Kunezinto eziningi ezikhethekile nezingakhohlwayo emvelweni. Phakathi kwabahlali bezilwandle, inhlanzi eyodwa ethokozisayo iyisibonelo, okuyizinhlanzi ezindizayo. Yiqiniso, izingane ngokushesha zicabanga inhlanzi endizayo phezu kwedolobha, ososayensi bacabanga nge-anatomy nemvelaphi yalolu hlobo, futhi omunye umuntu uzokhumbula i-tobiko caviar encane, esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-sushi kanye nama-rolls. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zaheha ukunakwa kochwepheshe ezimbonini ze-aerodynamic, njengezinhlobo ezincane zezindiza.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezindizayo
Izinhlanzi ezindizayo zihlukile ezihlotsheni zazo ezingashintshashintshi ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni kwamaphiko azo. Umndeni wezinhlanzi ezindizayo unezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50. Abazami "amaphiko" abo, bathembele emoyeni kuphela, kepha ngesikhathi sendiza amaphiko angadlidliza futhi aphephuke, okwenza kube nenkohliso ngomsebenzi wabo osebenzayo. Ngenxa yamaphiko azo, izinhlanzi ezinjengezigeleza ziyakwazi ukundiza amabanga zisuka emashumini amaningana ziye emakhulwini wamamitha emoyeni.
Abaxhasi benkolelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo bakholelwa ukuthi ngolunye usuku, izinhlanzi ezivamile zazinabantu abanamaphiko amade kancane kunalezo ezijwayelekile. Lokhu kwawavumela ukuthi awasebenzise njengezimpiko, eqe aphume emanzini imizuzwana eminingana abaleke izilwane ezizingelayo. Ngakho-ke, abantu abanamaphiko alengisiwe bavele basebenza kakhulu futhi baqhubeka nokukhula.
Ividiyo: I-Flying Fish
Kodwa-ke, okutholakele nokutholakele kwama-paleontologists kukhombisa izinsalela zezinhlanzi ezindizayo ezivela ezikhathini zeCretaceous neTriassic. Ukwakheka kwamaphiko kumasampula akuhambelani nabantu abaphilayo, kepha futhi akuhlangene nakancane namaketanga aphakathi nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, azikho izinsalela zamathambo ezinamaphiko akhuliswe ngokwengxenye ezitholakele nhlobo.
Muva nje, ukuthwalwa kwenhlanzi yasendulo endizayo kutholwe endaweni yaseChina yanamuhla. Ngokwakheka kwamathambo kwembulwa ukuthi izinhlanzi uPotanichthys Xingyiensis ungoweqembu elivele lingasekho lama-thoracopterids. Iminyaka yayo icishe ibe yiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-230-240. Kukholakala ukuthi yinhlanzi endala ezindizayo.
Abantu banamuhla bangabomndeni wakwa-Exocoetidae futhi baqala eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi abantu bale mindeni emibili abahlobene nganoma iyiphi indlela ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ummeleli ojwayelekile wezinhlanzi ezindizayo zeDiptera yi-Exocoetus Volitans. Izinhlanzi ezindizayo ezinamaphiko amane ziningi kakhulu, zihlangene esigabeni sesine nasezinhlotsheni ezingaphezu kuka-50.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inhlanzi endizayo
Abantu bezinhlanzi ezindizayo, kungakhathalekile ukuthi ziphi izinhlobo, banomzimba omncane kakhulu, ngokwesilinganiso esingu-15-30 cm ubude nesisindo esifinyelela ku-200 gram. Umuntu omkhulu kunabo bonke otholakele ufike kuma-50 cm futhi enesisindo esingaphezudlwana kwe-1 kg. Ahlanganisiwe futhi acabalele ezinhlangothini, okuwavumela ukuba ahleleke ngesikhathi sendiza.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwezinhlanzi ngaphakathi komndeni usezinhlakeni zazo, ikakhulukazi enanini lazo:
- Izinhlanzi ezindizayo zeDiptera zinamaphiko amabili kuphela.
- Ngaphezu kwamaphiko e-pectoral, i-tetraptera nayo inezimpiko ezincane ze-ventral. Yizinhlanzi ezinamaphiko amane ezifeza isivinini sokundiza esiphakeme kakhulu namabanga amade.
- Kukhona nezinhlanzi ezindizayo "ezindala" ezinamaphiko amafushane we-pectoral.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komndeni wezinhlanzi ezindizayo nabanye usesimweni samaphiko. Zithatha cishe bonke ubude bomzimba wezinhlanzi, zinenani elikhulu lemisebe futhi zibanzi ngokwengeziwe lapho zelulwa. Amaphiko ezinhlanzi ananyathiselwa eduze nengxenye yawo engenhla, eduze kwesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, avumela ukulinganisela okungcono ngesikhathi sendiza.
