Isisebenzi sepayipi Ingabe isibungu esincane, esinezigaba, ubude baso bungafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20. Inani lezingxenye zomzimba lingahle lisuke ku-34 liye ku-120 futhi ohlangothini ngalunye lube nesigaxa esingenhla nesingezansi sezinsimbi ezinama-chitinous (bristles), ezisetshenziselwa ukungcwaba. Isibungu singase sibe bomvu ngombala ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-hemoglobin pigment yokuphefumula. Lezi zinhlobo ziyi-hermaphrodite enesimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokuzala.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Pipeman
I-tubifex, ebizwa nangokuthi i-mud worm noma i-sewer worm, iwuhlobo lwesikelemu esifana nesibungu esihlala echibini nasentanjeni yemifula emazwenikazi amaningi. I-tubifex mhlawumbe ifaka izinhlobo eziningana, kepha kunzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo ngoba izitho zokuzala, ezijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukukhomba izinhlobo, ziphinde zibuyiselwe emuva kokukhwelana, futhi nangenxa yokuthi izici zangaphandle zesibungu ziyashintsha nosawoti.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Imvamisa ebizwa ngokuthi yizibungu zendle, ama-tubuleworms ngama-annelids amanzi ahlanzekile omndeni wakwaNaidid. Yize ngokwesayensi bechazwa ngokuthi yiTubifex Tubifex, igama labo elijwayelekile livela ebukhoneni babo emanzini angcolile.
Ividiyo: UPipeman
Lezi zibungu kulula ukuzilima, kepha kuthatha inyanga noma ngaphezulu ukuthi isivuno sifinyelele ezingeni lokuvuna. ILimnodrilus udekemianus yizinhlobo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-aquarium hobby. Ishubhu singadala ukusabela okweqile kwabanye abantu. Ngakho-ke, izandla kufanele zigezwe ngemuva kokuhambisa lokhu kudla.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-tubules akhulile futhi athengiswe njengokudla kwezinhlanzi:
- i-red tubule (iTubifex tubifex), ebisetshenziselwe le nhloso cishe iminyaka eyi-100. Ngoba ama-tubuler adla amabhaktheriya e-anaerobic, angadala ukucasuka kwamathumbu ezinhlanzini (ukudla okunobuthi, ikakhulukazi) kanye ne-septicemia (okusho ukuthi ubuthi begazi);
- i-black tubifex, okuluhlobo olufanayo kepha ngombala omnyama. Isigaxa esimnyama sinzima, simelana kakhulu nokoma futhi mancane amathuba okubangela izifo ezinhlanzini.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umenzi wepayipi
Ama-Tubules ahlukanisiwe, ahlukene ngokulingana, izikelemu ezinemiphetho ethintekayo. Imvamisa, ingxenye ngayinye yomzimba inezicucu ezine zama-setae (ama-chitinous setae aphuma emzimbeni). Ama-bristles ahluka kakhulu ngosayizi nokuma, kanye naphakathi kwemindeni, ngakho-ke asetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhlonzeni.
Ukuhlonza okunembile, kanye nokwakheka kwangaphakathi, kungadinga ukuhlolwa okuncane, futhi kufanele kunakwe ezithweni zokuzala eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inani lama-gonads, isikhundla se-gonad eyodwa esihlobene nenye, kanye nezingxenye zomzimba lapho zenzeka khona zisetshenziselwa ukuchaza imindeni. Kumathumbu, ukuma komsele wesilisa kusetshenziselwa ukuthola uhlobo lohlobo.
Izici zeshubhu zimi kanje:
- isibungu esibomvu eside, esincanyana, esihlukaniswe izingxenye;
- awekho amaphuzu wokubuka;
- amasende esigabeni somzimba X nakuma-pores wesilisa esigabeni XI;
- ama-ovary engxenyeni yomzimba XI kanye ne-spermatheca (ukugcotshwa kwamasosha odongeni lomzimba ukuthola isidoda ngesikhathi sokuhlangana) engxenyeni X;
- izinwele ze-dorsal setae kanye ne-pectinate setae zivela esigabeni somzimba II;
- ama-setae anoboya (amancanyana futhi athambile) nama-pectinate setae (aphele ngamabili ngochungechunge lwamazinyo amancane aphakathi kwamaphoyinti amabili) akhona kuma-dorsal tufts of the setae;
- ama-setae (aphela kabili) akhona kuma-ventral tufts of setae;
- izinwele zingase zibe ne-jagged;
- awekho ama-setae wesitho sangasese kuzinhlobo ezivuthiwe;
- imilenze yomthondo imifushane, iyisigaxa, mncane futhi ishwabene.
