Iminyovu yasolwandle Ingabe i-jellyfish eshisayo edume ngezindawo zayo ezinobuthi. Inezinyathelo ezimbili zokukhula - ukuntanta kwamahhala (i-jellyfish) nokunamathiselwe (i-polyp). Inamehlo anzima nezintambo ezinde ngokwedlulele, ezigcwele amaseli abalekayo anobuthi. Abageza ngokunganaki baba yizisulu zakhe minyaka yonke, futhi uthathwa njengenye yezilwane eziyingozi kakhulu emhlabeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Wasp Sea
Iminyovu yasolwandle, noma iChironex fleckeri ngesiLatini, ingeyesigaba sebhokisi le-jellyfish (Cubozoa). Ukucaca kwebhokisi le-jellyfish kuyidome eyisikwele esigabeni esiphambanweni, ababizwa nangokuthi "amabhokisi", nezitho ezibonakalayo ezibonakala kahle. Igama lesayensi lohlobo "Chironex" lisho ukuhunyushwa ngokukhululekile "isandla sombulali", kanti uhlobo lwe-epithet "fleckeri" lunikezwa ukuhlonipha usosayensi wezobuthi wase-Australia uHugo Flecker, owathola le jellyfish endaweni okwashona kuyo umfana oneminyaka emihlanu ngo-1955.
Usosayensi uhole abatakuli futhi wayalela ukuthi bazungeze indawo lapho ingane icwile khona ngamanetha. Zonke izidalwa ezazikhona zabanjwa, kufaka phakathi i-jellyfish engaziwa. Wayithumela kusazi sezilwane sendawo uRonald Southcott, owachaza lolu hlobo.
Ividiyo: Wasp Waselwandle
Lolu hlobo sekuyisikhathi eside luthathwa njengelodwa kuhlobo lohlobo, kepha ngo-2009 kwachazwa uvu lwasolwandle uYamagushi (Chironex yamaguchii), owabulala abantu abaningana ngasogwini lwaseJapan, kwathi ngo-2017 eGulf of Thailand ngasogwini lwaseThailand - umnyovu wasolwandle weNdlovukazi u-Indrasaksaji (Chironex indrasaksajiae).
Ngamagama wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ibhokisi le-jellyfish liqembu elincane futhi elikhethekile, okhokho babo abamele i-scyphoid jellyfish. Yize ukutholakala kwama-scyphoid asendulo kutholakala ezindaweni zasolwandle zasendulo zasendulo (ngaphezulu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-500 eyedlule), uphawu olunokwethenjelwa lommeleli wama-bolls olwesikhathi seCarboniferous (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-300 edlule).
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Iningi lezinhlobo ezingama-4,000 ze-jellyfish zinamaseli ahlabayo futhi zingathelela abantu, kubangele ubuhlungu noma ukungaphatheki kahle. Yi-box jellyfish kuphela, enezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50, ezikwazi ukushaya zize zife.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani iminyovu yasolwandle
Imvamisa isigaba somuntu omdala, esidonswa yilesi silwane siheha ukunakwa, okuyingozi. Umnyovu wasolwandle uyilungu lomndeni elikhulu kunawo wonke. Idome ebonakala njengensimbi ebunjiwe yombala wengilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubantu abaningi inokuphakama okungu-16 - 24 cm, kepha ingafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-35. Isisindo sifinyelela ku-2 kg. Emanzini, i-dome icishe ingabonakali, enikeza ukuzingela impumelelo nokuvikelwa ezitheni ngasikhathi sinye. Njengayo yonke i-jellyfish, umnyovu uhamba ngamandla, ungena emaphethelweni emisipha yedome futhi uphonsa amanzi kuwo. Uma kufanele ijikelezwe, ifinyeza umbhede ohlangothini olulodwa kuphela.
