Kunenqwaba yezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni. Eminye edume kakhulu futhi esabalele yilezi impukane yezithelo... Lezi zimpukane ezincane zijwayeleke kuwo wonke umuntu. Akudingeki ukuthi ulinde isikhathi eside ukubonakala kwazo uma kukhona isithelo esilunyiwe noma esibolile kancane endlini. Ngisho nezinsuku ezimbalwa zanele ukuthi lonke uquqaba lwezimpukane zezithelo luvele ngaphezu kwepentshisi noma i-apula elidliwe isigamu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Drosophila fly
Izimpukane zezithelo zingaqala kunoma yiliphi ikhaya, futhi ezinqolobaneni zemifino noma zezithelo, ezitolo, zihlala njalo. Lesi silwane sijwayele noma yimuphi umlimi wensimu nensimu. Impukane enjalo iyacasula, kunzima ukuyisusa. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, izimpukane zezithelo zithandwa kakhulu ososayensi. Ziyizinto ezihlukile zesayensi. Ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene nokuhlolwa kwesayensi kwenziwa kulesi silwane namuhla.
Ividiyo: I-Drosophila fly
Izimpukane zezithelo zibizwa ngokuhlukile: impukane encane yezithelo, impukane yezithelo, izithelo zemidiya, impukane ejwayelekile yezithelo. NgesiLatin, igama lizwakala njengeDrosophila melanogaster. Yisinambuzane esinamaphiko amabili, uhlobo lwe-midge lohlobo loDrosophila. IDrosophila ingeyomndeni omkhulu wezimpukane zezithelo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UDrosophila unamagama amaningi neziteketiso. Abantu babiza lezi zinambuzane ngokuthi impukane yewayini noma yeviniga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi basheshe bathole umthombo wephunga lezithelo ezimuncu. Ngakho-ke, kunezilwane eziningi ezinjalo emafektri ahlukahlukene nasezitshalweni zokukhiqiza ujusi nomkhiqizo wewayini.
Namuhla kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezimpukane zezithelo. Ososayensi banezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane. Iningi lalezi zinhlobo zihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ikakhulu, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zalesi sinambuzane zihlala eziqhingini zaseHawaii kuphela. Ensimini yeRussian Federation, uhlobo olulodwa lwezimpukane luvame kakhulu - impukane yezithelo engakwazi ukundiza.
Impukane iDrosophila inezici ezilandelayo:
- ukudla okubandakanya imikhiqizo yokuvutshelwa;
- ukuzwela okuphezulu kwamakha amuncu;
- ukuzala - owesifazane oyedwa angabeka amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe;
- ubukhona bomehluko obonakalayo ocacile phakathi kwabesifazane nabesilisa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impukane yezithelo
Impukane iDrosophila ibizwa ngezithelo ngenxa yokuhlangana kwayo okukhethekile nemfucumfucu yemifino nezithelo. Kulula ukubona lesi sinambuzane.
Inezici ezithile zesici sangaphandle:
- usayizi omncane. Le midge encane. Isilinganiso sobude besinambuzane cishe singamamilimitha amabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphiko ahlala made kunomzimba. Izinsikazi zikhudlwana kancane. Ubude babo obuphakathi ngamamilimitha amabili nohhafu;
- Amehlo akhanyayo futhi avelele. UDrosophila unamehlo aqhakazile, abomvu. Ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezigaba. Vele, ukuzibona ngeso lenyama kuyinkinga kumuntu. Kungenzeka ukubheka isici esinjalo salesi sinambuzane esincane kuphela uma sikhuliswe kakhulu;
- umbala onsundu ngokuphuzi womzimba. Umbala wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ungahluka kancane - ube lula noma ube mnyama;
- bristle eneziphetho ezicijile. Lesi sici sijwayelekile ezindizeni zesilisa;
- isisu esiyindilinga noma esiyindilinga. Isisu esiyindilinga sijwayelekile kwabesilisa, nokuningi okuyindilinga - kwabesifazane;
- ama-tergites ayisishiyagalombili athuthukile kwabesifazane. Abesilisa banezinto eziyisithupha kuphela kubo, ngoba ama-tergite amabili ahlanganiswe ndawonye;
- ubukhona bamapuleti aqinile e-chitinous. Ngaphandle kohlobo lwazo oluncane, lezi zinambuzane zinokumbozwa okuqinile kwe-chitinous ngendlela yamapuleti. Abesifazane banenani elikhudlwana lamapuleti anjalo, futhi eDrosophila yesilisa iplatinamu ayithuthukiswa.
