I-Cochineal - lezi izinambuzane ezimangazayo nezithakazelisayo. Ngaphandle, zifana nezintwala, yize abacwaningi nezazi zezilwane bezibeka njengezikelemu. Zikhona endaweni yezwekazi lase-Afrika, nakwamanye amazwe amaningi kanye nasezifundeni zomhlaba. Abantu besilisa nabesifazane banokwehluka okuphawulekayo hhayi kuphela kwizimpawu zangaphandle, kepha nasemjikelezweni wokuthuthuka. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-cochineal ezihlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene. Emithonjeni eminingi yezincwadi, itholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi cochineal worm.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Cochineal
I-cochineal yisinambuzane se-hemiptera. Ososayensi abakwazi ukusho isikhathi esiqondile salezi zinambuzane. Ngisho naseBhayibhelini, kwakhulunywa ngopende onsomi, owawukhishwa kumbungu we-burgundy.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokumangazayo, kutholakala udayi okhethekile kwabesifazane balezi zinambuzane. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinambuzane ezazingenasikhathi sokubeka amaqanda ziqoqwa ngesandla. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngaphansi kokusebenza kwamazinga okushisa aphezulu noma ngosizo lwe-acetic acid, iyomiswa futhi iphendulwe impuphu. Kutholakale ukuthi isinambuzane esisodwa, ubukhulu baso obungadluli amamilimitha amabili, singaveza idayi, eyanele ukungcolisa leyo nto, ngamasentimitha ambalwa ngosayizi.
Ngisho naseRussia Yasendulo, abantu babenentshisekelo enkulu ekukhishweni nasekuzalweni kwesinambuzane ukuze bathole udayi. Ngo-1768, uCatherine II wakhipha isimemezelo lapho akhombisa khona isidingo sokufuna isibungu endaweni yeRussian Federation. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngo-1804, uPrince Rumyantsev waphendukela kuPrince Kurakin ngesicelo sokucubungula lonke ulwazi olutholakalayo mayelana nesibungu esasifundwa kancane endaweni yase Little Russia. UKurakin yena uqoqa uhlu oluphelele lwemininingwane: incazelo yokubukeka, umjikelezo wempilo, indawo yokuhlala, izindleko ngesikhathi sokufunda. Wafunda futhi ngokuningiliziwe imithetho nezindlela zokuqoqa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokuthola umbala wombala.
Ividiyo: Cochineal
Ngemuva kwalokhu, lesi sinambuzane sasilinywa kabanzi ezimweni zokufakelwa ukuthola umbala wombala. Yayisetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene. Ngekhulu lama-20, kwasungulwa ukukhiqizwa kodayi bokwenziwa, okufaka isandla ekwehleni okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kodayi bemvelo ababekhishwe ku-cochineal. Kodwa-ke, ibisasetshenziswa ekhemisi, ukucutshungulwa kokudla, amakha, njll.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-cochineal
Abantu besilisa nabesilisa bahluke kakhulu komunye nomunye ngokubukeka. Abesifazane bahlukaniswa ngomzimba ovulekile, okhuluphele. Azinawo amaphiko futhi zibukeka njengezimbungulu ezincane. Usayizi womzimba ucishe ube ngamamilimitha ayi-1-10, usayizi womzimba wabesilisa mncane kakhulu, futhi ungamamilimitha angu-2-6. Isisindo somzimba ngama-gram ambalwa kuphela. Umzimba upendwe ngombala we-cherry ocebile.
Emzimbeni wabesifazane kunezindlala ezikhethekile zokufihla i-wax ezifihla imfihlo ekhethekile eyakha igobolondo lokuvikela. Inombala ompunga ngokumhlophe. Umzimba wezikelemu umbozwe ngemicu emincane emide. Emzimbeni wezinambuzane kunalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-grooves ahlukanisa umzimba ngezigaba zobude namasongo ajikelezayo. Izinambuzane zinesigaba sekhanda, esihlukaniswe nomzimba nge-groove ejulile. Esifundeni sesifunda esiyinhloko, kunamane ahlelwe nje, aphume kancane amehlo. Kwabesilisa, amehlo ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, aqukethe izinto ezinkulu, makhulu kakhulu.
