Umbuso wamakhowe uhlukile futhi muhle kakhulu, kepha mhlawumbe omele futhi odume kakhulu yi-cep (Latin Bolétus edúlis). Inokubukeka okukhangayo futhi ijwayelekile ekuphekeni, njengoba inokunambitheka okungavamile. Amakhowe amhlophe, abizwa nangokuthi i-boletus, i-ladybug, i-capercaillie, ephuzi, ungummeleli womndeni wakwaBoletaceae, umnyango we-basidiomycetes. "Osaziwayo basehlathini" baziwa abaningi, ngoba imvamisa iwela kubhasikidi abacosha amakhowe.
Incazelo
Isici esihlukile se-porcini mushroom umbala wayo, ongaguquki nangemva kokucutshungulwa: ukomiswa noma ukosa. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, ikhowe le-porcini lithole igama lalo ngenxa yokunambitheka kwalo okungenakuqhathaniswa (uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amalungu omndeni, okuthi, ngaphezu kwalokho, abe nombala omnyama esikhunjeni).
Ikhowe le-porcini linesakhiwo esilandelayo: umlenze, uginindela, ikepisi nesembozo. Isici ngasinye sidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni komzimba. Ake sihlolisise ngayinye yazo:
Isigqoko - ikhowe le-porcini lithandwa kakhulu ngabantu ngenxa yephunga laso elibucayi nokunambitheka okumnandi. Isigqoko sosaziwayo basehlathini sikhula ngobubanzi ukusuka ku-7 kuye ku-30 cm (ezimweni ezingavamile kuze kufike ku-50 cm) futhi sinombala ogqamile onsundu onsundu.
Ukuze kutholakale isikhathi sempilo yefungus, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlole ngokucophelela ikepisi: ezintweni eziphilayo ezincane kuyinkomba, njengokungathi idonswa, kubantu abadala futhi ivuthwe ngokweqile, iyabhebheka futhi yeluleke kakhulu. Ukuba wusizo kwengxenye yomzimba othelayo kuyashintsha kusuka ezimweni zezulu, ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi sesomiso kanye nemimoya enamandla, ingaphezulu lingahle liqhephuke noma limbozwe ngocingo lwemibimbi emihle; ngesikhathi semvula, ifilimu yamafinyila ingakha. Ezimweni eziningi, ikepisi lamakhowe libukeka libushelelezi, licocekile, futhi lithambile uma lithintwa ngombala velvety. Umbala wengxenye yomzimba othelayo (ungaba nsundu ngokubomvu noma ube mhlophe obisi) nokuqina kwawo kuncike ebudaleni.
- I-Pulp - ukuqonda ukuthi ngabe amakhowe asevuthiwe yini, kwanele ukuhlola uginindela wawo: kufanele ube mkhulu, ube namanzi futhi ube nenyama, futhi-ke, ube mhlophe. Izitshalo ezivuthwe ngokweqile zinombala ophuzi kanye nesakhiwo "esiyisisekelo" esinemicu ethe xaxa.
- Umlenze - ikhowe eligcwele eligcwele linomlenze ongaba ngu-12 cm ukuphakama (izitshalo ezide zifinyelela ku-25 cm). Ububanzi bengxenye yomzimba othelayo bungahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-7 kuye kwayi-10. Ukunquma ukuthi imuphi amakhowe ophambi kwakho, bheka isiqu sawo: kubamele abamhlophe bomndeni wakwaBoletaceae, unomumo ofana nomgqomo (omise okwekilabhu). Umbala wayo ungahluka kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kobunsundu ngokujulile ngamabala abomvu ajulile.
- I-Bedspread ne-spore powder - kumakhowe we-porcini, kunezisekelo ezihlanzekile ngokuphelele zemilenze, okukhombisa ukungabi khona kwezinsalela zengubo. Ngokuqondene ne-spore powder, ine-hue enamanzi omnqumo onsundu, futhi izinhlamvu zimise okokuphotha futhi zincane kakhulu ngosayizi.
