Shrew (Sorex) isilwane esincane esidla izinambuzane somndeni okhuthele. Bahlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi enyakatho Nenkabazwe, ikakhulukazi emahlathini nasetundra. Lolu hlobo lubandakanya abawinile ezigabeni ezincelisayo "ezincane kunazo zonke" futhi "ezinamandla kakhulu". Inselele umthetho kaBergman futhi ukhombise umphumela weDenel. Sekukonke, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-70 kuhlobo lozalo, zazo eRussia - izinhlobo eziyi-15 - 17.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Shrew
Igama lesiLatin lohlobo lo livela egameni elisho "ukuhleba, ukutshiyoza, ukubhuza". Lokhu kubhekisa emisindweni eyenziwa izilwane ngesikhathi sokushayisana. Igama lesiRussia lohlobo lohlobo linikezwa umbala obomvu onsundu weziqongo zamazinyo.
Kunezinhlobo ngezinhlobo zesakhiwo samazinyo, okunzima kakhulu kumuntu ojwayelekile. I-taxonomy yathuthukiswa kahle, namuhla kunezigaba ezahlukahlukene, ngokusho kwesinye sazo, amaqenjana amathathu ahlukile.
Ividiyo: Shrew
Kepha ngokuya kwesinye - ezine:
- izinhlobo zemvelaphi engaziwa, kufaka phakathi isikhunta esincane (iSorex minutissimus) - impela, isilwane esincelisayo esincane kunazo zonke eRussia nesesibili emhlabeni, sincane kunaleso okuyi-shrew encane (shrew) yensimbi efanayo;
- i-subgenus Sorex, okuyi-shrew ejwayelekile okungokwayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-shrew (i-Sorex araneus) - ummeleli osabalele kakhulu nojwayelekile wohlobo kanye nesilwane esincelisayo esiningi kakhulu enyakatho yeYurophu;
- i-subgenus Ognevia enomuntu oyedwa, kodwa omkhulu kunabo bonke, omele - i-giant shrew (iSorex mirabilis);
- I-subgenus i-Otisorex ifaka phakathi izinhlobo zezilwane zaseNyakatho Melika kanye nesilwane esincelisayo esincane kunazo zonke, i-American pygmy shrew (Sorex hoyi).
Izinsalela zasendulo zibuyela e-Upper Eocene, isikhathi lapho kuvela khona imiyalo yesimanje yezilwane ezincelisayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhinjana
Ekuboneni kokuqala, lezi zilwane zibukeka njengamagundane, kepha zingezokuhleleka okuhluke ngokuphelele - izinambuzane. Isakhiwo somzimba uma sihlolisiswa sihluke kakhulu kwesamagundane. Okokuqala, kunekhanda elikhulu ngokwedlulele elinesifonyo eselulwa ku-proboscis eliguquguqukayo. Isilwane sihlala sihamba, sihogela ngaphandle sifuna inyamazane. Izindlebe zincane, cishe aziphumi koboya. Amehlo amancane, awanakho ukukhuluma ngokuphelele.
Uma sibabheka njengesibuko somphefumulo, khona-ke isikulufu cishe asinamphefumulo - yonke imicabango yesilwane imayelana nesinkwa sansuku zonke kuphela. Kodwa izilwane ezincane ezinjalo azinakuba ngenye indlela, zilahlekelwa ukushisa okuningi uma ziqhathaniswa nezikhulu, zihlala zidinga ukuvuselelwa kwamandla kwezinqubo ze-metabolic, ezinesivinini esibi. "Isisindo esincane - ukudla okuningi" - lokhu kungumthetho ojwayelekile wazo zonke izilwane ezinegazi elifudumele. Izingane zinamazinyo angama-32, njengomuntu, kepha ama-incisors, ikakhulukazi aphansi, made kakhulu. Amazinyo obisi athathelwa indawo lawo ahlala njalo ngisho nasembungwini, ukuze isilwane sizalwe sesivele sihlome ngokuphelele ngawo wonke amazinyo.
