Ingono - Le yinkawu, okuwukuphela komele uhlobo lohlobo lwamasokisi. Imvelo inikeze abesilisa balezi zinhlobo "umhlobiso" oyingqayizivele - ikhala elikhulu, elilele, elifana nekhukhamba, elibenza babukeke behlekisa kakhulu. Indawo emincane, esinye sezilwane ezinhle kakhulu esiqhingini saseBorneo, iyinhlobo yezilwane ezisengcupheni yokuqothuka.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Nosach
Igama eligcwele lenkawu liyizinambuzane ezijwayelekile, noma ngesiLatin - Nasalis larvatus. Le nyani ingeyomndeni omncane wezinkawu ezivela emndenini wenkawu. Igama lesiLatini lohlobo "Nasalis" liyaqondakala ngaphandle kokuhumusha, futhi i-epithet ethile "larvatus" isho "embozwe ngesifihla-buso, efihliwe" yize le nkawu ingenaso isifihla-buso. Kuyaziwa futhi eRunet ngaphansi kwegama elithi "kakhau". IKachau - onomatopoeia, into efana nokuthi ikhala kanjani, ixwayisa ngengozi.
Ividiyo: Nosach
Azikho izinsalela zezinsalela ezitholakele, ngokusobala ngenxa yokuthi bezihlala ezindaweni ezinomswakama, lapho amathambo engalondoloziwe kahle. Kukholakala ukuthi zazivele zikhona ngasekupheleni kwePliocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-3.6 - 2.5 edlule). E-Yunnan (eChina) kwatholakala isibungu se-fossil sohlobo lweMesopithecus, okukholakala ukuthi singokhokho bamanono. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lesi bekuyisikhungo semvelaphi yezinkawu ezinamakhala angajwayelekile nezihlobo zazo. Izici ze-morphological zaleli qembu zibangelwa ukujwayela impilo ezihlahleni.
Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu zamakhala kukhona ezinye izinkawu ezinamakhala amancane (i-rhinopithecus, i-pygatrix) nama-simias. Zonke ziyizinyamazane ezivela eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, nazo eziguqulelwe ukondla ukudla kwezitshalo nokuhlala ezihlahleni.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isokisi libukeka kanjani
Ubude bekhala lomzimba bungu-66 - 75 cm kwabesilisa no-50-60 cm kwabesifazane, kanye nomsila ka-56 - 76 cm, ocishe ulingane kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Isisindo sowesilisa osekhulile siyahluka kusuka ku-16 kuye ku-22 kg, insikazi, njengoba kuvame ukutholakala ezinkawini, icishe iphindwe kabili. Ngokwesilinganiso, cishe i-10 kg. Isibalo senkawu sibi, sengathi isilwane sikhuluphele: amahlombe athambile, abuyele emuva nesisu esinempilo. Kodwa-ke, inkawu ihamba ngokumangazayo nangokushesha, ngenxa yezitho zomzimba ezinde ezinemisipha eqinile.
Indoda endala ibukeka inemibala ekhanyayo ngokukhethekile. Ikhanda lakhe elibushelelezi libonakala limbozwe ngebharethi yoboya obunsundu, lapho amehlo abumnyama ezolile abuka khona ngaphansi, nezihlathi zakhe ezishukiwe zingcwatshwe ezintshebeni nasemaphethweni ekhola yoboya. Ubuso obuncane kakhulu, obungenaboya bubukeka buwumuntu impela, yize isifonyo sekhala elinciphayo, elifinyelela ku-17.5 cm ubude futhi limboze umlomo omncane, silinikeza i-caricature.
Isikhumba esinezinwele ezimfishane sinsundu ngokubomvu emuva nasezinhlangothini, sikhanya ngombala obomvu ohlangothini lwangaphakathi, nendawo emhlophe esinqeni. Izitho nomsila kuzimpunga, isikhumba sezintende nezinyawo simnyama. Izinsikazi zincane futhi zizacile, zinemihlane ebomvu ngokubomvu, ngaphandle kwekhola ekhonjiwe, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, enekhala elihlukile. Akunakushiwo ukuthi yinhle ngokwengeziwe. Impumulo yabesifazane ifana naleyo kaBaba Yaga: iphumele ngaphandle, enethiphu ebukhali egobile kancane. Izingane azinamakhala futhi zihluke kakhulu ngombala kubantu abadala. Banekhanda kanye namahlombe ansundu ngombala onsundu, kanti imisipha kanye nemilenze yabo kuyimpunga. Isikhumba sezingane ezinonyaka owodwa nengxenye sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukusekela ikhala elikhulu, ikhala line-cartilage ekhethekile okungekho ezinye izinkawu ezinayo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isokisi libukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi le nkawu ihlala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi osisi?