Ukuqina okucacile kwesisu ngesimo sembali enamacembe amane kanye nemisipha eyi-8 yezindlala zangasese ezilenga ngaphansi kwedome njengamaqoqo amancane amagilebhisi akhanya kancane kudome. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ukuphuma okude, njengesiqu sendlovu. Kunomlomo ekugcineni kwawo. Emakhoneni edome kukhona amatende, aqoqwe ngamaqoqo ezingcezu eziyi-15.
Ngesikhathi sokunyakaza okusebenzayo, i-jellyfish ivumelanisa izintambo ukuze ingaphazamisi, futhi azidluli u-15 cm ngobukhulu obungu-5 mm. Ukufihla ukuzingela, kuyabancibilikisa njengenethiwekhi encanyana yemicu engamamitha amathathu esobala embozwe izigidi zamaseli ahlabayo. Ezansi kwamatende kukhona amaqembu ama-4 wezitho zemizwa, kufaka phakathi amehlo: amehlo alula ama-4 namehlo ahlanganisiwe ama-2, afana nokwakheka kwezilwane ezincelisayo.
Isigaba sokunganyakazi se-capsule, noma i-polyp, sibukeka njengebhamuza elincane elingamamilimitha ambalwa ngosayizi. Uma siqhubeka nokuqhathanisa, khona-ke intamo yebhamuza ingumlomo we-polyp, futhi umgodi wangaphakathi isisu sayo. I-corolla yamatende ayishumi azungeze umlomo ukushayela izilwane ezincane lapho.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Akwaziwa ukuthi iminyovu ibona kanjani umhlaba wangaphandle, kepha ngokuqinisekile ingahlukanisa imibala. Njengoba kwenzekile ekuhlolweni, iminyovu ibona imibala emhlophe nebomvu, futhi okubomvu kuyayethusa. Ukubeka amanetha abomvu emabhishi kungahle kube yindlela yokuvikela ephumelelayo. Kuze kube manje, ikhono lomnyovu lokuhlukanisa impilo kokungaphili lisetshenziselwe ukuvikela: abaqaphi basolwandle bagqoka izingubo ezibabambayo ezakhiwe ngenayiloni noma i-lycra.
Uhlala kuphi ulwandle?
Isithombe: Umuvi wasolwandle wase-Australia
Isidlakela esobala sihlala emanzini asogwini asogwini olusenyakatho ne-Australia (kusuka eGladstone empumalanga kuya e-Exmouth entshonalanga), eNew Guinea naseziqhingini zase-Indonesia, sisabalale sisenyakatho siye ogwini lwaseVietnam nasePhilippines.
Imvamisa la ma-jellyfish awabhukudi emanzini angaphakathi nezwe futhi akhetha indawo yolwandle, yize ihlala ingajulile - ungqimba lwamanzi aze afike ku-5 m ukujula hhayi kude nogu. Bakhetha izindawo ezinendawo engezansi ehlanzekile, evame ukuba nesihlabathi futhi bagweme i-kelp lapho izinto zabo zokudoba zingabambeka khona.
Izindawo ezinjalo ziheha ngokulinganayo kubagezi, abashayeli bezokuntweza kanye nabatshuzi be-scuba, okuholele ekushayisaneni nasekulimazekeni ezinhlangothini zombili. Kuphela ngesikhathi seziphepho lapho i-jellyfish isuka ogwini iye ezindaweni ezijulile nezolile ukuze ingabanjwa yi-surf.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha, iminyovu yasolwandle ingena emfuleni oqabulayo nasemabhayi anamahlathi emithi. Lapha bachitha impilo yabo esigabeni se-polyp, bezinamathisela emadwaleni angaphansi kwamanzi. Kodwa lapho sesifikile esigabeni se-jellyfish, iminyovu emincane iphinde igijimele olwandle oluvulekile.
Okuthakazelisayo: Ngasogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Australia, iminyovu yasolwandle isanda kutholwa ekujuleni kwamamitha angama-50 ezixhotsheni zasogwini. Babebamba ezansi impela lapho umsinga wamaza usubuthaka kakhulu.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona iminyovu yasolwandle. Ake sibone ukuthi i-jellyfish enobuthi idlani.
