Pampas inyamazane yinyamazane yaseNingizimu Melika esengozini. Ngenxa yokwehluka kwawo okuphezulu kofuzo, izinyamazane zepampas ziphakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ze-polymorphic kakhulu. Isikhumba sazo siqukethe uboya obinsundu, obukhanya ngaphakathi emilenzeni nangaphansi. Banamabala amhlophe ngaphansi komphimbo nasezindebeni, futhi umbala wabo awushintshi nenkathi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zePampas
Izinyamazane zePampas zingabomndeni wezinyamazane zeNew World - leli elinye igama lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinyamazane zaseNingizimu Melika. Kuze kube muva nje, kutholakale ama-subspecies amathathu kuphela wezinyamazane ze-pampas: O. bezoarticus bezoarticus, otholakala eBrazil, O. bezoarticus celer e-Argentina, no-O. bezoarticus leucogaster eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBrazil, enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Argentina naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBolivia.
Ukutholakala kwama-subspecies amabili ahlukene we-pampas deer endemic kuya e-Uruguay, O. bezoarticus arerunguaensis (Salto, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Uruguay) no-O.
Ividiyo: I-Pampas Deer
Izinyamazane zeziduna zePampas zikhudlwana kunabesifazane. Eziduna ezimahhala zifinyelela kubude obungu-130 cm (kusuka esicongweni sesifonyo kuya ngaphansi komsila) ngobude obungu-75 cm ezingeni lamahlombe nobude bomsila obungu-15 cm. Zinesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-35 kg. Kodwa-ke, idatha evela ezilwaneni ezifuywayo ezifuywayo ikhomba ezilwaneni ezincane: abesilisa abalinganiselwa ku-90-100 cm ubude, 65-70 cm ukuphakama kwamahlombe, nobunzima obungu-30-35 kg.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Izinyamazane zamaphampu ezeduna zinendlala ekhethekile ezinqeni zazo zangemuva ezinikeza iphunga elingatholwa kuze kufike ku-1.5 km kude.
Izimpondo zenyamazane zepampas ziphakathi ngosayizi uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinyamazane, ziqinile futhi zizacile. Izimpondo zifinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, zinamaphuzu amathathu, iphuzu lamashiya nomhlane, negatsha lemfoloko elide. Abesifazane bafinyelela ku-85 cm ubude no-65 cm ukuphakama kwamahlombe, kanti isisindo sabo somzimba singama-20-25 kg. Abesilisa ngokuvamile baba mnyama kunabesifazane. Abesilisa banezimpondo, kanti abesifazane banama-curls abukeka njengezinqe zophondo oluncane. Izinyo langemuva lophondo lweduna liyahlukana, kepha izinyo eliphambili langaphakathi liyingxenye eyodwa kuphela eqhubekayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inyamazane ye-pampas
Umbala ogqamile weziqongo nemilenze yenyamazane ye-pampas ubomvu onsundu noma mpunga ophuzi. Isifonyo nomsila kumnyama kancane. Umbala wejazi ngemuva ucebile ukwedlula owezitho. Izindawo ezinokhilimu zitholakala ezihlokweni ezinyaweni, ngaphakathi kwezindlebe, ezungeze amehlo, isifuba, umphimbo, umzimba ophansi nomsila ophansi. Awukho umehluko obonakalayo phakathi kwemibala yehlobo neyasebusika yenyamazane kaPampas. Umbala wezinsana yi-chestnut enomugqa wamachashazi amhlophe ohlangothini ngalunye lwangemuva nolayini wesibili kusuka emahlombe kuye okhalweni. Amabala ayanyamalala cishe izinyanga ezimbili, kusale ungqimba lwezingane oluthuthu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Umbala okhanyayo onsundu wezinyamazane zepampas uyayivumela ukuthi ihlangane kahle nendawo ezungezile. Zinamachashazi amhlophe azungeze amehlo, izindebe, kanye nasemphinjeni. Umsila wabo mfushane futhi uyathambile. Iqiniso lokuthi nazo zinendawo emhlophe ngaphansi komsila wazo ziyachaza ukuthi kungani zivame ukudideka nezinyamazane ezinomsila omhlophe.
