Ushaka omkhulu onamehlo amakhulu - inhlanzi edlayo ehlala ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu amaningana: isetshenziselwa izimo zokukhanya okuphansi nokushisa okuphansi. Iyaphawuleka ngomsila wayo omude, ewusebenzisa lapho izingela njengesiswebhu noma isando, ibashaya ezitimeleni futhi ibamangaze. Akuyona ingozi kubantu, kepha abantu bayingozi ngakho - ngenxa yokudoba, inani lezinhlobo lehla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ushaka we-fox omkhulu
Umhlobo lo wachazwa nguR.T. Lowe ngo-1840 futhi wabizwa ngokuthi i-Alopias superciliosus. Ngemuva kwalokho, incazelo kaLow ibuyekezwe izikhathi eziningana kanye nendawo ekuhlukanisweni, okusho ukuthi negama lesayensi lishintshile. Kepha lokhu kuyicala elingajwayelekile lapho incazelo yokuqala itholakala ukuthi ilungile kakhulu, futhi emuva kweminyaka eyikhulu igama lokuqala lavuselelwa.
I-Alopias ihumusha kusuka esiGrekini njenge- "fox", super kusuka ku-Latin "over", kanti i-ciliosus isho "ishiya". UFox - ngoba oshaka bakudala balezi zinhlobo babebhekwa njengabanobuqili, futhi ingxenye yesibili yegama yatholakala ngenxa yesinye sezici zesici - ikhefu elingaphezulu kwamehlo. Umsuka wezinhlobo uholela endulo ejulile: owokuqala kokhokho abaqondile boshaka babhukuda olwandle lomhlaba ngisho nangesikhathi seSilurian. Kwakungaleso sikhathi lapho izinhlanzi ezinomzimba ofanayo zingezakho, yize kungatholakali kahle ukuthi iyiphi yazo eyadala oshaka.
Ividiyo: Ushaka we-fox onamehlo amakhulu
Oshaka bangempela bokuqala bavela ngesikhathi seTriassic futhi bachuma ngokushesha. Isakhiwo sabo siyashintsha kancane kancane, ukubalwa kwama-vertebrae kwenzeka, ngenxa yokuthi baba namandla, okusho ukuthi kusheshe futhi kutholakale kalula, ngaphezu kwalokho, bathola ikhono lokuxazulula ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ingqondo yabo iyakhula - kuvela izindawo zemizwa kuyo, ngenxa yalokho umuzwa wephunga loshaka uba ongavamile, ukuze baqale ukuzwa igazi noma bengamashumi amakhilomitha ukusuka emthonjeni; amathambo emihlathi ayathuthukiswa, okwenza kube lula ukuvula umlomo kakhulu. Kancane kancane, ngesikhathi seMesozoic, ziya ngokuya zifana nalawo oshaka abahlala emhlabeni manje. Kodwa umfutho wokugcina ophawulekayo wokuvela kwabo ngukuqothulwa ekupheleni kwenkathi yeMesozoic, ngemuva kwalokho baba amakhosi acishe ahlukaniswe olwandle.
Ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi, i-superorder endala yoshaka yaqhubeka nokuveza izinhlobo ezintsha ngenxa yezinguquko eziqhubekayo emvelweni. Futhi ushaka onamehlo amakhulu waphenduka waba olunye lwezinhlobo ezincane: zavela kuphela eMiddle Miocene, lokhu kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-12-16 edlule. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwatholakala inqwaba yezinsalela zezinsalela zalesi silwane, ngaphambi kokuba zingabikho, abamele i-pelagic fox shark ehlobene eduze bavele ngaphambili - bavela kukhokho oyedwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka omkhulu we-fox
Ubude, abantu abadala bakhula bafike ku-3.5-4, isampuli enkulu ebanjiwe ifinyelele ku-4.9 m. Isisindo 140-200 kg. Umzimba wazo umile okokuphotha, impumulo icijile. Umlomo mncane, ugobile, kunamazinyo amaningi, cishe imigqa eyishumi nambili ezansi nangaphezulu: inani lazo lingahluka lisuka ku-19 liye ku-24. Amazinyo ngokwawo abukhali futhi makhulu.