I-fin ye-caudal nayo inezici zayo zesakhiwo. Okokuqala, umgogodla wenhlanzi ugobile ubheke ezansi ngasemsileni, ngakho-ke uqhekeko olungezansi lwephetho luphansi kancane kuneminye imindeni yezinhlanzi. Okwesibili, iyakwazi ukwenza ukunyakaza okusebenzayo futhi isebenze njengemoto, kanti inhlanzi uqobo isemoyeni. Ngenxa yalokhu, iyakwazi ukundiza, incike "ezimpikweni" zayo.
Isinye sokubhukuda sinikezwe nesakhiwo esihle kakhulu. Izacile futhi ilula ngomgogodla wonke. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuhlelwa kwesitho kungenxa yesidingo sokuthi izinhlanzi zibe mncane futhi zilinganisane ukuze zindize njengomkhonto.
Imvelo nayo yanakekela umbala wenhlanzi. Ingxenye engenhla yenhlanzi, kanye namaphiko, kuyakhanya. Imvamisa iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma oluhlaza okotshani. Ngombala onjalo ovela phezulu, kunzima ukuthi izinyoni ezidla inyama zikuqaphele. Isisu, kunalokho, sikhanya, mpunga futhi asigqamisi. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sesibhakabhaka, futhi ilahlekile ngokunenzuzo, futhi kunzima kubahlaseli bezilwane abangaphansi kwamanzi ukuyibona.
Ihlala kuphi inhlanzi endizayo?
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezindizayo
Izinhlanzi ezindizayo zihlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu komhlaba zolwandle olufudumele nezilwandle ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Imingcele yezindawo zokuhlala zezinhlobo ngazinye incike ezinkathini zonyaka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zemisinga yomngcele. Ehlobo, izinhlanzi zingathutha amabanga amade ziye ezindaweni ezipholile, ngakho-ke zitholakala naseRussia.
Izinhlanzi ezindizayo azihlali emanzini abandayo lapho amazinga okushisa ehla ngaphansi kwamadigri ayi-16. Okuthandwa yizinga lokushisa kuncike ezinhlotsheni ezithile, kepha imvamisa kuzungeza ngama-degree angama-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusatshalaliswa kwezinye izinhlobo kuthonywe usawoti wamanzi angaphezulu, inani lalo elifanele lingu-35 ‰.
Izinhlanzi ezindizayo zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini. Kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emanzini avulekile, futhi zisondela ngasogwini kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala. Konke lokhu kuhlobene eduze nendlela yokuzala. Izinhlobo eziningi zidinga isisekelo esingafaka kuwo amaqanda, nezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zeDiptera zohlobo lwe-Exocoetus spawn, bese zibhukuda emanzini avulekile. Izinhlobo ezinje kuphela ezitholakala olwandle.
Zidlani izinhlanzi ezindizayo?
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani inhlanzi endizayo
Izinhlanzi ezindizayo akuzona izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye. Ziphila ngokudla ama-plankton eendaweni ezingaphezulu zamanzi. I-Plankton ine-biorhythms yayo, iphakama futhi iwele emini ngezendlalelo ezahlukahlukene. Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zikhetha lezo zindawo lapho i-plankton ithwalwa yimisinga, futhi zihlangana lapho ezikoleni ezinkulu.
Umthombo oyinhloko wezakhamzimba yi-zooplankton. Kepha futhi bayadla:
- ulwelwe oluncane;
- izibungu zezinye izinhlanzi;
- ama-crustaceans amancane njenge-krill ne-euphausiid crayfish;
- Ama-molluscs anezimpiko.
Izinhlanzi zimunca izinto ezincane ngokuhlunga amanzi ngemishayo yazo. Izinhlanzi ezindizayo kufanele zabelane ngokudla nabantu esincintisana nabo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imihlambi yama-anchovies, ama-shoury we-saury ne-mackerel. Oshaka be-Whale bangadla ama-plankton eduzane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi ngokwazo ziba ukudla okubanjiwe endleleni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezindizayo
Ngenxa yamaphiko ayingqayizivele, zombili izinhlanzi ezisemaphethelweni nezisemfuleni, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zikwazi ukujwayela impilo ezingxenyeni zolwandle eziseduze. Isici sabo esibaluleke kakhulu ukukwazi ukumboza ngokwengxenye amabanga emoyeni. Lapho zihamba zisuka kwenye indawo ziye kwenye, ngezikhathi ezithile ziyagxuma zivele emanzini bese zindiza amamitha ngaphezu kobuso bamanzi, noma ngabe azikho izilwane ezizingelayo ezisongela izimpilo zazo. Ngendlela efanayo, bayakwazi ukweqa baphume lapho ingozi isondela ezinhlanzi ezilambile ezidla ezinye.