I-pampas deer iyinhlobo encane ene-dimorphism encane yezocansi. Abesilisa banezimpondo ezincane, ezingasindi ezimahlombe amathathu ezidlula kumjikelezo wonyaka wokulahleka ngo-Agasti noma ngoSepthemba, ngesethi entsha ekhuliswa ngoDisemba. Izinyo langaphansi elingaphakathi lophondo alwehlukanisiwe, ngokungafani nelaphezulu. Kwabesifazane, izinwele ezisontekile zibukeka njengeziphunzi ezincanyana zezimpondo.
Abesilisa nabesifazane banezikhundla ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi sokuchama. Abesilisa banephunga elinamandla elikhiqizwa yizindlala ezisezinsalweni zezindluzelekazi, ezingatholakala kuze kufike ku-1.5 km kude. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezikhanyayo, abesilisa banamasende amancane uma kuqhathaniswa nosayizi womzimba wabo.
Ihlala kuphi inyamazane yepampas?
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zePampas emvelweni
I-pampas deer yake yahlala emadlelweni emvelo empumalanga yeNingizimu Melika, etholakala phakathi kwama-5 no-40 degrees latitude. Manje ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kunqunyelwe kubantu bendawo. Izinyamazane iPampas zitholakala eNingizimu Melika futhi zitholakala nase-Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay nase-Uruguay. Indawo abahlala kuyo ifaka amanzi, amagquma notshani obuphakeme ngokwanele ukufihla inyamazane. Izinyamazane eziningi ze-pampas zihlala emaxhaphozini asePantanal nakwezinye izindawo zemijikelezo yezikhukhula yaminyaka yonke.
Kukhona ama-subspecies amathathu ezinyamazane ze-pampas:
- O.b. u-bezoarticus - uhlala enkabeni nasempumalanga yeBrazil, eningizimu ye-Amazon nase-Uruguay, futhi unombala onsundu ngokubomvu;
- O.b. i-leucogaster - ihlala esifundeni esiseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeBrazil engxenyeni eseningizimu-mpumalanga yeBolivia, eParaguay naseNyakatho ye-Argentina futhi inombala onsundu ngombala;
- O.b. celer - uhlala eningizimu ye-Argentina. Kuyinto yezilwane ezisengozini kanye nezinyamazane zePampas ezingavamile.
Izinyamazane ze-pampas zihlala ezindaweni eziningi ezivulekile ezinotshani ezindaweni eziphansi. Lezi zindawo zifaka phakathi izindawo ezigcwala okwesikhashana ngamanzi amasha noma amachweba, izindawo ezinamagquma nezindawo ezinesomiso sasebusika futhi awekho amanzi angaphezulu angaphezulu. Iningi labantu basekuqaleni bama-pampas deer liguqulwe ezolimo kanye neminye imisebenzi yabantu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-pampas deer ihlala kuphi kwezwekazi. Ake sithole ukuthi udlani.
Zidlani izinyamazane zepampas?
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zePampas eNingizimu Melika
Ukudla kwenyamazane ye-pampas imvamisa kuqukethe utshani, izihlahlana nezitshalo eziluhlaza. Abadli utshani obuningi njengoba bephequlula, lawa ngamahlumela, amaqabunga kanye namahlumela, kanye nama-forb, aqhakaza izitshalo ezinamakhasi amakhulu aneziqu ezithambile. Izinyamazane zePampas zivame ukufudukela lapho umthombo wokudla mkhulu kakhulu.
Iningi lezimila ezidliwe yinyamazane ye-pampas likhula enhlabathini emanzi. Ukubona ukuthi izinyamazane zincintisana nemfuyo ngokudla, indle yazo yahlolwa kwaqhathaniswa naleyo evela ezinkomeni. Eqinisweni, zidla izitshalo ezifanayo, kuphela ngezilinganiso ezihlukile. Izinyamazane iPampas zidla utshani obuncane notshani obuningi (izimbali ezibanzi zezimbali ezineziqu ezithambile), futhi zibheka namahlumela, amaqabunga, namahlumela.