Uphawu olusobala kakhulu lwoshaka lwe-fox: i-fin yabo ye-caudal iphakanyiswe kakhulu phezulu. Ubude bayo bungalingana nobude bawo wonke umzimba wenhlanzi, ngakho-ke lokhu kungalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye oshaka kuzobonakala ngokushesha, futhi ngeke kusebenze ukudida abamele lolu hlobo nanoma ngubani.
Futhi, njengoba igama labo lisho, bahlukaniswa iqiniso lokuthi banamehlo amakhulu - ububanzi babo bungafinyelela ku-10 cm, okuthi maqondana nosayizi wekhanda mkhulu kunabanye oshaka. Ngenxa yamehlo amakhulu kangaka, laba oshaka babona kahle ebumnyameni, lapho bechitha khona iningi lempilo yabo.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi amehlo aphakeme kakhulu, ngenxa yalokhu oshaka bekwazi ukubheka ngqo ngaphandle kokujika. Esikhunjeni sale nhlanzi, izikali zezinhlobo ezimbili ziyashintshana: ezinkulu nezincane. Umbala wayo ungaba nsundu ngomthunzi oqinile we-lilac noma onsomi ojulile. Igcinwa kuphela ngesikhathi sokuphila, ushaka ofile ngokushesha uba mpunga.
Uhlala kuphi ushaka omkhulu onamehlo amakhulu?
Isithombe: Fox shark eTurkey
Ithanda amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele, kodwa futhi itholakala ezindaweni ezipholile.
Kunezindawo ezine zokusabalalisa eziyinhloko:
- entshonalanga ye-Atlantic - kusuka ogwini lwase-United States, eBahamas, eCuba naseHaiti, ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika yonke indlela eya eningizimu yeBrazil;
- i-Atlantic esempumalanga - eduze kweziqhingi, futhi iqhubekele phambili i-Afrika iye e-Angola;
- entshonalanga ye-Indian Ocean - eduze kwaseNingizimu Afrika naseMozambique kuya eSomalia enyakatho;
- I-Pacific Ocean - isuka eKorea ogwini lwase-Asia iye e-Australia, kanye nezinye iziqhingi zase-Oceania. Atholakala ngisho kude empumalanga, eduze naseGalapagos Islands naseCalifornia.
Njengoba kungabonakala endaweni yokusabalalisa, bahlala kaningi ngasogwini futhi bangase basondele kakhulu ogwini. Kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi bahlala eduze komhlaba kuphela, kunalokho, kuningi okwaziwayo ngabantu abanjalo, kepha futhi batholakala olwandle oluvulekile.
Izinga lokushisa lamanzi elifanele laba bashaka liphakathi kuka-7-14 ° C, kepha kwesinye isikhathi bayabhukuda baye ekujuleni okukhulu - kuze kufike ku-500-700 m, lapho amanzi ebanda khona - 2-5 ° C, futhi bangahlala lapho isikhathi eside. Azinamatheli kakhulu endaweni yokuhlala futhi zingenza ukufuduka, kepha enkambweni yazo azihambi amabanga amade kakhulu: imvamisa kuba ngamakhulu ambalwa km, ezimweni ezingavamile 1000 - 1500 km.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yohlelo lwe-orbital vascular system, olubizwa nge-rete mirabile, lezi zinhlanzi ziyakwazi ukumelana nokwehla okukhulu ekushiseni kwamanzi: ukwehla kwe-14-16 ° C kuyinto ejwayelekile kubo.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-fox shark enamehlo amakhulu. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa ushaka we-fox shark omkhulu?
Isithombe: Ushaka we-fox onamehlo amakhulu avela eRed Book
Kumenyu ejwayelekile yabamele lolu hlobo:
- umbumbulu;
- i-hake;
- ingwane;
- izinkalankala.
Bayayithanda kakhulu i-mackerel - abacwaningi baze bathola nobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu base-mackerel nalaba oshaka. Lapho i-mackerel incipha engxenyeni ethile yolwandle, ungalindela inani loshaka bamehlo amakhulu abaseduze ukuba lehle eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
OLwandle iMedithera, bavame ukulandela imihlambi ye-tuna isikhathi eside, bebahlasela kanye ngosuku noma ezimbili - ngakho-ke abadingi ukufuna njalo inyamazane, ngoba lezi zikole zinkulu kakhulu, futhi oshaka abanamehlo amakhulu bangazondla kuphela izinyanga, kuyilapho iningi lomhlambi isinda ngokulingana.