I-porcini mushroom ingummeleli oyingqayizivele osetshenziswa ngenkuthalo ekuphekeni nakweminye imikhakha. Kepha okubi okukhulu ukuthi emvelweni kukhona okuthiwa "amakhowe wamanga we-porcini", okudingayo ukuthi ufunde ukuwahlonza, ngaphandle kwalokho umphumela ngeke umjabulise otomula amakhowe.
Izinhlobo
Amakhowe amhlophe alahlekelwe ukuthandwa kwawo amashumi amaningi eminyaka. Kepha kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kunezinhlobonhlobo zamakhowe we-porcini okungafanele adidaniswe.
Amakhowe amhlophe akhishiwe
I-boletus esekhulile ikhula ngomlenze oyindilinga kanye nokepisi, ububanzi bayo busuka kumasentimitha ayisithupha kuya kwayi-30. Amakhowe enetha anenyama emhlophe. Ngokuya ngendawo, i-boletus ivuthwa ngoJuni-Septhemba. Amahlathi e-Beech, chestnut kanye ne-oki atholakala e-Afrika, eYurophu naseMelika athathwa njengezindawo ezivame kakhulu ukukhula kwesitshalo.
I-birch mushroom emhlophe
Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-spikelets. Ukuze uhlukanise i-birch mushroom, kwanele ukubheka umbala wayo, njengomthetho, ulula. Isigqoko se-spikelet sifinyelela ku-5-15 cm ububanzi, isiqu simise umgqomo futhi sinombala omhlophe omuhle. Akumangalisi ukuthi ikhowe le-porcini litholakala kuphela ngaphansi kwezingodo. Ngakho-ke, zonke izindawo lapho kukhula izihlahla ezinjalo zingathathwa njengezindawo zokukhula kwesitshalo.
I-oki cep
Isigqoko esinsundu esinombala ompunga yisici esiyinhloko esihlukanisa amakhowe e-oak porcini. Amakhowe anenyama ekhululekile futhi agxilwe kakhulu emahlathini e-oki aseCaucasus.
I-Pine porcini mushroom
Imvamisa ibizwa nangokuthi i-boletus ethanda uphayini. Izici ezihlukile ziyisigqoko esikhulu semithunzi emnyama (kwesinye isikhathi iba nsomi), inyama ebomvu ngokugqamile, onsundu noma omhlophe omfishane, umlenze ojiyile. Ungahlangana nekhowe emahlathini kaphayini eYurophu nase-Asia, kanye naseMelika.
Ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi mushroom white
Lolu hlobo lungenye yezinto ezivame kakhulu. Amakhowe anesigqoko esibomvu ngokubomvu, umlenze omude futhi ojiyile. Ungathola osaziwayo basehlathini eYurophu.
Ikhowe elimnyama lepende le-porcini
Izici ezihlukile ze-boletus yaleli qembu umbala omnyama womlenze nokhiye, ukwakheka okuyindilinga kwengxenye yomzimba othelayo, kumhlophe futhi kumnandi ku-pulp wokunambitha. Imvamisa, amakhowe anombala wethusi angatholakala eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, emahlathini e-oki nasema-beech.
Ikhula kuphi?
Inzuzo enkulu yamakhowe we-porcini ukusatshalaliswa kwawo okubanzi. Zikhula cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi eplanethi, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia. IYurophu, iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, iJapane, iChina, iMexico, iCaucasus, iKamchatka, iRussia, iBritish Isles yizona zindawo lapho kutholakala khona amakhowe e-porcini.
Ikhula nini?
Usayizi, umbala, izici zokwakheka - konke kuncike endaweni lapho ikhowe le-porcini likhula khona. Isikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo siqala ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Ngo-Okthoba-Novemba, amahlumela amakhowe avela ngobuningi. Amakhowe asePorcini avuthwa isikhathi eside. Zikhula emindenini ephelele noma emakholoni ayizindandatho. Kungakho, lapho ubona "umndeni" ophelele wamakhowe we-boletus, isikhethi samakhowe nakanjani sizoba nomoya omuhle.