Ngesikhathi semvula, ama-20% okudla kwawo aqukethe utshani obusha. Bahamba ngokutholakala kokudla, ikakhulukazi izitshalo eziqhakazayo. Ukuba khona kwezinkomo kwandisa inani lotshani obumile obuthandwa yinyamazane ye-pampas, okufaka isandla ekusabalaleni komqondo wokuthi izinyamazane azincintisani nemfuyo ngokudla. Ucwaningo oluphikisana nalo lukhombisa ukuthi ama-pampas deer agwema izindawo lapho kuhlala khona izinkomo, futhi lapho izinkomo zingekho, izindawo zokuhlala zasekhaya zikhulu kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zePampas
Izinyamazane iPampas yizilwane zomphakathi ezihlala ngamaqembu. Lawa maqembu ahlukanisiwe ngokobulili, futhi abesilisa bahamba phakathi kwamaqembu. Imvamisa kukhona ama-reindeer angama-2-6 kuphela eqenjini, kepha kungahle kube nokunye okuningi ezindaweni ezinhle zokudla. Abanayo imibhangqwana eyodwa futhi abanababafazi.
AmaPampas awavikele indawo noma amaqabane, kepha anezimpawu zokubusa. Babonisa isikhundla esiphakeme ngokuphakamisa amakhanda abo nokuzama ukugcina uhlangothi lwabo luhamba phambili futhi basebenzise ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane. Lapho abesilisa bephikisana, bahlikihla izimpondo zabo otshanini bese bezikhuhla phansi. Izinyamazane zePampas zigcoba izindlala zazo eziyiphunga ezitshalweni nasezintweni. Imvamisa abalwi, kepha bavele baxabane, futhi bavame ukuluma.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa abadala bancintisana bodwa besifazane abathandanayo. Bacekela phansi izimila ngezimpondo zabo futhi bagcobisa izindlala zephunga emakhanda abo, ezitshalweni nakwezinye izinto. Ubudlova bubonakala ngokucindezela izimpondo noma ngokushwiba izidladla zangaphambili. Ukungqubuzana njalo kwenzeka phakathi kwabesilisa besayizi efanayo. Akunabufakazi bendawo, ukumataniswa kwesikhathi eside, noma ukwakheka kwabesifazane. Abesilisa abaningana bangalandela insikazi ethintekayo ngasikhathi sinye.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Lapho ama-pampas deer ezwa ingozi, acasha phansi emahlamvu bese ehlala abese eqa amamitha ayi-100-200. Uma bebodwa, bangavele bashelele buthule. Abesifazane bazenza sengathi baxhugele eduze kwabesilisa ukuze baphazamise umhlaseli.
Izinyamazane zePampas zivame ukondla emini, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ziba sebusuku. Banelukuluku lokwazi futhi bayathanda ukuwahlola. Izinyamazane zivame ukuma ngemilenze yazo yangemuva ukuze zithole ukudla noma zibone okuthile. Bahlala phansi futhi abanakho ukunyakaza kwesizini noma kwansuku zonke.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Pampas Deer Cub
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngohlelo lokukhwelana lwezinyamazane zePampas. E-Argentina, bazala kusukela ngoZibandlela kuya kuNhlolanja. E-Uruguay, isikhathi sabo sokukhwelana siqala ngoFebhuwari kuya ku-Ephreli. Izinyamazane zePampas zinezindlela zokuziphatha ezithandanayo zokuqomisana ezibandakanya ukuzelula okuphansi, ukuqhosha, nokugoba. Eyesilisa iqala ukuqoma ngokushuba okuphansi futhi yenza umsindo ophansi. Ucindezela eyensikazi futhi angamchofoza ulimi bese uyabuka. Uhlala eduzane nensikazi futhi angamlandela isikhathi eside, ahogele umchamo wakhe. Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi iyasabela ekuqomeni ngokulala phansi.
Abesifazane bahlukana neqembu ukuzala futhi bafihle inkonyane. Imvamisa, inyamazane eyodwa kuphela enesisindo esingaba ngu-2.2 kg izalwa ngemuva kwesikhathi sokumitha esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-7. Izinyamazane ezisanda kuzalwa zincane futhi zinamabala futhi zilahlekelwa amabala azo cishe izinyanga ezimbili ubudala. Emavikini ayisithupha, ziyakwazi ukudla ukudla okuqinile futhi ziqale ukulandela unina. Izinkukhu zihlala nonina okungenani unyaka bese zifinyelela ekuvuthweni kokuzala cishe ngonyaka owodwa ubudala. Ukuthomba ekuthunjweni kungenzeka ezinyangeni eziyi-12.