Abantu bobulili besilisa, abadlulise umjikelezo ogcwele wokukhula kwabo, ngaphandle bafana nomiyane. Zinamaphiko futhi ziyakwazi nokundiza. Futhi, bahlukaniswa nabesifazane ngohlobo lwemihlobiso - izitimela ezinde zemicu emhlophe noma yobisi. Ubude bazo buphindwe kaningana ubude bomzimba. Izinambuzane zinamabhangqa amathathu emilenze, ngosizo lwazo ezihamba kuzo, futhi zingashiya imipheme yazo, zikhasa phezulu.
Ihlala kuphi i-cochineal?
Isithombe: Inambuzane yeCochineal
Indawo yokwabiwa kwalezi zinhlobo zezinambuzane inkulu impela. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinambuzane, ngayinye yazo ehlala esifundeni esithile. Izwe lomlando libhekwa njengeNingizimu Melika.
Izifunda ze-Cochineal geographic:
- I-Armenia, ikakhulukazi ugu loMfula i-Arak;
- ezinye izifunda zase-Azerbaijan;
- ECrimea;
- ezinye izifunda zaseBelarus;
- cishe yonke i-Ukraine;
- Isifunda saseTambov;
- izifunda ezihlukene zasentshonalanga yeYurophu;
- Amazwe ase-Asia;
- Samarkand.
Izinambuzane zihlala ngobuningi ezingwadule ezinosawoti, nalapho kulinywa khona ama-cactus. Ngekhulu le-16, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-cactus, ezazigcwele izinambuzane, zalethwa emazweni aseYurophu futhi zafunda ukuzikhulisa lapho. Ngemuva kwalokhu, izimbungulu ezibomvu zaqala ukwenziwa ngempumelelo ezimweni zokufakelwa.
Kwamanye amazwe nasezifundeni, amapulazi akhethekile adalwe lapho i-cochineal yenziwa khona kakhulu. Amapulazi anjalo ayekhona eGuatemala, eCanary Islands, eSpain naseziqhingini zase-Afrika. Inani elikhulu lezinambuzane laqoqwa eMexico nasePeru, lapho kuze kube namuhla kukhishwa udayi wemvelo ezimbongweni. EYurophu, bazama nokwakha amapulazi afanayo, kepha le mizamo ayiphumelelanga kangako ngenxa yezici zezimo zezulu nokuntula ulwazi nolwazi.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-cochineal. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sidlani.
Yini edla i-cochineal?
Isithombe: I-cochineal ebomvu
ICochineal yisinambuzane. Lesi sinambuzane siphila ngezitshalo. Ngosizo lwe-proboscis ekhethekile, inamathela engxenyeni yesitho sangasese yezitshalo futhi iphakele ubisi kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Kuvamile ukuthi abesilisa basuke kwesinye isitshalo baye kwesinye. Abesifazane bachitha impilo yabo yonke esitshalweni esisodwa kuphela. Amluma ngokoqobo ngokuqinile. Kungakho abasebenzi abaqoqa izinambuzane kufanele bazisuse ngokoqobo amaqabunga abanzi ngebhulashi eliqinile.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinambuzane zithola i-cherry hue ngenxa yokuthi zidla ujusi wamajikijolo e-cactus abomvu.