Amalungu omndeni oshiwo angakhula emahlathini ahlabayo, ama-coniferous, namahlathi ahlanganisiwe. Zigxile ngaphansi kophayini, ama-birches, ama-spruces, ama-oki, ama-firs, ama-hornbeams. Kunconywa ukuqoqa amakhowe kulezo zindawo lapho kukhula khona ubulembu nobulembu, kanye nenhlabathi e-loamy, sandy, sandy loam. I-Boletus icishe ingakhuli emaxhaphozini nasezindaweni eziphikisanayo. Amakhowe athanda ukukhanya, awawuthandi umhlabathi ogcwele amanzi namazinga okushisa omoya aphansi.
Amakhowe amhlophe abuye abonakale ehlathini-ehlathini nasehlathini, kanti ezindaweni ezingamathafa akunangqondo ukuthola amakhowe amhlophe.
Ungahlukanisa kanjani ikhowe elimhlophe kokungelona iqiniso?
Ngokwemvelo, kukhona into enjengokuthi "amakhowe amhlophe amanga". Lolu uhlobo oluhlukile lwezitshalo ezingezansi ezingadideka kalula ngokudla okungaba khona. Abantu babiza i-porcini mushroom yamanga nge-gorchak. Kunokwehluka okuningana okuyinhloko, lapho unganquma uhlobo lwabamele umbuso wamakhowe:
- Sika Umbala - Ukunquma ukuthi imuphi amakhowe owukhethile, udinga ukuwasika. Inyama yekhowe langempela ihlala imhlophe, kuyilapho ungqimba olungaphakathi lomzimba othelayo womunyu luzokwenza mnyama lube nombala onsundu ngokubomvana.
- Ukwakheka komlenze - ukhunta lwenyongo kunesakhiwo esithakazelisa kakhulu somlenze - kunephethini eyingqayizivele efana nomeshini (i-boletus ayinayo le).
- I-Hymenophore - kusikhunta esimhlophe samanga, ungqimba lwe-tubular lunombala obomvana, esitshalweni sangempela esidliwayo sinombala ophuzi noma omhlophe.
- Nambitha - umunyu kulula ukuwubona ngokunambitha isidlo esilungiselelwe kuso. Amakhowe wamanga anokunambitheka okumunyu, okungathandeki okungaguquki ngokwelashwa kokushisa noma ukuthosa. I-boletus emhlophe inephunga elimnandi nokunambitheka okubabayo.
Kususwe amakhowe wamanga
IGorchak - okuphindwe kabili okungadliwa kwekhowe le-porcini
Ukuze ungaphazami futhi ungaphakeli isidlo esinganambitheki etafuleni, abaqoqi bamakhowe be-novice kufanele bazijwayeze ngokucophelela umehluko omkhulu ophakathi kwamakhowe we-porcini nentukuthelo.
Izici ezizuzisayo
Ikhowe le-porcini liwumthombo wezinto eziwusizo, kufaka phakathi amavithamini A, C, B1, D, kanye ne-ascorbic acid, i-selenium, i-calcium, i-iron, i-phytohormones, i-ergothioneine. Lesi sitshalo siqukethe into eyingqayizivele encibilikiswa ngamanzi - i-riboflavin, ebhekele impilo nokukhula kwesikhumba, izinwele, izipikili nokuqinisa amasosha omzimba ngokujwayelekile. Le nto isiza ukuthuthukisa isimo sendlala yegilo nokugcina imisebenzi yayo.
Izici ezizuzisayo zamakhowe we-porcini zifaka phakathi ukugqugquzela uketshezi lwamajusi wokugaya ukudla. Ukwakhiwa kuqukethe namaminerali, kufaka phakathi isibabule nama-polysaccharides. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhowe e-porcini kunomthelela ekuvikeleni umdlavuza.