Izinyamazane zepampas zingumfuyi wezinkathi ezithile zonyaka. Abesilisa abadala bayakwazi ukukhwelana unyaka wonke. Abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala ngezikhathi zezinyanga eziyi-10. Abesifazane abakhulelwe bangahlukaniswa ngokuphawulekayo ezinyangeni ezi-3 ngaphambi kokubeletha. Iningi lamathole lizalwa entwasahlobo (Septhemba kuya kuNovemba), yize ukuzalwa kwaqoshwa cishe kuzo zonke izinyanga.
Izitha zemvelo zenyamazane ye-pampas
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zepampas zabesilisa nabesifazane
Amakati amakhulu afana nengulule namabhubesi azingela inyamazane emadlelweni apholile. ENyakatho Melika, izimpisi, ama-coyotes, nezimpungushe zidla amagundane, onogwaja nezimpunzi. Lezi zidlakela zisiza ukulawula imfuyo edla imfuyo ukuze abelusi bangadli bonke utshani nezinye izitshalo ezikuyo.
AmaPampas asongelwa ngokuthungatha nokuzingela ngokungemthetho, ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yezifo emfuyweni nasemfuyweni yasendle, ezolimo, ukuncintisana nezilwane ezisanda kwethulwa kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokweqile. Kusele ngaphansi kokungu-1% kwendawo yabo yemvelo.
Phakathi kuka-1860 no-1870, imibhalo yetheku laseBuenos Aires iyodwa ikhombisa ukuthi izikhumba zezinyamazane ezingama-pampas eziyizigidi ezimbili zathunyelwa eYurophu. Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, lapho kubekwa imigwaqo enqamula emaqeleni aseNingizimu Melika - amapampu - izimoto zenza kwaba lula ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni ukufika ezinyamazaneni. Babulawelwa nokudla, imithi nezemidlalo.
Abahlali baletha ukwanda okukhulu kwezolimo, ukufuna ngokweqile kanye nezifo enyameni ye-pampas ngokwethulwa kwezilwane ezintsha ezifuywayo nezasendle. Abanye babanikazi bomhlaba babekela eceleni ezinye zezindawo zabo ukubekelwa amapampu wezinyamazane futhi bagcina nemfuyo esikhundleni sezimvu. Izimvu zinamathuba amaningi okuthi zidle phansi futhi zibe yingozi enkulu ezinyamazaneni zepampas.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inyamazane ye-pampas
Ngokusho kohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, inani eliphelele lezinyamazane zepampas liphakathi kuka-20 000 no-80,000. Inani elikhulu labantu litholakala eBrazil, elinabantu abangaba ngu-2000 endaweni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeCerrado kanye nabantu abangu-20 000-40,000 ePantanal.
Kukhona nabantu abalinganiselwa bezinhlobo zezinyamazane ze-pampas kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- esifundeni saseParana, eBrazil - abantu abangaphansi kwekhulu;
- e-El Tapado (uMnyango weSalto), e-Uruguay - abantu abangu-800;
- eLos Ajos (umnyango weRocha), e-Uruguay - abantu abangama-300;
- eCorrientes (umnyango we-Ituzaingo), e-Argentina - abantu abayi-170;
- esifundazweni saseSan Luis, e-Argentina - abantu abangu-800-1000;
- eBahia de Samborombom (esifundazweni saseBuenos Aires), e-Argentina - abantu abangu-200;
- eSanta Fe, e-Argentina - abantu abangaphansi kwama-50.
Ngokwezibalo ezahlukahlukene, kusala cishe izinyamazane zePampas ezingaba ngu-2 000 e-Argentina. Lesi sibalo esijwayelekile sihlukaniswe ngokwamaqembu abantu abahlukanisiwe ama-5 atholakala ezifundazweni zaseBuenos Aires, San Luis, Corrientes naseSanta Fe. Inani labantu be-subspecies O.b. Leucogaster, etholakala eCorrientes, iyona enkulu kunazo zonke ezweni. Lezi zinhlayiya zinabantu abambalwa kakhulu eSanta Fe, futhi azikho kwezinye izifundazwe ezimbili. Ngokubona ukubaluleka kwaso, isifundazwe saseCorrientes simemezele izinyamazane zepampas njengesikhumbuzo semvelo, esingavikeli isilwane kuphela, kodwa futhi esivikela nendawo esihlala kuyo.