Uhlala kuphi umenzi wamapayipi?
Isithombe: Isisebenzi sepayipi emanzini
I-tubifex ihlobene kakhulu nezikelemu zomhlaba, kepha itholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini noma okungenani ezinomswakama. Ngenxa yendawo lapho itholakala khona, i-tubifex ingumthwali wezifo eziningi ezithathelwanayo. Isisebenzi sepayipi siphila ngokwemvelo emanzini agobhozayo, ikakhulukazi ezindle nasendlini evulekile enokuqukethwe okuphezulu okuphilayo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Amashubhu ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini, kufaka phakathi amasistimu endle. Imvamisa kuhlotshaniswa namanzi azolile aqukethe udaka oluningi nezinto ezibolayo eziphilayo. Abaningi bangabekezelela amazinga aphansi oksijini oncibilikisiwe namazinga aphezulu okungcoliswa kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngakho-ke, zingaba wuphawu lwamanzi ampofu. Lapho ukusakazwa kwezidalwa zemvelo kubathola emaqoqweni abo, banophawu lokuthi okuthile kungenzeka kungalingani ebangeni lokusakaza. Lapho ama-tubifexes emaningi, angakwazi ukumboza izindawo ezinkulu zenzika, adlulisele umbala obomvu odakeni. Kwesinye isikhathi babambelela ezitshalweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi nezinye izinto. Lapho umoya-mpilo uphansi kakhulu, zingafika phezulu.
I-tubifex ihlala odakeni oluhlanganayo ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi ibekezelela ukuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezingcolisiwe nasezindaweni zokuhlala ezingabanjwanga ezinye izinhlobo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, emachwebeni aphezulu, lapho usawoti ophakathi nendawo ungaphansi kuka-5%.
Manje uyazi ukuthi umenzi wepayipi utholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi kudliwa yini lesi sibungu.
Umenzi wepayipi udlani?
Isithombe: Isibungu seTubifex
Ama-tubules asemanzini ahlotshaniswa ne-detritus, udaka, amanzi amile, namazinga e-oxygen aphansi - ngokujwayelekile, ikhwalithi yamanzi engeyinhle. Kodwa-ke, njengabafowabo, izikelemu zomhlaba, zivuselela izakhi zomzimba, zihlanze amacansi e-algal abolayo abe yiziqephu ezingaphansi komhlaba, futhi zidlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lokudla. Njengemisundu (edla ukungcola), izibungu ze-tubule yizibungu ezondla nganoma iyiphi into ezikhulele kuyo.
Iningi le-tubifex elinywa ngokuthengisa likhuliswa endle evela echibini le-trout, okusho ukuthi bahlala emqubeni wezinhlanzi. Akunasidingo sokusho, lokhu kubenza babe namandla okugxila ekudlulisweni kwezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane noma izinambuzane. Kodwa izinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti ziyazithanda izigaxa futhi ziyachuma lapho zivunwa kahle.
I-tubifex ingahlala ngisho nasemanzini angcoliswe kakhulu. Ingcwaba ikhanda odakeni ukuze idle, okuvumela umsila ukuthi untengantenge ngalesi sikhathi. Njengesibungu somhlaba, i-aquatic tubifex worm yondla kakhulu ezitshalweni ezifile. Uma kunesilwane esifile esinamanzi ikakhulukazi esiseduze, naye uzoyihlafuna, ukuze angadluli kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isisebenzi sepayipi ekhaya
Abantu baseThubhu kanye nezihlobo zabo bavame ukufihla amakhanda abo kumashubhu amancane asezondweni, kuyilapho yonke eminye imizimba yabo inyukela phezulu, ivayiza amanzi. Ukushintshaniswa kwegesi (ukuphefumula) kwenzeka ngqo ngesikhumba, kuyilapho umgudu womlomo uzondla ngokubola kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela ku-substrate. Imfucuza yabo ikhishelwa emanzini, futhi ngale ndlela ama-tubifexes "aguqula" izidalwa ngendlela efanayo nezibungu zomhlaba.