Ubude bomzimba (ngaphandle komsila) ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene bungaba kusuka ku-4 cm ku-shrew encane, kuze kufike ku-10 cm ku-giant; ububanzi busuka ku-1.2 - 4 g kuye ku-14 g, ngokulandelana. Usayizi ojwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo, we-shrew ejwayelekile ngu-6 - 9 cm kanye nomsila ka-3 - 5.5 cm.Umzimba umbozwe ngoboya obukhulu be-velvet, unamathela phezulu, ukuze isikhuni singakwazi ukuphululwa kuzinhlamvu. Umbala woboya ohlangothini olungenhla ubomvu ngokubomvu, nsundu noma mpunga futhi uzifihla kahle isilwane emhlabathini, ohlangothini olungezansi umzimba umpunga okhanyayo.
Umsila ungaba mfushane kakhulu noma ucishe ulingane nomzimba, umbozwe izinwele ezincanyana. Ezinhlangothini nasesansi komsila, kuvame ukuba nezindlala ezikhipha uketshezi olunuka kamnandi lwe-musky oluvikela isikhunta ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Abesifazane banezingono eziyisithupha kuya kweziyishumi. Kwabesilisa, ama-testes atholakala ngaphakathi komzimba, futhi isitho se-copulatory singafinyelela ku-2/3 wobude bomzimba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ugebhezi lwesikhonkwane lufana nonxantathu olengisiwe - lunendawo enwetshiwe yobuchopho futhi luncishisiwe lubheke ekhaleni, ukuze imihlathi ifane nodlawana. Ngobusika, ukhakhayi luyancipha, kunciphise ivolumu yengxenye yobuchopho, ehlobo iyanda (okubizwa nge- "Danel effect"). Ingqondo yakha u-10% wesisindo sesilwane sonke, futhi lesi silinganiso siphezulu kunesomuntu noma, ngisho nedonphin. Ngokusobala, isidingo esiqhubekayo sokubhekana nezinkinga zokudla sinomthelela ekukhuleni kobuchopho.
Uhlala kuphi?
Isithombe: Shrew eRussia
Ububanzi bohlobo buhlanganisa ikakhulukazi izindawo ezingaphansi komhlaba nezipholile kuwo wonke amazwekazi enyakatho yezwe. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu eziningi, njengeCentral America noma i-Asia Ephakathi, izigaxa zitholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme.
Ummeleli ojwayelekile, isikebhe esivamile, uyindawo eguquguqukayo kunazo zonke futhi evunyelaniswa nempilo ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo kusuka ethafeni elisenyakatho kuya emathafeni asethafeni, lapho ekhetha khona amathafa ezikhukhula nezimfunda ezinde zotshani ukuze kuhlalwe kuzo. Izilwane azizithandi izindawo ezivulekile, azikwazi ukuma ngqo elangeni - izindawo zazo eziyintandokazi zihlala zinomthunzi futhi zimanzi. Ebusika bahlala ngaphansi kweqhwa, cishe abaze beze phezulu.
Maphakathi neRussia, izikhukhula ezivamile zitholakala yonke indawo emahlathini nasemapaki, ikakhulukazi agcwele utshani, ezinotshani obuminyene nongqimba olugcwele lodoti wasehlathini. Bahlala osebeni lwamachibi amile emahlathini ezimila zasogwini, eduze kwamaxhaphozi. Kepha zivamile ezindlini zokuhlala zasehlobo ezilinyiwe, okuqinisekiswa ngamakati eziletha njengezisulu. Badonseka ikakhulukazi ezindlini zabantu ngobusuku obandulela ubusika, lapho bekwazi nokungena ezindlini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zihlala etundra nasezinkangala, zikhuthazelela amakhaza ashubile enkabeni yeSiberia, yize, kubonakala sengathi kufanele alwele ukufudumala izindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo lwe-American ash shrew (i-Sorex cinereus) lukhombisile ukuthi buqamama nenyakatho abahlala kuyo, kuncane ubukhulu bomzimba wezilwane. Lokhu kuphikisana nomthetho owaziwayo waseBergman, ngokusho ukuthi ubukhulu babantu ezindaweni ezibandayo zebanga kufanele bukhuphuke.
Manje uyazi ukuthi isikhinjana sitholakalaphi. Ake sibone ukuthi lesilwane sidlani.
Yini edliwa yi-shrew?
