Ngubani ngobuciko, mhlawumbe bonke abadobi bayazi. Luhlobo lwesibungu esiphila emabhishi anesihlabathi. Yilokhu okuchaza igama labo. Lolu hlobo lwezibungu luvame ukuzingcwaba esihlabathini esihlanganiswe namanzi nodaka futhi luhlale lapho cishe njalo. Isinambuzane simba isihlabathi cishe njalo. Esihlabathini noma ogwini lapho behlala khona, ungathola inqwaba yemigudu eyemba ngabo. Lolu hlobo lwesibungu luthandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabadobi, ngoba luheha izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Peskozhil
U-Peskozhil ungummeleli wohlobo lwama-annelids, izikelemu zesigaba se-polychaete, umndeni wama-sandworm, uhlobo lwezinhlwathi zasolwandle. Kukhona izinhlobo eziningana zemvelaphi yalolu hlobo lwezibungu. Omunye wabo uthi badabuka emakoloni amaningi. Enye inguqulo ithi ama-annelids avela ezihlathini ezingaphili mahhala. Ukuze basekele le nguqulo, ososayensi babiza ubukhona be-cilia emzimbeni wezikelemu.
Ividiyo: Peskozhil
Kwakuyizimpethu ezaba yizidalwa zokuqala emhlabeni ukuba nezitho ezithuthukile, ezinamaseli amaningi. Okhokho basendulo bezibungu zesimanje bavela olwandle futhi babukeka njengobuningi obufanayo, obufana ne-slime. Lezi zidalwa zingakhula, zizalane ngokusebenzisa ikhono lokukha nokufaka umsoco emvelweni yazo.
Ososayensi banenye imbono ngemvelaphi yama-annelids. Zingaqhamuka ezilwaneni lapho, ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa umuzwa wokuzivikela, zafunda ukukhasa, futhi umzimba wazo wathola isimo se-fusiform enezinhlangothi ezimbili ezisebenzayo, kanye nezingxenyeni ze-ventral kanye ne-dorsal. U-Peskozhil ungumhlali wasolwandle kuphela, okhokho bakhe, ngenkathi yenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, abasakazeka endaweni yolwandle lomhlaba.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sandworm
Lolu hlobo lwesibungu lungolwezidalwa ezinkulu. Ubude bomzimba wabo bungaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-25, kanti ububanzi bawo ngamasentimitha angu-0.9-13. Izikelemu zalolu hlobo zingaba nemibala ehlukene.
Kuya ngesifunda ohlala kuso:
- okubomvu;
- okuluhlaza okotshani;
- ophuzi;
- nsundu.
Umzimba walesi sidalwa uhlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu:
- isigaba sangaphambili sivame ukuba nsundu ngokubomvu. Ayinawo ama-bristles;
- ingxenye ephakathi icwebezela kunangaphambili;
- ngemuva kumnyama, kucishe kube nsundu. Inama-setae amaningi kanye nama-gill enza umsebenzi wokuphefumula.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi lesikhumba lwesihlabathi lumelwe yimikhumbi emibili emikhulu: ukuqhuma kwesifuba nokwesisu. Inohlobo oluvaliwe lwesakhiwo. Igazi ligcwele inani elanele ngezinto eziqukethe insimbi, ngenxa yokuthi linombala obomvu. Ukujikeleza kwegazi kuhlinzekwa yi-pulsation yomkhumbi we-dorsal, futhi ngesilinganiso esincane esiswini. Lolu hlobo lwesibungu luhlukaniswa nemisipha ekhule ngokwanele. Abamele isigaba sezibungu ze-polychaete bahambisa ngamandla kagesi ngokucindezela okuqukethwe komzimba emzimbeni kusuka kolunye uhlangothi lomzimba kuya kolunye.
Umzimba uhlukaniswe izingxenye. Sekukonke, isidumbu somuntu omdala sihlukaniswe saba izingxenye ze-10-12. Ngokubukeka, afana kakhulu nomsundu ovamile. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zichitha iningi lempilo yazo emhlabathini.
Uhlala kuphi umhlonyane?
Isithombe: Worm sandworm
I-sandworm iyisakhamuzi sasemanzini kuphela. Zivame ukubonwa ngobuningi emifuleni, amatheku, amatheku noma imifula.
Izindawo ze-Geographic ze-sandstone habitat:
- ULwandle Olumnyama;
- ULwandle lwaseBarents;
- Ulwandle Olumhlophe.