Ukuvela kwezimpukane zeDrosophila akuxhomekile kuphela kwimvelo. Ingashintsha kuye ngesimo sezulu, imvelo kanye nokudla kwesilwane. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zingabahambi abakhulu. Bavame ukusuka kwelinye izwe baye kwelinye ngezithelo nemifino. Kulokhu, ama-midges angawushintsha kancane umbala nemikhuba yawo.
Ihlala kuphi impukane yezithelo?
Isithombe: I-Drosophila indiza eRussia
Ukuze kube khona futhi kukhiqize impukane iDrosophila, kudingeka izimo ezithile. Lesi sinambuzane sidinga isimo sezulu esifudumele. Aihlali emazweni anobusika obubanda kakhulu namakhaza apholile. Lezi midges zidinga ukufudumala, ngakho-ke zizizwa ziphelele ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezindawo ezishisayo. Izimpukane zeDrosophila zisabalele lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lingehli ngaphansi kwezingu-10 degrees Celsius nsuku zonke.
Empilweni ngaphandle, impukane iDrosophila idinga ukushisa komoya okuhlanganisa ama-degree ayishumi nesithupha. Ekushiseni kwama-degree ayishumi nesishiyagalombili, lesi sinambuzane singaphila isikhathi esingangenyanga. Uma umbuso wokushisa uphakeme kakhulu (ngaphezu kwama-degree angama-25), khona-ke isikhathi sokuphila sinciphile. Kodwa-ke, kulesi simo sezulu, izimpukane zezithelo zizalana ngokushesha. Futhi, inani lezilwane ezinjalo landa kakhulu kumswakama ophezulu. Ngalesi sizathu, iziqhingi zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemvula ejwayelekile zinabantu abaningi kakhulu bezimpukane zeDrosophila.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzimpukane zeDrosophila zincane kodwa ziqinile kakhulu. Zingaba khona ezimeni ezinzima zemvelo. Ngalesi sizathu, bekulokhu kuyizinto eziyigugu zocwaningo lwezinto eziphilayo futhi manje. Lezi zilwane ziye zaze zafika naseziteshini zemikhumbi nasemikhumbi.
Lezi zinhlobo zezimpukane zezithelo zisabalele emhlabeni wonke. Impukane iDrosophila itholakala yonke indawo lapho kukhula khona imifino nezithelo, futhi ifinyelela kwezinye izifunda kanye nemikhiqizo engenisiwe. Uhlala ngobuningi eningizimu yeRussia. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu zezimpukane ezinjalo zihlala eziqhingini zaseHawaii. Amazwe asenyakatho kuphela angakhishwa endaweni yemvelo, lapho amazinga okushisa aphansi ngokungajwayelekile eqhubeka unyaka wonke.
Zidlani izimpukane zezithelo?
Isithombe: Impukane eyiduna iDrosophila
Izimpukane zezithelo, njengoba kuphawuliwe ekuqaleni, zingabantu abahlala unomphela ezindaweni lapho kugcinwa khona imifino nezithelo. Zikhona ngobuningi ezinqolobaneni ezinkulu, ezitolo zemifino, ezitolo, ezimakethe. Futhi vele kulezi zindawo bangena ezindlini zokuhlala, ezindaweni zokudlela nasemafulethini. Izimpukane zeDrosophila zithola ukudla kwazo kulezi zindawo.
Impukane eviniga, engadluli kumamilimitha amathathu ubude, inesifiso esihle sokudla. Idla ubisi lwesitshalo, imfucumfucu yezitshalo, izingxenye ezibolile zesithelo. Esigabeni sezibungu zeDrosophila, zibuye zidle nezilwanyana ezincane ezahlukahlukene. Ukudla kwezimpukane zezithelo zabantu abadala kubandakanya: u-anyanisi, amazambane, ama-apula, amantongomane, ama-cherries, amagilebhisi, amathanga, okusanhlamvu, ujamu, okulondolozayo, ama-compotes wezithelo, nokunye okuningi.