Isithombe: Sock ngokwemvelo
Ububanzi be-nosha bunqunyelwe esiqhingini saseBorneo (esingeBrunei, iMalaysia ne-Indonesia) neziqhingi ezincane eziseduze. Isimo sezulu salezi zindawo sinomswakama oshisayo, onoshintsho oluncane olubonakalayo lwesikhathi sonyaka: izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile ngoJanuwari liyi-25 ° C, ngoJulayi - + 30 ° C, entwasahlobo nasekwindla kumakwa yimvula ejwayelekile. Emoyeni ohlale unomswakama, uhlaza luyachuma, lunikeza indawo yokuhlala nokudla kwamakhala. Izinkawu zihlala emahlathini eceleni kwezigodi zemifula eyisicaba, ezigebengwini ze-peat kanye nasezihlahleni zomhlume zemifula. Kusuka ogwini maphakathi nezwe, azisuswa ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ama-2, ezindaweni eziphakeme kunamamitha angama-200 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle cishe azitholakali.
Emahlathini asezindaweni eziphansi zezihlahla ezinkulu ezihlala ziluhlaza, amakhala azizwa ephephile futhi avame ukuchitha ubusuku lapho ezihlahleni ezide kakhulu, lapho ethanda khona ibanga elingamamitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-20. amanzi ngenkathi yemvula. Amakhala aguqulelwe ngokuphelele endaweni enjalo futhi angaphoqa kalula imifula ize ifike ku-150 m ububanzi. Abahluphi emphakathini wesintu, uma ubukhona babo bungaphazamisi kakhulu, futhi bahlala emasimini ehevea namasundu.
Ubukhulu bendawo abafudukela kuyo buncike ekutholakaleni kokudla. Iqembu elilodwa lingahamba endaweni engamahektare angama-130 kuya kwangu-900, kuya ngohlobo lwehlathi, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa abanye abazolondla lapha. Ezipaki zikazwelonke lapho izilwane zondliwa khona, le ndawo incishiselwa kumahektha angama-20. Umhlambi ungahamba uze ufike ku-1 km ngosuku, kepha imvamisa leli banga lincane kakhulu.
Udla ini?
Isithombe: Monkey Nosy
I-sucker icishe iphelele imifino. Ukudla kwakhe kuqukethe izimbali, izithelo, imbewu kanye namaqabunga ezitshalo zezinhlobo eziyi-188, okuyi-50 yazo okuyiyona eyinhloko.Amacembe enza ama-60-80% wakho konke ukudla, izithelo eziyi-8-35%, izimbali ziyi-3-7%. Ngezinga elincane, udla izinambuzane nenkalankala. Kwesinye isikhathi igwinya amagxolo ezinye izihlahla idle izidleke zomuhlwa wezihlahla, okungumthombo wamaminerali kakhulu kunamaprotheni.
Ngokuyinhloko, ikhala likhangwa ngu:
- abamele uhlobo olukhulu luka-Eugene, oluvamile ezindaweni ezishisayo;
- idayila, imbewu yalo enothe ngamafutha;
- ILofopetalum isitshalo saseJavanese esiningi nezinhlobo ezakha ihlathi.
- ficuses;
- i-durian nemango;
- izimbali ze-limnocharis ephuzi ne-agapanthus.
Ukuvelela kokunye noma komunye umthombo wokudla kuya ngesizini, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuMeyi, ama-nosy adla izithelo, kusuka ngoJuni kuya kuDisemba - amaqabunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqabunga akhethwa yintsha, evuliwe nje, futhi esevuthiwe ayidli. Yondla ikakhulu ngemuva kokulala ekuseni nasebusuku ngaphambi kokulala. Emini, uphazamisa ukudla okulula, amabhande nokuhlafuna ushungamu ukuze kugayeke kahle.