Udliwa yini umnyovu wasolwandle?
Isithombe: Umnyovu wasolwandle iJellyfish
I-polyp idla iplankton. Isilwane esidala, yize singabulala abantu, asibadli. Idla izidalwa ezincane kakhulu ezintantayo kukholamu lamanzi.
It:
- imfanzi - isisekelo sokudla;
- amanye ama-crustaceans afana nama-amphipods;
- ama-polychaetes (ama-annelids);
- inhlanzi encane.
Amaseli ahlabayo agcwele ubuthi, anele ukubulala abantu abangama-60 ngemizuzu embalwa nje. Ngokwezibalo, umnyovu ububhekele okungenani abantu abangu-63 e-Australia phakathi kuka-1884 no-1996. Kukhona izisulu eziningi. Isibonelo, kwenye yezindawo zokuzijabulisa zesikhathi sika-1991 - 2004. kokushayisana okungama-225, ama-8% aphela ngokulaliswa esibhedlela, kuma-5% amacala okudingeka i-antivenin. Kwakunecala elilodwa kuphela elibulalayo - ingane eneminyaka emithathu ubudala yafa. Ngokuvamile, izingane zihlushwa kakhulu yi-jellyfish ngenxa yesisindo sayo somzimba esiphansi.
Kepha ngokujwayelekile, imiphumela yomhlangano ikhawulelwe ezinhlungwini kuphela: ama-26% wezisulu abhekana nobuhlungu obunzima, okunye - okulingene. Izisulu zikuqhathanisa nokuthinta insimbi eshisayo. Ubuhlungu buyaphefumula, ukushaya kwenhliziyo kuyaqala futhi kumhlupha umuntu izinsuku ezimbalwa, kuhambisane nokuhlanza. Izibazi zingahlala esikhunjeni ngokungathi zishisiwe.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-antidote evikela ngokuphelele ubuthi beminyovu isakhiwa. Kuze kube manje, kungenzeka ukuhlanganisa into evimbela ukubhujiswa kwamaseli nokubukeka kokusha esikhunjeni. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umkhiqizo kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15 ngemuva kokushaywa yi-jellyfish. Ukuhlaselwa yinhliziyo, okubangelwa wubuthi, kuhlala kuyinkinga. Ukwelashwa ngeviniga kunconywa futhi njengosizo lokuqala, oluqeda amandla amaseli ahlabayo futhi luvikele ubuthi obengeziwe. Kusuka kumakhambi esintu abizwa ngokuthi umchamo, i-boric acid, ujusi kalamula, ukhilimu we-steroid, utshwala, iqhwa nopopo. Ngemuva kokucubungula, kubalulekile ukuhlanza izinsalela ze-jellyfish esikhumbeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umnyovu wasolwandle onobuthi
Iminyovu yasolwandle, njengenye i-jellyfish yebhokisi, ayithandi ukukhombisa indlela yabo yokuphila kubaphenyi. Lapho zibona i-diver, zicasha ngokushesha ngejubane elilinganiselwa ku-6 m / min. Kepha sikwazile ukuthola okuthile ngabo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ziyasebenza usuku lonke, yize kungenakwenzeka ukuqonda ukuthi i-jellyfish ilele noma cha. Emini bahlala ezansi, kepha hhayi ngokujulile, kuthi kusihlwa bakhuphukele phezulu. Bhukuda ngejubane elingu-0.1 - 0.5 m / min. noma ukulinda inyamazane, ukusabalalisa izintambo ezigcwele izigidi zamaseli ahlabayo. Kukhona uhlobo lokuthi iminyovu ingazingela ngenkuthalo, ijahe inyamazane.