Isithombe: Shrew from the Red Book
Lapho kufunwa ukudla, ama-shrew aqondiswa umuzwa ojulile wephunga nokuzwa okuhle; ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa i-echolocation. Ukudla kwezilwane, njengokudla okunomsoco kakhulu, kwakha isisekelo sokudla. Isikhwama sidla konke esingakubamba futhi sikuququde ngamazinyo aso abukhali ngokukhethekile - izinaliti.
Kungaba:
- noma iziphi izinambuzane kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula, i-coleoptera, i-dipterans ne-lepidoptera, nezinye izibungu ziyadliwa;
- izicabucabu;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- ama-molluscs, kufaka phakathi ama-slugs, lapho i-shrews ikweleta khona izibungu;
- ezinye ezingenamgogodla; isibonelo, i-kivsaki, edliwa yi-giant shrew;
- amawundlu amagundane e-murine;
- ama-amphibians amancane;
- isidumbu, njengenyoni noma igundane;
- ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ubamba umuntu amazimuzimu, edla ngisho nezingane zakhe;
- ebusika kudla ukudla kwezitshalo, ikakhulukazi imbewu ye-conifer, engenza uhhafu wokudla;
- kudla futhi amakhowe nodoti.
Ekufuneni ukudla, lenza izindinyana ezinamagatsha amancane eqhweni. Inani lokudla okudliwe ngosuku liphindwe izikhathi ezi-2 kuye kwezingu-4 kunesisindo sesilwane uqobo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Shrew Common
Okufundwa kakhulu ngumakhelwane wethu osondelene kakhulu nomhlaba wemvelo - isikebhe esivamile. Sisebenzisa isibonelo sakhe, sizobheka ukuthi lezi zilwane zihlala kanjani nokuthi zenzani. I-shrew inobungcweti futhi iyashesha. Yize imilenze yayo ibuthakathaka, ihamba ngesankahlu otshanini nakudoti wehlathi oxegayo, icwila ngaphansi kwegxolo eliwile kanye ne-brushwood, ingagibela onqenqemeni lwezihlahla, ibhukude igxume. Akabambi imigodi, kepha usebenzisa amapaseji abanye abantu angaphansi komhlaba, akanandaba nombono womnikazi. Imvuthuluka ehahayo iqhutshwa ukufunwa kwesisu nokufa ngenxa yendlala kungokoqobo kakhulu kuye kunokuvela emazinyweni omzingeli. Ngaphandle kokudla, ufa ngemuva kwamahora ayi-7 - 9, nezinhlobo ezincane - ngemuva kuka-5.
Ngaphezu kwengxenye yesikhathi, u-66.5%, isilwane sichitha ukunyakaza nasekufuneni okuqhubekayo kokudla. Ngemuva kokudla, uyalala, futhi ngemuva kokulala, uyofuna ukudla futhi imijikelezo enjalo emini ingaba kusuka ku-9 kuye ku-15, ukubambezeleka okuncane kulo mjikelezo kuzomlahlekisela impilo yakhe. Ngesikhathi sokuseshwa uhamba amabanga afinyelela ku-2,5 km ngosuku. Lapho ukudla kuphelile, kuya kwezinye izindawo.
Ekwindla, futhi ikakhulukazi ebusika, isikhwama sinciphisa umsebenzi, kepha asifihli ubusika bonke. Ingane nje ayikwazi ukuqongelela izinqolobane ezanele zasebusika futhi iphoqeleka ukuthi ijike noma kubanda. Kuyamangaza ukuthi uze asinde kuze kufike intwasahlobo. I-Molting yenzeka ngo-Ephreli-Meyi nango-Septhemba-Okthoba, njengabo bonke abahlali bezindawo ezinesimo sezulu sonyaka. Ebusika, isikhumba siba lula. Imisindo ingachazwa njengokuncinza, ama-tweets, noma izigaxa ezicashile. Ishicilelwa ikakhulukazi emhlanganweni nasempini elandelayo.