Njengendawo yokuhlala, ama-sandworms akhetha amadamu ngamanzi anosawoti. Zihlala ikakhulu olwandle. Ngaphandle, ezindaweni zokuhlala zesibungu, ungabona izindandatho ezinesihlabathi ezihambayo eziseduze nemingxuma yesihlabathi. Akukho oksijini esihlabathini solwandle, ngakho-ke izibungu kufanele ziphefumule umoya-mpilo, oncibilika emanzini. Ukuze benze lokhu, bakhuphukela phezulu ezindlini zabo eziyizigaxa. Iningi labantu balaba bamele izitshalo nezilwane zihlala ogwini lolwandle. Kusezindaweni ezisogwini kubo izimo ezinhle kakhulu. Kwezinye izifunda, kunezigaba ezinkulu zazo, inani lazo elingadlula amashumi ambalwa noma ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane ngemitha skwele yendawo ngayinye.
Lezi zidalwa zihlala emigodini, ukwakheka kwazo ngokwazo. Ngokwemvelo, izibungu zinikezwa amandla okukhipha into enamathele ngosizo lwezindlala ezikhethekile. Leli khono likuvumela ukuthi uxhume futhi ubambe izinhlamvu zesihlabathi esidlula kuso isihlabathi. Ekugcineni, baba yizindonga zale ndlu, noma umgodi. Umgodi unesimo seshubhu esime ngohlamvu L. Ubude beshubhu noma umhubhe onjalo kumaphakathi ngamasentimitha angama-20-30.
Kula mapayipi, imithambo yesihlabathi kwesinye isikhathi ichitha isikhathi eside impela ngaphandle kokukhasa ukuphuma. Ososayensi bathi izimpethu zingase zingashiyi indawo yabo yokuhlala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Okwamanje kuletha inani elidingekayo lokudla kabili ngosuku esiphephelweni se-sandworm. Yizimbobo lezi ezivikela kakhulu ezitheni eziningi. Imvamisa esimweni sezulu esifudumele, lapho sekumnyama, zingatholakala otshanini obuseduze nemingxuma yazo. Uma kunamatshe ogwini lolwandle, khona-ke kunqwabelana okukhulu ngaphansi kwawo.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona umhlonyane. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udlani umhlonyane?
Isithombe: Isihlabathi solwandle
Umthombo oyinhloko wokudla uyacutshungulwa, kubola ulwelwe nezinye izinhlobo zezimila zasolwandle, lapho imithambo yesihlabathi idlula emgodini womzimba wabo ngesikhathi senqubo yokumba imigudu. Ngesikhathi sokumba imigudu, abamele i-bristle bagwinya isihlabathi esikhulu solwandle, okuhlanganisa nesihlabathi uqobo, esiqukethe i-detritus.
IDetritus iyinhlanganisela ephilayo esidliswa yisibungu. Ngemuva kokugwinya, yonke inqwaba idlula emzimbeni wesibungu. IDetritus iyagaywa kuthi isihlabathi sikhishwe ngamathumbu njengendle. Ukukhipha imfucumfucu nesihlabathi esingadliwe, kuphuma umsila womzimba ngaphezulu kobuso endaweni yawo yokukhosela.
Ezindaweni ezihlukene zokuhlala kwezikelemu, inhlabathi ehluke kakhulu. Okuhle kakhulu kunodaka futhi kunodaka. Kusenhlabathini enjalo lapho kutholakala khona inani elikhulu lezakhamzimba. Ukube lezi zidalwa bezingagwinyi isihlabathi esikhulu kangako, bezingeke zikwazi ukuhlukanisa izakhamzimba ezibalulekile kuso kalula nje. Uhlelo lokugaya izikelemu luhlelwe ngendlela yohlu lwesisefo esihlukanisa isihlabathi esingadingekile nezakhamzimba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sandworm
Ama-sandworms ngokuvamile ahlala emakoloni amaningi. Isibalo sabantu abasesiqeshaneni somhlaba sifinyelela izilinganiso ezingakholeki kwezinye izifunda. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emigodini yabo efana nethubhu. Uma inhlanzi iqala ukuzingela ummeleli onikezwe izitshalo zasolwandle nezilwane zasendle, inamathela odongeni lwendawo yayo yokukhosela ngosizo lwama-bristles. Ngokwemvelo, izikelemu zinikezwe ikhono elimangalisayo lokuzivikela. Uma umbamba ngaphambili noma emuva, uyayiphonsa le ngxenye emuva bese ecasha ekhoseleni. Kamuva, ingxenye elahlekile iyabuyiselwa.
Ama-sandworms kubantu abaningi ashiya imigudu yawo emanzini amakhulu. Izikelemu zihola indlela yokuphila egobayo, ngokuqhubekayo zimba imigudu kanye nemhubhe esihlabathini solwandle. Ngenkathi yokuthungwa, izimpethu zigwinya isihlabathi esikhulu, empeleni esidluliswa kuwo wonke umzimba waso. Isihlabathi esenziwe kabusha sikhishwa emathunjini. Yingakho ezindaweni lapho isibungu sembele khona umhubhe, kwakhiwa imigoqo yesihlabathi ngendlela yemigodi noma amagquma. Yilapho izimila zasolwandle zingena ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi benze ucwaningo, lapho bakwazi khona ukuthola ukuthi cishe amathani ayi-15 esihlabathi solwandle ngosuku sidlula emathunjini omuntu oyedwa!