Ukwakheka okuyingqayizivele kwamakhowe e-boletus kunikeza imiphumela elwa nokutheleleka, ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba, imiphumela ye-tonic ne-antitumor. Amakhowe angumthombo omuhle kakhulu wamaprotheni anempilo, inqobo nje uma ukudla kulungiswa ngokudla okwenziwe ngaphambilini.
Usaziwayo wasehlathini uqukethe i-lecithin, emelana nokufakwa kwe-cholesterol ezindongeni zemithambo yegazi futhi ekhonjelwa izifo ezifana ne-atherosclerosis kanye ne-anemia. Ama-amino acid awusizo, nawo, akhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kwamaseli, ngenxa yalokho, ayazuzisa izinso, amehlo, umnkantsha kanye nesibindi somuntu.
Ukudla amakhowe e-porcini entwasahlobo nasekwindla kunganikeza umzimba ukuvikeleka kumagciwane ahlukahlukene, amabhaktheriya, ama-carcinogens kanye nesikhunta. Ama-enzyme afakiwe ekwakhiweni asiza ekonakaleni kwe-fiber, i-glycogen namafutha. Ngaphambi kokudla amakhowe, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kungukudla okunzima ngokweqile, ngakho-ke kufanele kudliwe kancane futhi mhlawumbe neminye imifino.
Ikhowe le-porcini nalo liyabaluleka ngezindawo zalo zokuphulukisa. Kwezokwelapha, izidakamizwa zenziwa ngayo ukwenza ngcono imetabolism, ngokuqhekeka nofuba. Ukudla okumisiwe kusetshenziselwa ukwelapha i-angina pectoris. Izithako zeBorovik zisetshenziselwa izilonda kanye nesithwathwa.
Izimo
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-mushroom emhlophe iyadliwa, nayo ingafakwa ushevu futhi kuneziphikiso eziningi ekusetshenzisweni kwe-boletus. Okokuqala, izingane nabesifazane abakhulelwe kufanele bayeke izitsha eziqukethe amakhowe e-porcini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amakhowe aqukethe i-chitin, okunzima kakhulu ukuyigaya futhi idale umthwalo owengeziwe ezinsweni nasesimisweni sokugaya ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njenganoma yimuphi omunye umkhiqizo, i-boletus ingadala ukusabela okweqile.
Ukuphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwamakhowe we-porcini:
- izifo ezibucayi zomgudu wamathumbu, isibindi;
- ubudala kuze kube yiminyaka engu-12-14;
- ethwele ingane.
Ungathola ubuthi ngamakhowe e-porcini uma upheka i- "porcini mushroom yamanga", eyenzeka kaningi ngenxa yabavuni bamakhowe abangenangqondo nabangenalwazi.
Ukukhula ekhaya
Indlela ethembeke kakhulu nephephile yokuthola amakhowe amasha, anobungani bemvelo futhi athembekile ukuzikhulisa ngokwakho. Eqinisweni, ubuchwepheshe bokuzalisa i-boletus ekhaya abuyinkimbinkimbi nakancane, kepha kuzodinga ukunemba okuphelele nokubekezela kusuka kqala. Siyavuma ukuthi inqubo ithatha isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke udinga ukukulungiselela lokhu.
Njengoba wazi, amakhowe amhlophe ahlala ehlathini, ngakho-ke, endaweni lapho izokhula khona, kufanele kube khona izihlahla (uphayini, i-birch, i-oki, i-spruce noma i-aspen) noma insimu kufanele ibe seduze nehlathi. Ngokufanelekile, izihlahla kufanele okungenani zibe neminyaka eyi-8-10 ubudala. Izakhamizi zasehlobo ezinolwazi zikhulisa amakhowe ngezindlela ezimbili:
- kusukela ku-mycelium;
- ezinhlotsheni ezitholakala esigqokweni samakhowe.