Lapho nje othile ophilayo ethinta i-flagellum ebucayi yeseli elihlabayo, kuvela ukusabela kwamakhemikhali, ingcindezi engqamuzaneni iyakhuphuka futhi ngaphakathi kwama-microsecond kuvuleka intambo ekhonjiwe nenesiga, evele inamathele kulowo ohlukunyeziwe. Ubuthi bugeleza busuka engxenyeni yeseli ngentambo. Ukufa kwenzeka ngemizuzu eyi-1 - 5, kuya ngosayizi nangengxenye kabuthi. Ngemuva kokubulala isisulu, i-jellyfish iphenduka ibheke phansi bese iphushela inyamazane yayo edome ngezinsika zayo.
Ukufuduka kwenkathi kamuvi wasolwandle akuzange kufundwe. Kuyaziwa kuphela ukuthi eDarwin (entshonalanga yogu olusenyakatho) isikhathi se-jellyfish sihlala cishe unyaka: kusukela ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti kuze kube sekupheleni kukaJuni ngonyaka ozayo, naseCairns - esifundeni saseTownsville (ogwini olusempumalanga) - kusuka ngoNovemba kuya kuJuni. Ukuthi bahlala kuphi sonke isikhathi akwaziwa. Kanye nomngane wabo ohlala njalo - Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), nayo enobuthi futhi engabonakali, kepha ngenxa yobuncane bayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuhamba kwe-jellyfish kulawulwa ngumbono. Ingxenye yamehlo akhe anokwakheka okuqhathaniswa nokwakheka kwamehlo ezincelisayo: bane-lens, i-cornea, i-retina, i-diaphragm. Iso elinjalo libona izinto ezinkulu kahle, kepha lucutshungulwa kuphi lolu lwazi uma i-jellyfish ingenabo ubuchopho? Kwavela ukuthi imininingwane idluliswa ngamangqamuzana ezinzwa wedome futhi abangela ngqo ukusabela kwezimoto. Kuhlala kuphela ukuthola ukuthi i-jellyfish yenza kanjani isinqumo: ukuhlasela noma ukubaleka?
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Wasp Sea in Thailand
Ngaphandle kwendima ebalulekile yebhokisi le-jellyfish empilweni yomuntu, umjikelezo wabo wempilo wacaciswa kuphela ngo-1971 ngusosayensi waseJalimane uB. Werner. Kuvele ukuthi kuyefana nakwamanye amaqembu amaningi we-jellyfish.
Ishintsha izigaba ngokulandelana:
- iqanda;
- isibungu - i-planula;
- polyp - isigaba sokuhlala phansi;
- i-jellyfish yisigaba sabantu abadala abahambayo.
Abantu abadala bahlala emanzini angajulile ngasogwini futhi babhukude baye ezindaweni zabo zokuzalela - iziteshi zemifula enosawoti namatheku agcwele imihlume. Lapha, abesilisa nabesifazane bakhipha isidoda namaqanda emanzini, ngokulandelana, kushiya inqubo yokukhulelwa ibe ngengozi. Noma kunjalo, akukho abangakwenza, ngoba bazofa maduze.
Ngemuva kwalokho konke kwenzeka njengokulindelekile, kuqhamuka isibungu (i-planula) esobala, esivela emaqandeni avundisiwe, okuthi, lapho kuthathwa umunwe nge-cilia, kubhukude kuye endaweni eqinile eseduzane bese kunamathisela umlomo uvuleka. Indawo yokuhlala ingaba ngamatshe, amagobolondo, amagobolondo e-crustacean. Iplanethi ikhula ibe yipolyp - isidalwa esincane esimise okweyisigaxa esingu-1 - 2 mm ubude esinama-tentacles ama-2. I-polyp iphakela iplankton, okuyiletha njengamanje.
Kamuva iyakhula, ithola cishe amatende ayi-10 futhi ibuye yande, kepha ngokuhlukaniswa - ukuqhakaza. Ama-polyps amasha akha phansi kwawo njengamahlumela esihlahla, ahlukane futhi akhase isikhashana efuna indawo yokunamathiselwa. Ukwabelana ngokwanele, i-polyp iguquka ibe yi-jellyfish, iphule umlenze bese intanta olwandle, iqedele umjikelezo ogcwele wokuthuthuka komnyovu wasolwandle.