Uma ukuhlinzekwa kokudla kwanele, izinambuzane zikhiqiza ngenkuthalo ngqo ebusweni bamaqabunga. Ngenxa yalokhu, emapulazini amaningi lapho izimbungulu zitshalwa ezimweni zokufakelwa, aziqoqwa ngamabhulashi noma amanye amadivayisi, kepha zimane zikhishwe amaqabunga bese zigcinwa kuma-hangar akhethekile. Ngakho-ke, ngenkathi lesi sitshalo sihlala sisebenza, izinambuzane zihlala futhi zizalele kuso. Lapho nje amahlamvu e-cactus eqala ukoma, i-cochineal iyavunwa futhi icutshungulwe ukuze kutholakale umbala ombala obomvu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Owesifazane we-Cochineal
Lesi sinambuzane singokwezidalwa zakudala, sihola impilo engaphansi komhlaba. Kukhethwa ebusweni kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Abesifazane bahola indlela yokuphila yezinambuzane. Bachitha impilo yabo yonke emfushane esitshalweni esisodwa, futhi bangaze basishiye. Banamathela kuso ngokoqobo.
Kuze kube manje, ososayensi baqoqa imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nezici zomsebenzi obalulekile walesi sinambuzane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje, intshisekelo kuyo njengomthombo wedayi iyakhula futhi.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi abantu besifazane bakhuphukela ebusweni bomhlabathi kuphela ngesikhathi lapho sekuyisikhathi sokuzala. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi cishe ngenyanga kaSepthemba. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho izinambuzane zikhwelana, ngemuva kwalokho zife. Abesifazane baphila inyanga eyodwa ubude kunabesilisa. Lokhu kungenxa yesidingo sokushiya inzalo.
Izinambuzane azisebenzi, ikakhulukazi abesifazane. Abesilisa bahamba kancane, futhi bashesha ngenxa yokwakheka kwezitho kanye nokuba khona kwamaphiko amabili. Ngokwemvelo, izinambuzane ziba namandla kakhulu, ikakhulukazi abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izibungu zesifazane ziqale zithole ukwakheka okwenziwe njengepeyari, bese kuba yindilinga, noma kumane nje kube yindilinga. Ngalesi sikhathi, balahlekelwa yizimpondo nezitho zomzimba, bakhe i-cyst. Ukwakheka kwama-cysts kuyisici sabo bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Cochineal
Ngaleso sikhathi, lapho abantu besilisa nabesilisa bekulungele ukuzala, bakhasa baye ebusweni bomhlaba. Masinyane ngemuva kokukhulelwa kowesifazane, owesilisa uyafa. Umuntu wesifazane uphila cishe izinsuku ezingama-28-30 ngaphezulu. Kwabesifazane abakhuphukele phezulu, uhlelo lokuzala luthatha cishe wonke umgodi wesisu.
Imelwe yimizimba elandelayo:
- amaqanda amabili;
- ama-oviducts abhangqiwe nalawo angabhangqiwe;
- isitho sangasese sowesifazane;
- spermathecae.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi ingcwatshwa ibuyele emhlabathini ibe ngamasentimitha ayi-1.5-2 ukujula. Enhlabathini, abesifazane basebenzisa izindlala zabo ukweluka imicu ekhethekile lapho kwakhiwa khona isikhwama, noma umfece wamaqanda. Owesifazane ngamunye uzala ingane eyodwa. Angabeka amaqanda afinyelela ku-800-1000 ngasikhathi. Ngemuva kokuthi amaqanda efihlwe ngokuphephile kumfece, insikazi iyazala bese iyafa, iwamboze ngomzimba wayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, izosebenza njengesivikelo enzalweni yesikhathi esizayo.
Emhlabathini ngaphansi komzimba wowesifazane, emgodini ovikelayo, bachitha cishe izinyanga eziyi-7-8. Ekupheleni kuka-Mashi, ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, izibungu ezinde, ezinwetshiwe zichanyuselwa kwizibungu. Zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezimpondo, izitho zomzimba, kanye namabhulashi amade afana ne-proboscis. Ngosizo lwalezi zinhlaka, abesifazane banamathela ezitshalweni abazokhubazeka kuzo. Ngemuva kwalokho izinsikazi zikhula kancane ngosayizi, zilahlekelwe izimpondo nezitho zomzimba, bese zakha i-cyst. Kuvamile nokuthi abesilisa benze i-cyst. Kodwa-ke, ubukhulu be-cyst yesilisa bucishe bube yingxenye yalokho kwe-cyst yowesifazane. Cishe ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ama-cysts akhiwe ahlangabezana nokuguqulwa komzimba, lapho kwakhiwa khona izitho nezimpondo kwabesifazane.