Indlela yokuqala ifaka phakathi ukutholwa kwezinto ezikhethekile zokutshala ezisezingeni eliphakeme kanye nokuzimisela kwendawo evumayo. Amakhowe kufanele atshalwe phakathi kukaMeyi noSepthemba. Ukuze kuhlume ngempumelelo, inhlabathi iyasuswa ezungeze isiqu sesihlahla esikhethiwe (cishe u-15-20 cm wesendlalelo esiphezulu) bese kubekwa i-peat noma umquba (ungqimba akufanele lweqe u-3 cm). I-mycelium ibekwa enhlabathini elungisiwe ngephethini lokuhlola, kugcinwa ibanga elingu-30 kuye ku-35 cm phakathi kwezingcezu.
I-mycelium ebekiwe kufanele "imbozwe" ngenhlabathi esuswe ngaphambili, bese iniselwa kakhulu. Kunconywa ukufaka isigaxa ngotshani, bese usinisela kaningana ngesonto (ukugqoka okuphezulu kuyakhuthazwa). Kubaluleke kakhulu ukumboza umhlabathi ngama-moss, amaqabunga awile noma amagatsha we-spruce ngaphambi kokubanda. Isivuno sokuqala singalindelwa ngonyaka.
Ukuze usebenzise indlela yesibili, uzodinga amakhokho amakhowe avuthiwe noma avuthwe ngokweqile we-porcini. Kubalulekile ukunaka ukuthi i-boletus itholakale kumuphi umuthi, ngoba kuzodingeka ukuwutshala ngaphansi kwesitshalo esifanayo esingapheli esikhathini esizayo. Ikhowe le-porcini livame ukonakala ngokushesha, ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokusika, kufanele licutshungulwe ngokukhethekile kungakapheli amahora ayisishiyagalombili. Kakade ngemuva kwamahora ayi-10, uhhafu wamaminerali kanye nama-macroelements we-boletus alahlekile.
Izigqoko ezikhishiwe kufanele zihlukaniswe nemilenze bese zifakwa emanzini usuku (izingcezu eziyi-7-12 zizodinga ibhakede elilodwa). Ukufeza umphumela omuhle, kunconywa ukwengeza utshwala ketshezi ngesilinganiso se-3-5 tbsp. Amalitha ayi-10 noma ushukela cishe u-15-20 g. Ngemuva kwamahora angama-24, amakepisi kufanele axoveke esilinganisweni esifana ne-jelly bese ehlungwa nge-cheesecloth. Ukufika emhlabeni, okokuqala udinga ukulungisa indawo (konke kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo nasendleleni yokuqala). Thela amanzi ngezinhlamvu emcamelweni ovundile, bese usakaza ikhekhe lamakhowe elisele kumakepisi ngaphezulu. Umhlabathi olungisiwe ubuye umbozwe ngenhlabathi esuswe ngaphambili notshani.
Ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko kuningi, kepha hhayi ukuchelela njalo. Ngaphambi kwamaqhwa, ukususwa kuyambozwa, entwasahlobo "ingubo" kumele isuswe. Ngemuva konyaka ungakujabulela ukuvuna.
Kunezinye izindlela zokutshala amakhowe, ngokwesibonelo, ehlathini, ungamba izingcezu ze-mycelium, ubukhulu beqanda lenkukhu, uzisakaze emigodini engajulile ngaphansi kwesihlahla endaweni yakho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbobo zimbozwe inhlabathi futhi ziniselwa njalo. Ungayikhetha kanjani indlela yokutshala amakhowe ekhaya kukucosha amakhowe. Into esemqoka ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile nokusezingeni eliphakeme, kanye nokulungiswa okuphelele kwenhlabathi. Izimfunda zamakhowe ezizenzele zona zingathela izithelo kusuka eminyakeni emi-3 kuye kwengu-5.
Amakhowe amhlophe angumkhiqizo ophilile futhi omnandi, kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi kudingeka uqaphele lapho uqoqa, ucubungula futhi upheka i-boletus.