Izitha zemvelo zeminyovu yasolwandle
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani iminyovu yasolwandle
Akunandaba ukuthi ubukeka kanjani, le jellyfish inesitha esisodwa - ufudu lwasolwandle. Ufudu ngandlela thile alubuzweli ubuthi balo.
Okumangazayo ngebhayoloji yomnyovu ngamandla obuthi bayo. Kungani, umuntu ezibuza, ngabe lesi sidalwa sinamandla okubulala izinto ezingakwazi ukuzidla? Kukholakala ukuthi ubuthi obuqinile futhi obusebenza ngokushesha ukunxephezela ukuntekenteka komzimba ofana ne-jellyfish we-jellyfish.
Ngisho imfanzi ingalimaza i-dome yayo uma iqala ukushaya kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ushevu kufanele uqinisekise ukuminyaniswa kwesisulu ngokushesha. Mhlawumbe abantu bazwela kakhudlwana kubuthi beminyovu kunezimfanzi nenhlanzi, yingakho ibathinta kakhulu.
Ukwakheka kwesihlungu somnyovu wasolwandle akukacaciswanga ngokuphelele. Kutholakale ukuthi iqukethe inqwaba yamaphrotheni ahlanganisa ukubhujiswa kwamaseli omzimba, ukopha kakhulu nobuhlungu. Phakathi kwazo kukhona i-neuro- ne-cardiotoxin ezibangela ukukhubazeka kokuphefumula nokuboshwa kwenhliziyo. Ukufa kwenzeka ngenxa yesifo senhliziyo noma ukuminza kwesisulu esilahlekelwe amandla okuhamba. Umthamo obulala ingxenye ngu-0.04 mg / kg, ushevu onamandla kakhulu owaziwa nge-jellyfish.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Iminyovu yasolwandle eyingozi
Akekho owabalile ukuthi mingaki iminyovu yasolwandle emhlabeni. Iminyaka yabo imfishane, umjikelezo wokuthuthuka uyinkimbinkimbi, lapho bezala khona ngazo zonke izindlela ezitholakalayo. Akunakwenzeka ukumaka, kunzima ngisho nokuwabona emanzini. Ukukhuphuka ngamanani, okuhambisana nokuvinjelwa ezindabeni zokugeza kanye neziphathelene nokuhlasela kwe-jellyfish ebulalayo, kubangelwa iqiniso lokuthi isizukulwane esilandelayo sesifikile ebusheni futhi sidabule imilomo yemifula ukufeza umsebenzi wabo wezinto eziphilayo.
Ukwehla kwamanani kwenzeka ngemuva kokushona kwe-jellyfish ekhukhulisiwe. Into eyodwa engashiwo: ngeke kukwazi ukulawula inani lamabhokisi amabi, nokuwaqeda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umnyovu uba yingozi kakhulu kuma-vertebrate ngobudala, lapho ufinyelela kubude be-dome obungu-8-10 cm.Ososayensi bahlobanisa lokhu noshintsho ekudleni. Intsha ibamba imfanzi, kanti emikhulu ishintshela kwimenyu yezinhlanzi. Kudingeka ubuthi obuningi ukubamba ama-vertebrate ayinkimbinkimbi.
Kuyenzeka ukuthi nabantu babe yizisulu zemvelo. Kuyethusa lapho ufunda ngezilwane ezinobuthi ezibulalayo zamazwe angaphandle. Lezi akuzona kuphela i-box jellyfish, kodwa futhi ne-octopus enombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, inhlanzi yamatshe, i-cone mollusc, izintuthwane zomlilo futhi umnyovu wasolwandle... Omiyane bethu bahlukile. Naphezu kwakho konke, izigidi zabavakashi ziya emabhishi asezindaweni ezishisayo, zibeka engcupheni ukuphela kwazo lapha. Yini ongayenza ngakho? Vele ubheke ama-antidotes.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/29/2019 ngo-20: 02