Le mikhiqizo ayisebenzi njengokudla kuphela, kodwa futhi njengendawo yokuzalanisa. Lapho kukhona umbuso ofanele wokushisa nokubonakala kwemikhiqizo yokuvutshelwa, izimpukane zeDrosophila ziqala ukukhiqiza ngenkuthalo. Kunzima impela ukubhekana nezinambuzane ezinjalo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu, lapho kunzima khona ukuthola nokuqeda zonke izithelo noma imifino esonakele. Kulula ukuqeda ama-midges acasulayo ekhaya. Kwanele ukuyincisha ukudla. Kufanele njalo ubuyekeze imifino, izithelo, okusanhlamvu, ukhiphe udoti ngesikhathi esifanele futhi uvame ukugeza iziqukathi zokugcina ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Drosophila indiza emvelweni
Izimpukane zezithelo ziyizinambuzane ezicasulayo, ezi-fussy. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sifushane, ngakho-ke lawa ma-midges agijimela ukushiya inzalo ngokushesha okukhulu. Izinsensane zewayini zihlala noma kuphi lapho kunezithelo, imifino, izinsalela zazo, iwayini, ujamu neminye imikhiqizo yokudla ekhona. Impilo yonke yalezi zilwane yenzeka emafulethini, ezindlini ezizimele, ezitolo zewayini, ezinqolobaneni ezahlukahlukene nasezitolo.
Izimpukane zezithelo zizwela kakhulu ekudleni okuvutshiwe. Uma lokho kuvele ndawo thile, khona-ke esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kakhulu kufanele silindele ukwakhiwa kwesixuku sonke semidge ecasulayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpukane ziyaphila futhi zizalane kungakhathalekile isikhathi sonyaka. Ngaphezu kweviniga, izithelo ze-asidi, imikhiqizo yokubola, lezi zinambuzane zikhangwa umswakama ophezulu. Bavame ukuhlala ezimbizeni zezimbali, ezimbalini ezingaphandle, nakwezinye izitshalo zokuhlobisa. Isizathu sokubonakala kwemidges ukunisela ngokweqile kwezitshalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Drosophila ayilethi ukulimala kuphela, kodwa futhi inenzuzo enkulu kubantu. Zivame ukusetshenziswa ezifundweni ezahlukahlukene. Isibonelo, zisetshenziselwa ukulingisa ezinye izifo zabantu. Phakathi nezifundo ezinjalo, kutholakele cishe izingqinamba ezingama-61% phakathi kwezifo nekhodi yofuzo yezinambuzane.
Isigqi sokusebenza kwezimpukane zezithelo ezimweni zemvelo sinesikhathi cishe samahora angamashumi amabili nane. Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathole omiyane abanesigqi sokuphila esingalawuleki - bahamba, badla baphumula ngezikhathi ezihluke ngokuphelele. IMidges ayiphili isikhathi eside - kungadluli izinsuku ezingamashumi amabili. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sincike ezintweni eziningi: izinga lokushisa elizungezile, ukudla, izinhlobo zezinambuzane, izinga lomswakama.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Drosophila fly insect
Izimpukane zezithelo ziyizinambuzane ezinempilo emfushane. Ngamazinga ayishumi nesithupha ngaphezu kuka-zero, izilwane ezinjalo ziphila izinsuku eziyishumi kuphela. Ngalesi sizathu, umzimba wabo ukhula ngokushesha okukhulu, izimpukane zezithelo zesifazane ziyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda ngokoqobo ngemuva kokuzalwa - ngosuku lwesibili noma lwesithathu. Izinsensane zesifazane zivundile kakhulu. Bagcina amandla abo okuzala kabusha ezimpilweni zabo zonke.
Owesifazane ubeka amaqanda ngqo ezithelweni, emifinini, nasezinsaleleni zawo. Amaqanda mancane kakhulu. Ubude bawo abungaphezu kwamamilimitha ayi-0.5. Banesimo esihlanganisiwe. IDrosophila yesifazane iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angamashumi ayisishiyagalombili ngasikhathi. Futhi esikhathini sokuphila konke, inani lamaqanda azalelwe umuntu oyedwa lingafinyelela kumakhulu amaningana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane beDrosophila badinga ukukhwelwa okukodwa nowesilisa ukubeka amaqanda amahlandla amaningi. Iqiniso ngukuthi lesi sinambuzane sikwazi ukugcina isidoda esizosetshenziswa kamuva.