Amashubhu ayakwazi ukuchuma ezindaweni ezingenawo umoya-mpilo, njengamachibi okwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile, ngoba anendlela esebenza kahle kakhulu yokwengeza umoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe kunezinye izinto eziningi eziphilayo. Izikelemu, ngokuvamile ziba ngamasentimitha ayi-1 kuya kwayi-8.5 ubude, zitholakala emapayipini odaka azidala ngenhlanganisela yodaka nolwembuzi. Kodwa-ke, bavame ukushiya izingxenye zabo ezingemuva ngaphandle kwamashubhu, bezishwibeka bazungeze futhi bakhe umsinga obavumela ukuba baqoqe noma imuphi umkhondo we-oksijeni oncibilikisiwe.
Njengezinye izibungu, ama-tubules anamazinga aphezulu e-hemoglobin nombala obomvu ogqamile. Zijwayele abathandi abaningi be-aquarium abavame ukuzithenga njengokudla okuphezulu kwamaprotheni ezinhlanzi abazithandayo. Amashubhu athengiswa efriziwe, omisiwe, noma aphile, yize lo mkhuba uya ngokuya ngokungajwayelekile. Ama-tubifexes abukhoma awatholakali ngokuhweba kakhulu njengakuqala, ngenxa yokukhathazeka ukuthi angaqukatha amagciwane abantu abawatholile emanzini angcolile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-tubifex ejwayelekile
Amashubhu awakwazi ukuvuselela izingxenye zomzimba ezilahlekile futhi awahlukani abe izingxenye ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, akha abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu. Akuzona ezocansi, lezi zidalwa zizala ngokocansi. Izitho zangasese zitholakala eduze kwengxenye yomzimba yomzimba.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-tububu yi-hermaphroditic: umuntu ngamunye ukhiqiza kokubili isidoda neqanda, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abantu ababili bavundisa amaqanda omunye nomunye.
Ama-tubules avuthiwe ane-clitellum, umugqa owakheke njalo noma omise okwehhashi ngaphambili komzimba (izimpethu zomhlaba zinesakhiwo esifanayo). IClitellum izungeza cishe izingxenye ezimbili noma ezi-3 zomzimba, kufaka phakathi izingxenye ezikhiqiza amaqanda nesidoda, futhi ikhipha umfece omncanyana ovikela amaqanda avundisiwe aze achamuke. Ama-tubifexes awanaso isigaba esihlukile sokubungu; ama-juveniles amancane nje futhi awakhulile. Njengoba bekhula, ubude babo buyakhuphuka ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwamasegimenti amasha ngokushesha ngaphambi kwesigaba sokugcina.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana, okubandakanya ukudluliswa kwesidoda phakathi kwabantu ababili, isidoda sigcinwa emasakeni atholakala ngemuva kokuvulwa kokuzala kwabesifazane. Lawa maqanda avundisiwe ahlelwa njengekhokho. Amaqanda asemphongolweni akhula kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa ebekiwe, okuyilapho ukukhula kwesibungu kuphelile, kuba yisibungu esisebenza ngokugcwele.
Izitha zemvelo zamathumba
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-tubifex
Amashubhu angumthombo obalulekile wokudla wezinhlanzi ezincane nezincane nezinye izidalwa eziningi ezincane zasemanzini. Ama-aquarists ayazi ukuthi amapayipi we-tubule awukudla okuthandwa kakhulu kwezinhlanzi. Izimpethu zitholakala ngendlela eyomisiwe. Kwesinye isikhathi ziphenduka zibe amabhele amancane - ukudla kwesilwane. Okwamanje, lapho i-aquarist ithola ama-tubules aphilayo e-aquarium - imvamisa etholakala kumatshe ambozwe nge-detritus - lokhu kuyisibonakaliso sokuthi i-aquarium idinga ukuhlanzwa. Lezi zibungu ze-oligochaete, ezivame ukuvunwa odakeni olungcoliswe yindle, ziwukudla okuthandwa ezinye izinhlanzi zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
I-Tubule ivame ukutholakala njengokudla okubukhoma, okubandayo noma okomisiwe. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni wabantu njengomphathi we-Myxobolus cerebralis parasite, edala izifo ezinhlanzini zezinhlanzi. Akwaziwa ukuthi ezinye izibungu zingabamba lesi sifo. Ngakho-ke, kufanele kunakekelwe lapho ukondla izinhlanzi eziphilayo ze-tubule ezinhlanzini zase-aquarium.