Amakhala anesisu esincane kunazo zonke nethumbu elincane kunawo wonke emizimbeni emincane. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi umunca ukudla kahle kakhulu. Inkawu ingadla ngokuqunta nangokudonsela amagatsha kuyona, noma ngokulenga ezandleni zayo, imvamisa kwelinye, ngoba enye ithatha ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: nosy Common
Njengoba kufanele inkawu ehloniphekile, ama-nosy ayasebenza emini futhi alala ebusuku. Iqembu lichitha ubusuku, lihleli ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane, lithanda indawo eseduze nomfula. Njengoba sebedlile ekuseni, baya ekujuleni ehlathini ukuze bahambe, ngezikhathi ezithile baphumula noma badle. Kuthi kusihlwa, zibuyela emfuleni, lapho zidla khona ngaphambi kokulala. Kuze kwabalwa nokuthi u-42% wesikhathi usichitha ekuphumuleni, u-25% uhamba ngezinyawo, u-23% ekudleni. Isikhathi esisele sichithwa phakathi kokudlala (8%) kanye nokukama ijazi (2%).
Amakhala ahamba ngazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo:
- gijimani ngejubane;
- gxuma kude, uzicindezele ngezinyawo zazo;
- bejikijela amagatsha, baphonsa umzimba wabo osindayo komunye umuthi;
- bangaphanyeka futhi bahambisane namagatsha ezandleni zabo ngaphandle kosizo lwemilenze yabo, njengeziqubu;
- ikwazi ukugibela iziqu kuzo zombili izitho ezine;
- hamba uqonde uphakamise izandla phezulu emanzini nasodakeni phakathi kwezimila eziminyene zemihlume, okuyisici sabantu kuphela nama-gibboni;
- ukubhukuda kahle - laba ababhukudi abahamba phambili phakathi kwezinkawu.
Imfihlakalo yamakhala isitho sabo esimangazayo. Kukholakala ukuthi impumulo ikhulisa ukukhala kowesilisa ngesikhathi sokukhwelana futhi iheha abalingani abaningi. Enye inguqulo - isiza ukunqoba emzabalazweni wobuholi, oqukethe ukuqhuma kophikisana naye. Kunoma ikuphi, isimo ngokusobala sincike ebusungwini bekhala futhi abesilisa abakhulu emhlambini yibona abanekhala kakhulu. Ukukhala okuhoshozelayo kwamakhala, abakukhipha uma kwenzeka kuba yingozi noma ngenkathi yesikhunta, kuthwalwa kude - amamitha angama-200. Banovalo noma bajabule, bazulazula njengomhlambi wamahansi kanye ne-squeal. Amakhala aphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-25, abesifazane baletha inzalo yabo yokuqala beneminyaka emi-3 - 5, abesilisa baba obaba eminyakeni emi-5 - 7.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kwake kwaba nosizi, owayebalekela umzingeli, wabhukuda ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engama-28 ngaphandle kokuvela phezulu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuyihaba, kepha babhukuda amamitha angama-20 ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ikhala Lomntwana
Amakhala ahlala emihlanjini emincane equkethe owesilisa nowesifazane, noma abesilisa kuphela. Amaqembu aqukethe izinkawu ezi-3 kuya kwezingu-30, azinzile, kepha azihlukaniswanga ngokuqinile futhi abantu ngabanye, abesilisa nabesifazane, bangahamba besuka baye komunye nomunye. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ngumakhelwane noma ukuhlanganiswa kwamaqembu ahlukene ukuhlala ubusuku bonke. Amakhala akumangalisi ukuthi anolaka, ngisho nakwamanye amaqembu. Bavame kakhulu ukulwa, bakhetha ukuthethisa isitha. Indoda eyinhloko, ngaphezu kokuvikela ezitheni zangaphandle, inakekela ukulawula ubudlelwano emhlambini futhi ihlakaze ukuxabana.