Izinyamazane ze-pampas manje zihlukaniswa 'njengezisengozini', okusho ukuthi zingaba sengozini ngokuzayo, kepha okwamanje zanele zazo ukuthi zingafaneleki ukuba sengozini.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinyamazane zepampas
Isithombe: Izinyamazane zikaPampas ezivela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ithimba Lezokonga e-Ibera Nature Reserve esifundazweni sase-Argentina i-Corrientes lisebenza ukubuyisela emuva ukuthambekela okukhona kokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala nezinhlobo zezilwane esifundeni ngokulondoloza nokubuyisela kabusha imvelo yendawo kanye nezitshalo nezilwane zazo. Okokuqala ohlwini lwezinto eziseqhulwini ukubuyiselwa kwezinyamazane zikaPampas ezibhujiswe endaweni emadlelweni ase-Iberia.
Uhlelo lokubuyiselwa kwama-pamperi reindeer lwe-Iberia lunezinhloso ezimbili eziyinhloko: okokuqala, ukuzinzisa inani labantu abakhona esifundeni sase-Aguapei, esiseduze nendawo yokulondolozwa, futhi okwesibili, ukwenza kabusha inani labantu abazidingayo esiqiwini uqobo, ngaleyo ndlela sandise uhla olujwayelekile lwama-reindeer. Kusukela ngo-2006, ukubalwa kwabantu ngezikhathi ezithile kwezinhlobo zezinyamazane zepampas bekwenziwa ukuhlola ukusatshalaliswa nobuningi bezinhlobo endaweni yase-Aguapea. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwenziwa ukukhushulwa, kwahlelwa imihlangano nabanikazi bezinkomo, kwenziwa izincwajana, izingqwembe, ama-almanac nama-disc ezemfundo, kwahlelwa ngisho nombukiso wonodoli wezingane.
Ngosizo lwezimbali nezilwane zase-Argentina, kusungulwe indawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo engamahektare angama-535 yokulondoloza nokusabalalisa inyamazane ye-pampas. Lesi siqiwu sabizwa ngokuthi iGuasutí Ñu, noma iZwe Lezinyamazane ngolimi lwendabuko lwaseGuaraní. Yindawo yokuqala evikelwe ebekelwe ukulondolozwa kwezinyamazane ze-pampas endaweni yase-Aguapea.
Ngo-2009, iqembu lodokotela bezilwane kanye nezazi zebhayoloji ezivela e-Argentina naseBrazil zaqedela ukuthunjwa nokudluliswa kokuqala kwezinyamazane zepampas eCorrientes. Lokhu kusizile ukubuyisa izinhlobo zezilwane eSan Alonso Nature Reserve, esendaweni engamahektare ayi-10 000 emadlelo asezingeni eliphakeme. ISan Alonso itholakala e-Ibera Nature Reserve. Inani lezinyamazane lapha eSan Alonso lingabantu bezinhlobo eziyisihlanu ezaziwayo ezweni. Ngokwengezwa kweSan Alonso emhlabeni ovikelekile wezwe, indawo ebekelwe ukongiwa okuqinile e-Argentina iphindwe kane.
Pampas inyamazane wayejwayele ukuba yisivakashi esivamile emadlelweni aseNingizimu Melika. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, noma kunjalo, lezi zinyamazane eziguquguqukayo, ezinesilinganiso esiphakathi zikhawulelwe emiphakathini embalwa kuphela lapho zifinyelela khona. Izinyamazane zepampas zidabuka e-Uruguay, eParaguay, eBrazil, e-Argentina naseBolivia. Inani lempama yezinyamazane liyancipha, futhi kunezinto eziningi ezingenzeka, kufaka phakathi izifo ezihlaselwe yizilwane zasemapulazini, ukufuna ngokweqile nokuncishiswa kwendawo yazo yokuhlala ngenxa yokwanda kwezolimo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11/16/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/04/2019 ngo-23: 24