Ishubhu elungiselelwe ukuhweba kumele liphephe. Kepha kufanele uqaphele ngabenzi bamapayipi abiza imali ephansi noma isitokwe esidala. Lokhu kudla bekuthandwa kakhulu esikhathini esedlule, kepha selokhu kwatholakala lesi silokazane kwizikelemu ezibukhoma, abathanda ukuzilibazisa baye bakuxwaya ukukusebenzisa, futhi okwamanje izimpethu azivamisile ukuthengiswa ezitolo.
I-Tubifex iwukudla okuncane okuphezulu kunamaprotheni, okwenza ikulungele kakhulu izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nefry. Kepha kufanele uqaphele ukubondla ngamatubules njalo, ngoba akukho kudla okukodwa okunganelisa zonke izidingo zokudla okunempilo kwesilwane. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-tubifex njengokudla okuphilayo kwezinhlanzi ezisencane kudala kwenziwa emasimini epulazi futhi kungukudla okubalulekile kokuzala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Pipeman
Izimbungulu zingumndeni wezikelemu zohlobo lwe-annelid. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yi-17,000 zama-annelids emhlabeni jikelele. Kubuye kufake nemisundu yethu esiyijwayele, kanye nezimbungulu nezikelemu zasolwandle, izikelemu kanye namashubhu, okuthandwa kakhulu ezindaweni zasemanzini ezinosawoti. Zonke lezi yizimpethu ezinomzimba othambile. Ku-annelids, ngaphandle kwekhanda nomsila, kanye nomgudu wokugaya ukudla, intambo yezinzwa, nemithambo yegazi eminingana egudla isilwane, umzimba uqukethe ukulandelana okude kwezigaba ezicishe zifane.
Isigaba ngasinye sinezitho zaso, njengezinye, imvamisa enezindonga ezifana nodonga ezihlukanisa ingxenye ngayinye komakhelwane bayo ababili. Imikhawulo eminingi efana nemibimbi ezungeze umzimba ihambisana ne-septa phakathi kwezigaba. Isibalo se-tubifex emfudlaneni ocebile ngokomzimba sitholakale sinomjikelezo wokuphila waminyaka yonke nesikhathi esandisiwe somsebenzi wokuzala ebusika nasentwasahlobo. Ama-cocoons akhiqizwa ikakhulukazi ebusika nasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo. Awekho amakhokho atholakele ngo-Agasti nangoSepthemba futhi zazimbalwa izibungu ezivuthiwe ngalesi sikhathi.
Ubuningi babantu babuhluka phakathi kwama-5420 m-2 maphakathi noSepthemba no-613,000 m-2 maphakathi noMeyi. Isilinganiso esikhulu se-biomass sabantu sasingu-106 g isisindo esomile m-2 (Mashi), kanti ubuncane besisindo esingu-10 g esomile m-2 (Septhemba). Umkhiqizo ophelele wonyaka wawuyi-139 g isisindo esomile m-2 kanti isilinganiso semvelo saminyaka yonke sasingu-46 g isisindo esomile m-2.
Isisebenzi sepayipi Ingabe isibungu sasemanzini esinomzimba ohlukanisiwe, ofana nomsundu, oyindilinga engxenyeni yesiphambano (engacwecwanga). Ama-bristles amancane kwesinye isikhathi ayabonakala. Azinayo imilenze, azinakhanda futhi azinamlomo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zeshubhu, iningi lazo libomvu, nsundu noma limnyama. Zihamba njengesibungu somhlaba, ezinwebekayo futhi ezinwebekayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12/27/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 11.09.2019 ngo-23: 42