Ekudleni kwabanye abantu, ama-mackerel noma i-tuna akha ngaphezu kwengxenye - noma kunjalo, adla nezinye izinhlanzi. Phakathi kwazo kukhona zombili izingwegwe zokudoba okwenziwa nge-pelagic nangaphansi - lo shaki uzingela bobabili ekujuleni, lapho uvame ukuhlala khona, futhi usondele phezulu.
Imvamisa zizingela ngababili noma ngeqembu elincane labantu abayi-3-6. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uzingele ngokuyimpumelelo, ngoba abazingeli abaningana ngasikhathi sinye bathula ukudideka okuningi futhi abavumeli izisulu ukuthi zithole ngokushesha lapho kufanele zibhukude khona, ngenxa yalokho ezikwazi ukubamba inyamazane enkulu kakhulu.
Yilapho imisila emide itholakala khona: ngabo oshaka bashaya isikole sezinhlanzi futhi baphoqelela inyamazane ukuba iduke isondele. Ukwenza lokhu kusuka ezinhlangothini eziningi ngasikhathi sinye, bathola iqembu elisondele kakhulu, futhi izisulu zabo zimangele ngenxa yokushaywa ngumsila wazo bese ziyeka ukuzama ukubaleka. Ngemuva kwalokho, oshaka bamane babhukude baye eqoqweni elakhiwe bese beqala ukushwabadela izinhlanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ushaka omkhulu we-fox shark ngaphansi kwamanzi
Abathandi amanzi afudumele, ngakho-ke usuku lusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwe-thermocline - ungqimba lwamanzi, lapho izinga lokushisa lalo lehla kakhulu. Imvamisa itholakala ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-250-400, lapho oshaka bebhukuda khona emanzini anezinga lokushisa elingu-5-12 ° C futhi bezizwa bekhulu ezimweni ezinjalo, futhi ukukhanya okuphansi akubaphazamisi.
Futhi ebusuku, uma kubanda, baya phezulu - lokhu kungenye yezinhlobo ezingavamile zoshaka, ezibonakala ngokufuduka kwansuku zonke. Ebumnyameni, zingabonakala ngisho naphezu kobuso bamanzi, yize zivame ukubhukuda ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50-100. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho zizingela khona, kanti phakathi nosuku ziphumula kakhulu.
Vele, uma inyamazane ihlangana nabo emini, bangaba nokudla okulula, kepha basebenze kakhulu ebusuku, kungalesi sikhathi lapho beba yizilwane ezidla ngokungenasihe, ezikwazi ukuba ngamajezi ngokuzumayo zilandela inyamazane kanye nokujika okungalindelekile. Bangaze bagxume ukuphuma emanzini uma bezingela eduze komhlaba. Kukuzikhathi ezinjengalezi lapho ushaka angabanjwa khona kwihuku, futhi uvame ukunamathela ngalo ngomphetho womsila wakhe, ashaya ngawo isicupho, azame ukuwumisa. Njengabanye oshaka abaningi, isifiso esinamehlo amakhulu sihle kakhulu futhi sidla izinhlanzi ngobuningi obukhulu.
Ukuhaha nakho kuyimvelo kuye: uma isisu sakhe sesivele sigcwele, futhi kusenezinhlanzi eziningi ezibambe ongezansi zibhukuda eduzane, angakuthulula ukuze aqhubeke nokudla. Kukhona nezimo ezaziwayo zokulwa kwezilwane phakathi koshaka abanamehlo amakhulu noshaka bezinye izinhlobo: imvamisa zinegazi kakhulu futhi zigcina ngokulimala kanzima komunye wabaphikisi, noma bobabili.
Yize benolaka olubi, cishe abayona ubungozi kubantu. Ukuhlaselwa kwalolu hlobo kubantu akubhalisiwe. Ngokuvamile bancamela ukubhukuda uma umuntu ezama ukusondela, ngakho-ke kunzima ukucabanga ngesimo lapho umuntu ezohlushwa amazinyo abo. Kepha ngombono lokhu kungenzeka, ngoba amazinyo abo makhulu futhi abukhali, ukuze bakwazi nokuluma isitho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: EsiNgisini, oshaka bezimpungushe babizwa ngokuthi thresher shark, okusho ukuthi, "thresher shark". Leli gama livela endleleni yabo yokuzingela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ushaka we-fox onamehlo amakhulu
Bahlala bodwa, baqoqa kuphela isikhathi sokuzingela, kanye nangesikhathi sokuzala. Kungenzeka nganoma iyiphi inkathi. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu, imibungu iqala idle isikhuphasha, futhi ngemuva kokuthi isikhwama se-yolk singenalutho, baqala ukudla amaqanda angenamvumba. Eminye imibungu ayidliwa, ngokungafani nabanye oshaka abaningi.