Emaqenjini kukhona isigaba sabaphathi bezenhlalo, siphethwe owesilisa oyinhloko. Lapho efuna ukuheha owesifazane, ukhalela kakhulu futhi akhombise izitho zangasese. Isirobhothi esimnyama nepipi elibomvu ngokugqamile kuxhumana ngokusobala ngezifiso zakhe. Noma isimo esivelele. Enye ayikhiphi ngaphandle enye. Kodwa izwi eliwujuqu ngelensikazi, enikina ikhanda, iveze izindebe zayo futhi yenze neminye iminyakazo yesiko, ikwenze kucace ukuthi ayimelene nocansi. Amanye amalungu ephakethe angaphazamisa kule nqubo, ngokuvamile, ama-nosy awahambisani nokuziphatha okuqinile kulolu daba.
Ukuzala akuxhomekile esikhathini futhi kwenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi lapho insikazi isilungele. Insikazi izala eyodwa, kuyaqabukela izingane ezimbili zinekhefu elijwayelekile leminyaka engaba ngu-2. Isisindo sezinsana cishe singama-0.5 kg. Izinyanga eziyi-7 - 8, izinyane liphuza ubisi futhi ligibele umama, libambelele eboyeni balo. Kepha izibopho zomndeni ziyaqhubeka isikhashana ngemuva kokuthola inkululeko. Izingane, ikakhulukazi ezisanda kuzalwa, zijabulela ukunakekelwa nokunakekelwa kwazo zonke ezinye izinsikazi, ezingazigqoka, zishaye unwele futhi zikame.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amakhala anobungani kwezinye izinkawu, ahlala nazo eduze emiqhele yezihlahla - ama-macaque anomsila omude, ama-langur esiliva, ama-gibbon nama-orangutan, eduze kwawo aze alala khona ubusuku bonke.
Izitha zemvelo zamakhala
Isithombe: Izinwele zesifazane
Izitha zemvelo ezinkulu zekhala kwesinye isikhathi aziqabile futhi ziyivelakancane kunaye uqobo. Ukubona indawo yokuzingela emvelweni, kungaba nzima ukunquma ukuthi uzosiza bani: i-nasch noma imbangi yakhe.
Ngakho-ke, ezihlahleni nasemanzini, ama-nosy asongelwa izitha ezinjenge:
- ingwenya i-gavial iyathanda ukuzingela emihlangeni;
- ingwe yaseBorne enamafu, yona uqobo esengozini;
- izinkozi (kufaka phakathi izinkozi zokhozi, umuntu odla amaqanda amnyama, odla izinyoka) ziyakwazi ukuzinzisa inkawu encane, yize lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu kunomcimbi wangempela;
- I-motley python kaBreitenstein, indawo yakhona, inkulu kakhulu, iqamekela futhi iklinya izisulu zayo;
- Inkosi uCobra;
- isibankwa seKalimantan esingaqapheli esingenalutho, uhlobo oluyivelakancane kune-nosy uqobo. Isilwane esincane uma kuqhathaniswa, kepha singabamba nosisi wengane uma sinamathela emanzini.
Kodwa noma kunjalo, okubi kakhulu okwamakhala ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi asendulo emasimini elayisi, ihevea namafutha esundu kubaphuca izindawo abahlala kuzo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukholakala ukuthi izidleke zichitha ubusuku osebeni lwemifula ikakhulukazi ukuze zizivikele ezilwaneni ezidla umhlaba. Uma kwenzeka kuhlaselwa, ngokushesha bagijimela emanzini bese bebhukuda bewela kolunye uhlangothi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isokisi libukeka kanjani
Ngokwezibalo zakamuva, kunabantu abangaphansi kwama-300 eBrunei, abangaba yinkulungwane eSarawak (eMalaysia), nangaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye endaweni yase-Indonesia. Sekukonke, sekusele cishe amasokisi ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10-16, kepha ukwahlukaniswa kwesiqhingi phakathi kwamazwe ahlukene kwenza kube nzima ukubala inani eliphelele lezilwane. Zivalelwe kuphela emilonyeni yemifula nasemigodini yasogwini; ambalwa amaqembu atholakala maphakathi nesiqhingi.
