha izindawo ezifanelekayo zayo yonke iminyaka yobudala be-podust kumaphrojekthi wokuvuselelwa kabusha komhlaba kanye nezindlela zokusimamisa imifula, kunethemba lokuthi amasheya azolulama. Lezi zinyathelo zizuzisa cishe zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zemifula.

Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwephrojekthi yeDonau Auen National Park, kuyadingeka ukunqoba isithiyo esingaweleki ezindaweni ezingezansi zeFish, okubalulekile ekufudukeni kwepodust. Kuhlanganiswe nezinyathelo ezincanyana (isib. Ukusungulwa kwezindawo zokuzalela) nokuvuselelwa kwendawo, ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo kufanele kufinyelelwe kuzimbiwa kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezifudukayo.

I-Podust Umele ama-cyprinids, ahlala ukusuka emifuleni elinganiselayo kuya emikhulu naphakathi nendawo enamadwala noma amatshe angaphansi. Lolu hlobo luzala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ezingxenyeni zemifula. Ama-podustas asemancane yizidliwayo ezidla ama-invertebrate amancane, kuyilapho abantu abadala bengama-benthic herbivores. Usongo lwendawo ku-podustam lwenziwa ngenxa yamadamu, ukubhujiswa kwezindawo zokuzalela kanye nokungcola.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: Januwari 26, 2020

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.10.2019 ngo-19: 34