Ngenxa yezinto ezinamathelisiwe eziyimfihlo, iyakwazi ukugwema ukulimala ezindongeni zamathumbu. Ngenkathi zisesihlabathini, izikelemu zinikela ngokudla nokuzivikela enanini elikhulu lezitha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Bolshoy Peskozhil
Imithambo yesihlabathi izidalwa ezi-dioecious. Imvelo ihlelwe ukuze izimpethu, ezinenani elikhulu lezitha, zikwazi ukuzala ngaphandle kokubandlulula ubukhulu besibalo sabantu. Ngalesi sizathu, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka emanzini. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, izinyembezi ezincane zenziwa emzimbeni wezibungu, lapho amaqanda nesidoda kudedelwa khona emanzini, ahlala olwandle.
Ukuhlolwa nama-ovari kutholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zemithambo yesihlabathi. Ukuze ukukhulelwa kwenzeke, kuyadingeka ukuthi amaseli wegciwane lowesilisa nowesifazane akhishwe ngasikhathi sinye. Ngemuva kwalokho bahlala kolwandle futhi ukukhulelwa kwenzeka.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ekuqaleni noma maphakathi no-Okthoba futhi sithatha isilinganiso samaviki angu-2-2.5. Ngemuva kokufaka umanyolo, izibungu zitholakala emaqandeni, akhula masinyane aguquke abe ngabantu abadala. Cishe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila, bona, njengabantu abadala, baqala ukumba umhubhe, oba yisivikelo esithembekile ezitheni zemvelo. Isikhathi sokuphila semithambo yesihlabathi yiminyaka emi-5-6.
Izitha zemvelo zemisundu
Isithombe: Worm sandworm
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, izikelemu zinenani elikhulu kakhulu lezitha.
Izitha zesihlabathi ezifakwe endle:
- ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni, imvamisa izinhlanzi noma ezinye izinhlobo zezinyoni zasolwandle;
- ama-echinoderms;
- ama-crustaceans;
- ezinye izimbaza;
- inani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane naphakathi nendawo (cod, navaga).
Inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi lithanda kakhulu izibungu zokudla. Bathatha umzuzu lapho enye ingxenye yesihlabathi ivela ngezansi ngesimo sentaba futhi ngokushesha bathathe isibungu. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akulula kangako ukukwenza. Ngosizo lwama-bristles aqinile, inamathele ngokuqinile ezindongeni zomhubhe wayo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izikelemu ziyakwazi ukuhlala ingxenye yomzimba wazo. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi, izinyoni nama-crustaceans zizingela izikelemu emanzini angajulile noma ogwini. Zibaluleke kakhulu kubathandi bezokudoba.
Umuntu uzingela izikelemu hhayi nje njengesithiyo sokudoba okuphumelelayo. Muva nje, ososayensi bathole ukuthi umzimba wakhe uqukethe into enomphumela we-antimicrobial. Mayelana nalokhu, namuhla kuyisifundo sezifundo eziningi nemizamo yokuyisebenzisa ekhemisi nakwezokwelapha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Peskozhil ngokwemvelo
Kwezinye izifunda, inani lemithambo yesihlabathi liminyene kakhulu. Inani labo lifinyelela kubantu abangama-270,000 - 300,000 ngemitha eyisikwele yensimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivundile kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, cishe amaqanda ayi-1 000 000 angakhula emgodini womuntu oyedwa omdala!
Inani elikhulu lezikelemu liyafa ngenxa yokuzingelwa ngempumelelo kwezinyoni, izinhlanzi, ama-echinoderms nama-crustaceans. Esinye isitha esibamba izinkumbi eziningi ngabantu. Yilezi zibungu ezaziswa kakhulu ngabadobi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlanzi eziningi ziyathanda ukuzitika ngazo.
Zibuye zizwele noshintsho ezimweni zezulu zezemvelo. Izikelemu zifa emakoloni ngenxa yokungcola kwemvelo. I-Peskozhil ine ukubukeka okusikhumbuza kakhulu ama-annelids. Banokuningi abafana ngakho, hhayi ngokubukeka kuphela, kodwa nangendlela yabo yokuphila. Abadobi bavame ukuza ogwini bezothola izibungu ezinjalo. Bazi kahle ukuthi bangamba kanjani futhi bagcine kahle ukuze ukudoba kuphumelele.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/26/2019 ngo-9: 16