Kwesinye isikhathi izinhlanzi zandisa ukundiza kwazo ngosizo lwengxenye engezansi yomkhawulo we-caudal, njengokungathi idlidlizela ngayo, ihlehla kaningi. Imvamisa indiza yenzeka ngqo ngaphezulu kobuso bamanzi, kepha kwesinye isikhathi ithatha inyuke iye phezulu futhi iphelela endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10-20. Imvamisa amatilosi athola izinhlanzi emikhunjini yawo. Zisabela ekukhanyeni okukhanyayo nasekujaheni kwazo okumnyama njengamabhu. Ezinye zazo ziwela ohlangothini, othile undizela phezulu, kodwa ezinye izinhlanzi azinayo inhlanhla, futhi ziyafa, ziwele emphemeni womkhumbi.
Emanzini, amaphiko ezinhlanzi ezindizayo acindezelwe kakhulu emzimbeni. Ngosizo lokunyakaza okunamandla nokusheshayo komsila, baba nesivinini esikhulu emanzini afinyelela ku-30 km / h bese begxuma baphume ebusweni bamanzi, bese besakaza "amaphiko" abo. Ngaphambi kokugxuma esimweni sokucwiliswa kancane, banganyusa ijubane labo lifike ku-60 km / h. Imvamisa ukundiza kwenhlanzi endizayo akuhlali isikhathi eside, cishe imizuzwana embalwa, futhi zindiza cishe ngamamitha angama-50-100. Indiza ende kunazo zonke erekhodiwe kwaba yimizuzwana engama-45, kanti ibanga eliphezulu elirekhodwe endizeni laliyimitha elingu-400.
Njengezinhlanzi eziningi, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zihlala emanzini ezikoleni ezincane. Imvamisa abantu abambalwa. Esikoleni esisodwa kunezinhlanzi zohlobo olufanayo, ezisondelene ngosayizi. Futhi zihamba ndawonye, kufaka phakathi nokwenza izindiza ezihlangene. Kubukeka ohlangothini njengomhlambi wojekamanzi abakhulu abandiza ngaphezu kwamanzi emanzini parabola. Ezindaweni lapho inani lezinhlanzi ezindizayo liphezulu impela, kwakhiwa izikole eziphelele. Futhi izindawo ezicebile kakhulu ezakhiwe zihlalwa yizicathulo ezingenakubalwa. Lapho izinhlanzi ziziphatha kahle futhi zihlala emanzini uma nje zizwa ukuthi azikho engozini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inhlanzi enamaphiko
Enye yezindlela zokwandisa ukusinda ukuqoqa ngamaqembu abantu abayi-10-20. Imvamisa izinhlanzi ezindizayo zihlala ngamaqembu amancane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi zingakha izakhi ezinkulu kuze kube izingcezu ezingamakhulu amaningana. Uma kunengozi, wonke umhlambi ubalekela ngokushesha kumzingeli, ngakho-ke, kuzo zonke izinhlanzi, kudliwa ezinye kuphela, kanti ezinye ziyaqhubeka nokunamathela ndawonye. Akukho mehluko kwezenhlalo ezinhlanzini. Akukho neyodwa inhlanzi edlala indima yokuhola phambili noma engaphansi. Izinhlobo eziningi zizala unyaka wonke. Kepha ezinye kuphela ngesikhathi esithile, imvamisa kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJulayi. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngesikhathi kuzala izinhlanzi ezindizayo ngasogwini, ungabona amanzi aluhlaza aluhlaza.
Ngokuya ngohlobo, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zizalela ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zolwandle nasolwandle. Isizathu sokwehluka ukuthi amaqanda abo aguqulelwa ngokuhlukile ukuze azale. Izinhlobo eziningi zizala, zinemicu emide enamathelayo, kanye ne-substrate enjalo iyadingeka ukunamathisela amaqanda, futhi kunokwaziswa okuningi okufanele ezindaweni ezisogwini. Kepha kunezinhlobo ezizala ezintweni ezintantayo, ulwelwe, isibonelo, ulwelwe lomhlaba, imfucumfucu yezihlahla, ukhukhunathi ezintantayo, ngisho nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo.