Iqiniso elihehayo: I-shrew encane idla izikhathi ezingama-120 njalo emizuzwini eyi-10 kuya kwengu-50 emini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlala endaweni ebandayo yase-Eurasia kunesikhotha esivamile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Shrew cub
Izikhutha azihlali ndawonye futhi lapho zihlangana, zikhombisa ulaka, zihlaselana ngokukhala futhi zikhipha iphunga lazo lokuhweba. Umlingani wesilisa nowesifazane umzuzwana nje omfushane wokukhwelana, lapho inkemba evamile ingenzeka khona izikhathi ezi-3 noma ezi-4 kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya ku-Okthoba.
Ngemuva kokuhlangana, insikazi ithola isiphunzi esidala, i-hummock, isiqu, umgodi ongenalutho noma isixha sezinkuni bese wenza isidleke ngotshani, ubulembu noma amaqabunga. Isidleke siyindilinga ngesikhala esingu-8-10 cm ububanzi. Cishe ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, insikazi izala (3) 6 - 8 (11) izingane. Ithole linesisindo esingaba ngu-0.5 g, ubude bungaphansi kuka-2 cm, aluboni, alunazinwele ngisho ne-proboscis. Kepha ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-22 - 25, isizukulwane esisha sesikulungele ngokuphelele impilo ezimele, kanti owesifazane ukulungele ukukhiqizwa kabusha okusha.
Abancane bavuthwa ngokocansi ngonyaka olandelayo, yize udoti wokuqala wasentwasahlobo ukwazi ukuzala ezinyangeni ezintathu noma ezine. Ukushesha kunesizathu - izilwane ezisebenza kakhulu azihlali ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-2. Lokho kujwayelekile kuwo wonke amalungu ohlobo lohlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma isidleke sisengozini, umama namathole amancane ezinhlobo ezithile (common shrew, ash shrew) bakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izindwendwe" - ingane yokuqala ibamba umama ngomsila, bonke ngokufanayo banamathelana. Ngakho-ke bahamba befuna ikhava ephephile. Kunombono ohlukile wokuthi bafunda indawo ezungezile, indlela abaziphatha ngayo, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, "ukuvakasha kwemvelo."
Izitha zemvelo zama-shrews
Isithombe: Grey shrew
Wonke umuntu unezitha, ngisho nalezi zingane ezithukuthele nezinukayo. Abanye bavele bababulale, kanti abanye bangabadla, uma bengenawo umuzwa omuhle wokuhogela.
It:
- izidalwa ezincelisayo, kufaka phakathi amakati afuywayo, ajwayele ukushiya inyamazane yawo ngaphandle kokudla;
- izikhova ezibadlayo naphezu kwephunga;
- oklebe nezinye izidalwa zasemini;
- onogolantethe;
- izinyoka nezinye izinyoka;
- izinhlanzi ezidlayo zibamba izilwane zokubhukuda;
- izigaxa ngokwazo ziyingozi komunye nomunye;
- izimuncagazi (helminths, amazenze nokunye) zilimaza impilo kakhulu.
AmaShrews ngokuvamile ahlalisana ngokuthula nabantu, yize kunjalo angawela ngaphansi kokusatshalaliswa ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa kwamaphekula kumagundane namagundane. Noma kunjalo, abantu badala umonakalo omkhulu ngokungaqondile - ngokushintsha indawo yokuhlala ngokugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha, besebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho kufundwa ngesinye sezinhlobo zesikhunta esivamile, izinhlobo eziyi-15 ze-helminths zitholakale emvuthuluka, ezembungu eziyindilinga neziyisicaba. Isifanekiso esisodwa sasiqukethe izibungu ezihlukene ezingama-497. Nasi isibonelo esijwayelekile sokuvumelana emvelweni!
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhinjana
Ubukhulu bezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezahlukene buhluka kakhulu. Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu futhi ezijwayelekile ze-Eurasia, i-common shrew, zingaba nesibalo sezinhlobo ezingama-200 - 600 ehektheleni ngalinye. Ukudla okuningi nezindawo zokufihla indawo yokuhlala, kukwanda kwabantu. Izindawo ezifanayo zase-Eurasia ezindaweni ezincane, ezincane, ezinamazinyo anezinyosi nezinye eziningi. Izindawo ezinkulu ezinabantu abaningi ezihlanganisa izindawo ezinezimbali nezamahlathi zivamile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zaseMelika.