Izitha zemvelo zama-cochineals
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-cochineal
Lapho zihlala ezimweni zemvelo, izinambuzane cishe azinazitha zemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi aziwona umthombo wokudla wezinyoni, ezinye izinambuzane noma izilwane. Umuntu ubhekwa njengesitha sodwa se-cochineal. Phambilini, izinambuzane zazibhujiswa ngobuningi obukhulu ukuze zithole okubizwa ngokuthi umbala wedayi - i-carmine. Lolu hlobo lwedayi lutholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi carmine, noma isithasiselo sokudla u-E 120. Ububanzi bokusetshenziswa nokusetshenziswa kwe-carmine bukhulu kakhulu.
Uphi umbala wombala osetshenzisiwe:
- Imboni yezokudla. Iyengezwa kuziphuzo ezinekhabhoni nezidakayo, ekukhiqizeni imikhiqizo yenyama, i-confectionery, i-jelly, i-marmalade, i-ayisikhilimu, amasoso, okusanhlamvu;
- Ukwenza izimonyo namakha. Umbala ungezwa ku-lipstick, lip gloss, blush, eyeshadow, njll.;
- Imikhiqizo yenhlanzeko yomuntu siqu. Lokhu kufaka phakathi insipho, ama-gels eshawa, okokuxubha, njll.
- Umkhakha wezindwangu. Ukukhiqizwa nokudaya izindwangu, imicu, imicu;
- Ukukhiqizwa kwama-dessert obisi. Ukwenza i-glaze, ujamu, kulondoloze, ezinye izinhlobo zamaswidi.
Maningi amathuba okuthi i-carmine izotholakala ekudleni okunambitha noma okunuka njengama-strawberry, ama-raspberries, ama-strawberry noma ama-cherry.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inambuzane yeCochineal
Namuhla, inani lama-cochineal alisongelwa. Kodwa-ke, bekunezikhathi lapho bekungenzeki khona endaweni yayo yemvelo. Lokhu bekungenxa yokuqoqwa okukhulu kwalesi sinambuzane ngobuningi obukhulu, kanye nokuqothulwa kwamaqabunga e-cactus aluhlaza kanye nezinambuzane.
Ngekhulu le-19, izinambuzane zacishe zaqothulwa ngokuphelele. Ngemuva kwalokho, baqala ukudala amapulazi amakhulu okulima okwenziwe ngokuzalanisa nokuzalanisa i-cochineal. Kwakhiwe nendawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo. Ososayensi bakwazile ukwenza isu elikhethekile elibavumela ukuthi bavuke izinambuzane eziphindwe izikhathi ezi-5-6 kunokuba bezikhona ezimweni zemvelo.
Ngesikhathi lapho abantu befunde ukwenza odayi bokuzenzela, isidingo sokuthola i-carmine sivele sinyamalale. Amapulazi ezinambuzane aqhubeka nokuba khona kuphela ukwandisa isibalo sezinambuzane nokuvimbela ukuphela kwazo ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinzuzo zokusebenzisa odayi bokwenziwa zaqala ukungatshazwa, base bememezela isimo sabo se-carcinogenic nokulimaza impilo.
I-Cochineal Ingabe izinambuzane ezimangalisayo osekuyisikhathi eside zisetshenziswa isintu ukuthola i-carmine ebomvu. Okwamanje iyasetshenziswa nasezimbonini zemithi nezokudla.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 28.01.2020
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07.10.2019 ngo-23: 42