Akwaziwa ukuthi isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha isikhathi esingakanani, kepha lo shark uyi-viviparous, okungukuthi, gazinga lizalwa ngokushesha, futhi kunezimbalwa zazo - 2-4. Ngenxa yenani elincane lemibungu, oshaka abanamehlo amakhulu bazala kancane, kepha kukhona okuhlanganisiwe kulokhu - ubude boshaka abangakazalwa sekuvele buhlaba umxhwele, kungu-130-140 cm.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zingakwazi ukuzimela ngokushesha, futhi azesabi izidalwa eziningi ezihlukumeza oshaka bezinye izinhlobo ezinsukwini zokuqala noma emasontweni okuphila. Ngaphandle, sezivele zifana nse nomuntu omdala, ngaphandle kokuthi ikhanda libukeka likhudlwana uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba, namehlo agqame kakhulu ukwedlula oshaka abadala balezi zinhlobo.
Oshaka abanamehlo amakhulu bazalwa sebevele bembozwe izikali eziwugqinsi ezingasebenza njengesivikelo - ngakho-ke, i-oviduct kwabesifazane imbozwe izicubu ze-epithelial ezivela ngaphakathi, ziyivikele ekulimaleni emaphethelweni abukhali alezi zikali. Ngaphezu kwenani elincane loshaka abazalwa ngasikhathi sinye, kunenkinga eyodwa ebaluleke kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuzala kwabo: abesilisa bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili ngeminyaka eyishumi, nabesifazane eminyakeni embalwa kamuva. Uma ucabanga ukuthi baphila iminyaka eyi-15-20 kuphela, lokhu sekwephuze kakhulu, imvamisa abesifazane banesikhathi sokubeletha izikhathi ezingama-3-5.
Izitha zemvelo zoshaka be-fox abanamehlo amakhulu
Isithombe: Ushaka we-fox omkhulu
Abantu abadala banezitha ezimbalwa, kepha kukhona: okokuqala, lawa oshaka bezinye izinhlobo, ezinkulu. Bavame ukuhlasela "izihlobo" zabo futhi bazibulale, njengezinye izinhlanzi, ngoba kubo kuyisilwane esifanayo. Oshaka abanamehlo amakhulu bayakwazi ukuphunyuka kwabaningi babo ngenxa yejubane labo elikhulu nokuhamba kwabo, kodwa hhayi kubo bonke.
Okungenani, ngokuba seduze koshaka omkhulu, kufanele aqaphe. Lokhu kusebenza nakwabezizwe esikanye nabo: bayakwazi futhi ukuhlaselana. Lokhu akwenzeki kaningi, futhi imvamisa kuphela ngomehluko ofanele ngosayizi: umuntu omdala angazama nokudla omncane.
Imikhomo ebulalayo iyingozi kakhulu kubo: ekulweni nalezi zilwane ezinamandla futhi ezisheshayo, ushaka onamehlo amakhulu akanamathuba, ngakho-ke okusele nje ukuhlehla, ngokulambisa ukubona umkhomo obulalayo. Ushaka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uncintisana ngqo nesisulu esinamehlo amakhulu, ngakho-ke awahlali eduze.
Izibani zezibani zasolwandle aziyona ingozi kumuntu omdala, kepha ziyakwazi ukunqoba esikhulayo, futhi zihlasela ngosayizi ofanayo. Lapho zilunywa, zingenisa i-enzyme egazini eliyivimbelayo ukuthi ijiye, ukuze ngokushesha isisulu siqale ukuba buthakathaka ngenxa yokopha, futhi sibe isisulu esilula. Ngaphezu kwezitha ezinkulu, ushaka onamehlo amakhulu nezinambuzane ezifana nezikelemu noma ama-copepod ziyabahlupha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ushaka omkhulu we-fox
Kuwo wonke ama-20th century, ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kwaphawulwa, ngenxa yalokho izinhlobo zafakwa kwiRed Book njengezisengozini. Lawa ngamazinga aphansi kunawo wonke okongiwa kwalezi zinhlobo, futhi kusho ukuthi kusenobuncane oshaka abanamehlo amakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa uma ungathathi zinyathelo, bazoba ncipha.