Yehlisa inani lokuzingelwa kwamanzi, okuqhubeka naphezu kokuvinjelwa. Kepha izinto eziyinhloko ezinciphisa isibalo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhiqizwa kwezingodo nokuzishisa ukuze kuvuleke ezolimo. Ngokwesilinganiso, indawo efanelekile ukuhlala amasokisi yehliswe ngo-2% ngonyaka. Kepha izehlakalo ngazinye zingaba zimbi. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1997 - 1998 eKalimantan (e-Indonesia), kwaqaliswa iphrojekthi yokuguqula amaxhaphozi abe amasimu elayisi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, cishe amahektha angama-400 ehlathi ashiswa, futhi indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke yamakhala nezinye izinyamazane cishe yacekelwa phansi ngokuphelele. Kwezinye izindawo zabavakashi (Sabah), amasokisi anyamalala, ahluleka ukumelana nomakhelwane nabavakashi abakuyo yonke indawo. Ubuningi babantu busuka kubantu abayi-8 kuye kwangama-60 / km2, kuya ngokuphazamiseka kwendawo. Isibonelo, ezindaweni ezinolimo oluthuthuke kakhulu, kutholakala abantu abayi-9 / km2, ezindaweni ezinotshani bemvelo obulondoloziwe - abantu abangama-60 / km2. I-IUCN ilinganisela i-nosy njengezilwane ezisongelwayo.
Ukuvikelwa kwamakhala
Isithombe: UNosach ovela eRed Book
Ingono ibhalwe kuhlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN lwezinhlobo ezisengozini kanye nesengezo seCITES esivimbela ukuhwebelana kwamazwe omhlaba ngalezi zilwane. Ezinye zezindawo zezinkawu ziwela emapaki kazwelonke avikelekile. Kepha lokhu akusizi ngaso sonke isikhathi ngenxa yokwehluka komthetho nezimo zengqondo ezahlukahlukene zezifunda maqondana nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Uma eSabah lesi silinganiso sivumele ukugcina inani elizinzile leqembu lendawo, lapho-ke eKalimantan yase-Indonesia, inani labantu ezindaweni ezivikelekile lehle ngesigamu.
Isilinganiso esithandwayo njengokuzalela ama-zoo kanye nokudedelwa okulandelayo emvelweni akusebenzi kuleli cala, ngoba amakhala awaphili ekuthunjweni. Okungenani kude nasekhaya. Inkinga ngamakhala ukuthi abakubekezeleli kahle ukuthunjwa, banengcindezi futhi bakhetha ukudla. Bafuna ukudla kwabo okungokwemvelo futhi ababamukeli abakufaka esikhundleni. Ngaphambi kokuvinjelwa kokuhweba ngezilwane ezingandile, amasokisi amaningi ayiswa ema-zoo, lapho afela khona wonke kwaze kwaba ngu-1997.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Isibonelo sesimo sokungakhathali ekuvikeleni izilwane yindaba elandelayo. Epaki lesizwe lesiqhingi saseKaget, izinkawu, ezazicishe zibe yi-300, zanyamalala ngokuphelele ngenxa yemisebenzi yezolimo engekho emthethweni yabantu bendawo. Abanye babo babulawa yindlala, abantu abangu-84 bathuthelwa ezindaweni ezingagadiwe kwathi abangu-13 babo babulawa yingcindezi. Ezinye izilwane ezingama-61 ziyiswe e-zoo, lapho kwafa khona amaphesenti angama-60 zingakapheli izinyanga ezine ebanjiwe. Isizathu ukuthi ngaphambi kokuhlaliswa kabusha kwabantu, azikho izinhlelo zokuqapha ezenziwe, akubanga nocwaningo ngamasayithi amasha olwenziwe. Ukubanjwa nokuhanjiswa kwamasokisi akuphathwanga ngobumnandi obudingekayo ekubhekaneni nalesi silwane.
Ingono idinga kuphela ukubuyekeza isimo sengqondo ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo ezingeni likahulumeni nokuqinisa isibopho sokwephula umbuso wezokuvikela ezindaweni ezivikelwe. Kubuye kuthuthukise nethemba lokuthi izilwane ngokwazo seziqala ukuzivumelanisa nempilo emasimini futhi zingadla amaqabunga esundu sikakhukhunathi kanye nehevea.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12/15/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 12/15/2019 ngo-21: 17