Inqubo yokuthuthuka kanye nezinga lokukhula kwezibungu kuncike ekudleni kwazo. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, izibungu zihlala ebusweni bombungu. Bangaphila endaweni enamanzi amancane ngaphandle kokuminza ngenxa yamakamelo akhethekile okuntanta. Ubude besibungu esisodwa kuvamise ukuba ngamamilimitha amathathu nohhafu. Umbala womzimba wabo umhlophe. Esikhathini esithile ngemuva kokuzalwa, ama-larva pupates, futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezine kuphuma umuntu omdala ku-pupa.
UDrosophila undiza izitha zemvelo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani impukane yezithelo
Izimpukane zeDrosophila yizinambuzane ezincane kakhulu ezinezindawo eziqonde ngqo. Ngalesi sizathu, abanazo izitha zemvelo. Endaweni yemvelo izilwane ezinjalo zingahlaselwa kuphela yizicabucabu, ezinye izinkumbi ezidlayo. Ezinye izidalwa, njengezinyoni, zingadla izibungu zazo. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka ngokungavamile.
Izitshalo eziyizinambuzane zingabizwa ngokuthi isitha semvelo seDrosophila. Badla izimpukane ezinhlobonhlobo nezimpukane zezithelo azihlukile. Kulokhu, izimpukane zezithelo ziziveza ngokwazo engozini, zindiza ziqonde ngqo esitheni. Badonswa yiphunga elikhethekile elikhishwa izitshalo eziningi ezidla izinambuzane. Kwesinye isikhathi izitshalo ezinjalo zikhula ngokukhethekile endlini ukuze zisuse ngokushesha imidge ecasulayo. Izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zitshalo zasendlini zinhle kakhulu futhi kulula ukuzinakekela.
Futhi, isitha esikhulu sezimpukane zezithelo ngabantu. IMidges ihlala ekudleni, eduze kwamathini kadoti, ezimbizeni zezimbali. Zitholakala ngobuningi ezitolo zemifino, ezinqolobaneni ngisho nasezitolo. Abantu bazama ukuqeda izimpukane zezithelo ngezindlela ezahlukene. Basebenzisa izifutho ezikhethekile, benza ukuhlanza okujwayelekile, benza izingibe zezimpukane ngokusho kwezindlela zokupheka zabantu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpukane zezithelo zabantu abadala azilimazi abantu. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinambuzane aziyona ingozi kangako. Iziphungumangathi zazo, ezingena emzimbeni nokudla, ziyakwazi ukudala ukubola kwamathumbu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Drosophila fly
Umndeni wezimpukane zezithelo ungenye yezinambuzane eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane zezimpukane sezivele zaziwa ukuthi zikhona. Impukane yezithelo iyinhlobo ejwayelekile kakhulu. Indawo ehlala kuyo ihlanganisa cishe yonke iplanethi, ngaphandle kwezindawo lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lihlala liphansi unyaka wonke. Kwezinye izindawo, lesi silwane sihlala siphila, kwezinye - sithola ngokungahleliwe kanye nokudla okuthengwe kwamanye amazwe.
Izimpukane zezithelo ziyizinambuzane ezinabantu bazo ezingabangeli ukukhathazeka. Sizinzile futhi isilwane asisongelwa ngokuqothulwa. Lesi sinambuzane siningi, sanda ngokushesha futhi sikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima zendawo yokuhlala. Ngesinye isikhathi, impukane eyinsikazi iDrosophila ibeka izibungu ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Uyaqhubeka ande kuze kube usuku lokugcina. Phakathi nempilo yakhe emfushane, insikazi iyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana.
Izibungu zeDrosophila zinezinga eliphakeme lokusinda, zikhula ngokushesha futhi ziphenduke umuntu omdala. Konke lokhu kuvumela lolu hlobo lwesinambuzane ukugcina inani labantu liphezulu. Ngisho nokuwohloka kwesimo semvelo jikelele nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezahlukahlukene epulazini akuzange kube nomthelela omubi kulawo ma-midge.
Izimpukane zezithelo ezinye zezinambuzane ezincane kakhulu futhi ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni. Zanda ngokushesha okukhulu ekubolile kwemifino noma izithelo. Kuthatha ngokoqobo izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuthi lonke uquqaba lwezimpukane zezithelo ezicasulayo luvele phezu kwe-apula elilunyiwe. Ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi impukane yezithelo isinambuzane esithokozisayo okufanele ngempela ufunde kabanzi ngaso.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-11: 58