Kukhona nezinhlobo ezintathu zeDiptera zomndeni wakwa-Exocoetus ezihlala olwandle oluvulekile futhi ezingafuduki ngisho ngesikhathi sokuzala. Zinamaqanda antantayo ngakho-ke azidingi ukuya ngasogwini ukuze ziqhubeke nomjaho wazo.
Abesilisa, njengomthetho, bahlala ndawonye nabesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, nazo zenza umsebenzi wazo, imvamisa abesilisa abaningana bajaha insikazi. Lawa ashesha kakhulu athela amaqanda nge-fluid seminal. Lapho i-fry iqhuma, bakulungele ukuphila ngokuzimela. Kuze kube yilapho bekhula, basengozini enkulu, kepha imvelo ibanikeze imicu emincane eduze komlomo, ebasiza ukuziguqula njengezitshalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zizoqala ukubonakala njengenhlanzi evamile yabantu abadala, futhi zizofinyelela usayizi wama-congener cishe ngo-15-25 cm.Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi senhlanzi endizayo siyiminyaka eyi-5.
Izitha zemvelo zezinhlanzi ezindizayo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezinamaphiko
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla okuhlala emoyeni ezinhlanzini asiza ekubalekeleni abazingelayo. Kepha empeleni, kuvela ukuthi inhlanzi ingaphezulu kobuso bamanzi, lapho izinyoni ziyilindile, nazo ezidla izinhlanzi. Lokhu kubandakanya izinhlanzi zasolwandle, ama-albatross, ama-frigates, izinkozi namakhayithi. Lezi zidalwa zasezulwini azinayo indawo ebusweni bamanzi ngisho noma zivela phezulu, zizingela izikole kanye nemihlambi. Ngesikhathi esifanele, ziwa ngokucijile ukuze zithole inyamazane. Inhlanzi ethatha isivinini indizela phezulu futhi iwele phakathi kwezidladla. Umuntu naye useyazi kahle le ndlela. Emazweni amaningi, izinhlanzi zibanjwa ngendiza, zilenga amanetha namanetha ngaphezulu.
Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi ezindizayo zinezitha eziningi ngaphansi kwamanzi. Isibonelo, i-tuna ejwayelekile emanzini afudumele ihlala ihlangene nezinhlanzi ezindizayo futhi izondla ngayo. Iphinde isebenze njengokudla kwezinhlanzi ezinjenge-bonito, i-bluefish, i-cod nezinye. Izinhlanzi ezindizayo zihlaselwa ngamahlengethwa nama-squid. Kwesinye isikhathi iba yisisulu soshaka nemikhomo, ezingazingeli izinhlanzi ezincane kangako, kepha ngenjabulo zimunca kanye neplankton uma ishayiswe ngephutha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ezindizayo
Inani eliphelele lezinhlanzi ezindizayo oLwandle Lomhlaba lingamathani ayizigidi ezingama-50-60. Inani lezinhlanzi lizinzile futhi liningi, ngakho-ke emazweni amaningi, ngokwesibonelo, eJapan, izinhlobo zalo zinesimo sezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo. E-Pacific Ocean eshisayo, inani lezinhlanzi ezindizayo lisukela kumakhilogremu angama-20 kuye kwangama-40 ngekhilomitha lesikwele. Cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-70 zamathani ezinhlanzi zibanjwa minyaka yonke, okungaholeli ekunciphisweni kwayo, ngoba ngaphandle kokwehla kwesilinganiso sonyaka, ukususwa okungenzeka kwabantu abavuthiwe ngokobulili kungafinyelela kuma-50-60%. Okungenzeki okwamanje.
Kunezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko zezinhlanzi ezindizayo ezihlala ezifundeni zezilwane zase-Indo-West Pacific, e-East Pacific nase-Atlantic. I-Indian Ocean kanye nentshonalanga yePacific kuyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amane ezihlukene zezinhlanzi ezindizayo. Lawa ngamanzi ahlala kakhulu izinhlanzi ezindizayo. E-Atlantic, kanye nasempumalanga ye-Pacific Ocean, kunezimbalwa zazo - cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amabili ngalunye.
Namuhla izinhlobo ezingama-52 ziyaziwa. Buka izinhlanzi ezindizayo ihlukaniswe ngemikhakha eyisishiyagalombili nemindeni emihlanu. Iningi lohlobo ngalunye lusatshalaliswa ngokuzumayo, okungukuthi, izindawo zazo zokuhlala azidluli, futhi lokhu kubavumela ukuthi bagweme ukuncintisana okungaphakathi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 27.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/18/2019 ngo-22: 02