Izinkinga zezinhlobo ikakhulukazi zibangelwa ukuzwela kwazo ekudobeni ngokweqile: ngenxa yokuzala okuphansi, ngisho nokubamba inani elilinganiselwe lezinye izinhlanzi kuba yingozi enkulu kubantu boshaka abanamehlo amakhulu. Futhi zisetshenziselwa ukudoba ngenjongo yokuhweba, futhi zisebenza njengenye yezinto zokudoba ezemidlalo.
Okubaluleke kakhulu amaphiko abo asetshenziselwa ukwenza isobho, uwoyela wesibindi, osetshenziselwa ukwenza amavithamini, nezikhumba zawo. Inyama ayaziswa kakhulu, ngoba ithambe kakhulu, ibukeka njengephalishi, futhi izakhiwo zayo zokunambitha zimaphakathi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, iyasetshenziswa futhi: isawoti, yomisiwe, iyabhema.
Laba oshaka babanjwa ngenkuthalo eTaiwan, Cuba, USA, Brazil, Mexico, Japan nakwamanye amazwe amaningi. Imvamisa bahlangana njengokubamba nje, futhi abadobi ababamba izinhlobo ezihluke ngokuphelele abazithandi kakhulu, ngoba kwesinye isikhathi bayawaklebula amanetha nge-fin yabo.
Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi nangenxa yokuthi amaphiko ayaziswa kakhulu kunakho konke, umkhuba wobuqaba wawuvame ukusabalala lapho ushaka onamehlo amakhulu abanjwa njengokubanjwa ngokudotshwa kunqunywa amaphiko, futhi isidumbu saphonswa sabuyela olwandle - impela, wafa. Manje icishe yaqedwa, yize kwezinye izindawo lokhu kusenziwa.
Ukuvikelwa koshaka be-fox abanamehlo amakhulu
Isithombe: Ushaka we-fox onamehlo amakhulu avela eRed Book
Kuze kube manje, izinyathelo zokuvikela lezi zinhlobo azanele ngokwanele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kusohlwini lwabasemngciphekweni, futhi bavikelekile ngokuyinsalela ngemuva kwalezo zinhlobo usongo olunamandla kuzo, futhi neqiniso lokuthi abahlali bolwandle ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukuvikela ekuzingelweni ngokungemthetho.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kunenkinga yokufuduka kwalaba oshaka: uma emanzini esimo esithile bevikelwe ngandlela thile, khona-ke emanzini esinye, akukho ukuvikelwa kwabo okunganikezwa nhlobo. Noma kunjalo, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhlu lwamazwe athatha izinyathelo zokuvikela lolu hlobo luba lude.
E-United States, ukudoba kunqunyelwe futhi akuvunyelwe ukusika amaphiko - kufanele kusetshenziswe sonke isidumbu sikashaka obanjiwe. Imvamisa kuba lula ukumkhulula uma ebanjwa njengodotshwe ngenhloso kunokulandela lo mthetho kadokotela. Emazweni aseYurophu aseMedithera, kunenqwaba yamanetha okudoba kanye nezinye izinto zokudoba ezidala umonakalo omkhulu koshaka abanamehlo amakhulu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Njengabanye oshaka abaningi, izimpungushe ezinamehlo amakhulu zingahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside. Lesi silwane esidlayo kungenzeka singakhathazeki ngokudla amasonto noma izinyanga. Isisu sikhipha ngokushesha, kepha ngemuva kwalokho umzimba ushintshela komunye umthombo wamandla - uwoyela ophuma esibindini. Isibindi ngokwaso sikhulu kakhulu, futhi kungakhishwa inani elikhulu ngokungavamile lamandla alo.
Lokhu kukhula kancane kancane futhi kuzala okuncane ushaka omkhulu wamehlo omkhulu ayikwazi ukumelana nengcindezi yomuntu: noma ukudotshwa kwayo kungasebenzi kangako, inani laso lehla unyaka nonyaka. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuthathwe izinyathelo ezengeziwe zokuyivikela, ngaphandle kwalokho uhlobo luzoba sengozini yokuqothulwa emashumini ambalwa eminyaka.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06.11.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 03.09.2019 ngo-22: 21