Ezinye izinhlobo ziseduze kakhulu, njengesihlangu seCaucasus esihlala emahlathini aseCaucasus naseTranscaucasia noma eKamchatka asuka eKamchatka nasogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Kepha kuyaqabukela, bambalwa ngenombolo futhi batholakala endaweni encane, akuvamile kangako. Amazwe ahlukene anezinkinga zawo.
Izincwadi zeRed Data Books zaseRussia zifaka:
- i-shrew encane (S. minutissimus) ivikelwe ezifundeni zaseMoscow, eRyazan, Tver, Kaluga;
- i-shreded shrew (S. unguiculatus) kanye ne-thin-nose shrew (Sorex gracillimus) zifakiwe kwiRed Book yesiFunda sase-Amur;
- i-Radde shrew (S. raddei) e-KK yamariphabhulikhi amaningi aseNyakatho yeCaucasus;
- i-shrew encane (S. minutus) iyindlala yaseCrimea. Kunoma ikuphi, kufakwe kwiRed Book yaseMoscow, njengenkomba yamahlathi asinde esimweni esingaphazanyiswa. Noma ngokuvamile akukho okusongela izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo;
- isikulufa esinamazinyo afanayo (S. isodon) sivikelwe esifundeni saseMoscow naseKarelia. Le ndawo ihlanganisa indawo yehlathi lase-Eurasia kusukela eScandinavia kuya olwandle iPacific.
Ukuvikelwa kwezinsimbi
Isithombe: Shrew from the Red Book
Kunohlobo olulodwa kuphela eNcwadini Ebomvu yaseRussia: i-giant shrew. Ngempela, omele omkhulu kunabo bonke bohlobo. Isigaba 3 yizinhlobo ezingavamile ezinenqwaba ephansi nebanga elilinganiselwe. Iwela esigabeni esiphansi sengozi yi-IUCN. Ohlala emahlathini ahlabayo futhi ahlanganisiwe eSouthern Primorye, atholakala ezindaweni ezintathu kuphela: eziqiwini zeLazovsky neKedrovaya Pad, kanye naseLake Hanka.
Uhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN lubandakanya:
- I-Great-toothed shrew (S. macrodon) iyinhlobo esengozini enebanga elinciphayo. Izindawo eziningana zaziwa ezintabeni zaseMexico emahlathini ezindaweni eziphakeme ezisuka ku-1200 kuye kuma-2600 m. Zitholakala endaweni engama-6400 km², indawo elinganiselwa ku-33627 km²;
- I-shrew yezintaba zaseCarmen (S. milleri) iyinhlobo esengozini. Kwenzeka emahlathini asezintabeni aseMexico ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingama-2400 - 3700 m.Indawo elinganiselwa ku-11703 km²;
- IPribilofskaya shrew (S. pribilofensis) iyinhlobo esengozini yokutholakala etholakala emadlelweni asogwini kuphela kwesinye seziQhingi zasePribilof (USA) oLwandle iBering. Indawo yesiqhingi ingama-90 km². Inani lezinhlobo zezinhlobo lingu-10,000 - 19,000;
- I-Sklater shrew (S. sclateri) iyinhlobo esengozini ebucayi. Kunezindawo eziyi-2-3 ezaziwayo eMexico. Uhlala emahlathini anciphayo. Akukho okwaziwayo ngenombolo;
- iSan cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) iyinhlobo esengozini ebucayi. Uhlala emahlathini asezintabeni manzi. Kukhona indawo eyodwa eyaziwa eMexico, ngenhlanhla endaweni evikelekile.
Izindlela zokuvikela akuzona ezasekuqaleni: ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezingaphazanyiswa, lapho izilwane zingahlala khona ngamanani anele ukuzala. Imvelo izonda igebe. Noma iyiphi i-niche yemvelo kufanele ihlale, futhi nezidalwa ezinjalo zesikhashana ezikhona onqenqemeni lwamathuba egazi elifudumele ziyazitholela indawo. Masingabi ngaphansi kwelanga, kepha emthunzini wezinye izinto eziphilayo - into eyinhloko yilokho shrew angaphila.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.11.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 02.09.2019 ngo-23: 06
