Chum Ingabe inhlanzi eyomndeni wama-salmon. Isohlwini lwezinhlobo zenani elikhulu ngenxa yenyama yayo ethambile, emnandi ne-caviar ebaluleke kakhulu. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yindawo yokuhlola. I-chum salmon yona ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo eziningana, kanye nezinhlanga ezimbili ezinkulu. Zonke izinhlobo ezikhona namuhla zifana kakhulu ngokubukeka, zinendlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala efanayo. Okuhlukile yiSalmin chum salmon, ehloselwe ikakhulu ukuzalanisa ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Keta
Izigaba zokuziphendukela kwale nhlanzi aziqondakali kahle ngenxa yokushoda kwemininingwane yesayensi. Izazi ze-Ichthyologists zithi abamele basendulo kakhulu be-salmon banamuhla babekhona emifuleni yaseNyakatho Melika cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-50 edlule. Yayincane ngosayizi futhi ifana nokumpunga ngokubukeka nangendlela yokuphila. Ngenxa yokuthi abamele lo mndeni enqubweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwadingeka baphile ezimweni zezulu ezahlukahlukene, bazwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwezimo zokuhlala.
Ngokuya ngemidwebo yamadwala, singasho ukuthi okhokho basendulo be-salmon ye-chum yesimanje babevele behlala echibini lasePacific Ocean cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10 edlule. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zazihlala emachibini amakhulu.
Ividiyo: Keta
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-salmon sezivele zashabalala. Enye yezinhlobo eziqhakazile futhi ezimangalisa kakhulu ezingasekho yi "salmon enamazinyo ama-saber". Yaqanjwa ngegama lehlosi elinamazinyo ama-saber ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlanzi ezinde, ezingenacharacteristic. Ubude babo bufinyelela kumasentimitha ama-5-6 kubantu abakhulu.
Isikhathi esivumayo kakhulu emlandweni nasekuziphendukeleni kwe-chum salmon safika eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2-3.5 edlule. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho ama-salmonid ahlukaniswa aba yizinhlobo, ngasinye sazo sasihlala endaweni yaso yokuhlala.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-salmon ye-chum
Lo mmeli womndeni wama-salmon uchitha iningi lempilo yakhe emanzini olwandle. Ngokuhlobene nalezi, inombala ojwayelekile kubantu basezilwandle: i-silver-bluish ne-outflow. Endaweni engemuva, inhlanzi inombala omnyama, endaweni yesisu iyakhanya. Lo mbala uvumela inhlanzi ukuba ihlale ingaziwa kokubili kukholamu lwamanzi naphansi. I-salmon ye-chum inezici nezici eziningi ezihlukile.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile zangaphandle:
- umzimba omkhulu wesimo esihlanganisiwe, esihlanganisiwe;
- izinhlangothi ezithile eziqinile, ezihlangene;
- amaphiko we-caudal ne-adipose asuswe kancane aya ngasemsileni futhi anezimpaphe ezisukela kwezingu-8 kuye kwezingu-11;
- ikhanda likhulu kakhulu ngokumelene nesizinda somzimba omkhulu futhi linokuma kwesigaxa;
- umlomo ubanzi, kukhona amazinyo angathuthuki kahle emlonyeni;
- awekho amabala amnyama nemivimbo emlonyeni;
- umzimba umbozwe ngezikali ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo;
- kunomphetho omkhulu oqinile we-caudal ngaphandle kwe-notch.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuzala, ukuma komzimba nokubukeka kwezinhlanzi kushintsha kakhulu. Umzimba uba mkhulu futhi ubanzi kakhulu, amafomu e-hump ngemuva. Imihlathi iba mikhulu kakhulu, amazinyo ayagoqana abe makhulu futhi abe made. Umbala uba nsundu, uphuzi, luhlaza okotshani noma umnqumo. Imivimbo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma ebomvu ibonakale ebusweni bomzimba, obumnyama ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ezinye izinhlanzi zingakhula zibe ngosayizi abakhulu kakhulu. Umzimba kaDina ungafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-60-80, futhi isisindo somzimba wakhe singadlula amakhilogremu ayi-10.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, ubukhulu bomzimba obuningi be-chum salmon kwakuyimitha elilodwa nohhafu, futhi isisindo sayo kwakuyi-16 kilograms!
Izinhlanzi eziya kuzala zivame ukuba nobude bomzimba cishe obungamasentimitha angama-50-65. Usayizi womzimba we-salmon ye-chum yasehlobo mncane kunosayizi we-chum salmon wasebusika.
Ihlala kuphi i-chum salmon?
Isithombe: Chum salmon eRussia
I-chum salmon ichitha ingxenye enkulu yempilo yayo emzimbeni wamanzi anosawoti eduze nendawo esogwini. Indawo yokuhlala enkulu ye-chum salmon yisizinda se-Pacific Ocean. Le nhlanzi ivame ukubizwa ngokuthi inhlanzi ebizwa ngokuthi i-anadromous ngoba empeleni ihlala ezilwandle, bese izalela emilonyeni yemifula. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ekuzaleni i-chum salmon ilwela ukuthola ngqo imilomo yemifula lapho yona ivele khona njengefry. Ukuzalela kwenzeka emifuleni yamanzi angenasawoti eMpumalanga Ekude, emazweni ase-Asia, eNyakatho Melika ukusuka eCalifornia kuye e-Alaska.
Inhlanzi ikhetha amanzi afudumele oLwandlekazi iPacific - umsinga ongaphansi kwamanzi weKuro-Sivo - njengezifunda zokuhlala unomphela nokudla.
Izindawo ze-salmon ye-chum:
- Ulwandle Okhotsk;
- IBering Sea;
- Ulwandle lwaseJapan.
Kuzala kwenzeka emilonyeni yomfula. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinhlanzi zingatholakala emifuleni efana neLena, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Penzhira, Poronaya, Okhota, njll. IChum salmon iyinhlanzi engenamanzi angajulile. Iningi labantu lihlala ekujuleni okungekho ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10. Izinhlanzi zichitha ingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yazo ekufudukeni kokudla. Lesi sikhathi singadlulela kusuka eminyakeni engu-2,5 kuya kwengu-10.
Ichthyologists qaphela ukuthi kubo bonke abamele umndeni wama-salmon abahlala emanzini oLwandlekazi iPacific, yi-chum salmon enendawo yokuhlala ebanzi kakhulu. Kwezinye izifunda zaseRussia, ikakhulukazi eKamchatka naseSakhalin, i-chum salmon ihlala echibini lokuzenzela elenzelwe ukufuya izinhlanzi ngezimboni.
Idlani i-chum salmon?
Isithombe: Chum salmon
Njengoba izinhlanzi zikhula, indlela yazo yokuphila iyashintsha. Lapho ifinyelela usayizi ofanele kanye nesisindo somzimba lapho kuphephe kakhulu khona ukuba khona olwandle oluphakeme, iqala ukuphila impilo yokudla. Ngesikhathi sokukhuluphala izinhlanzi zidinga inani elikhulu lokudla, elingatholakala olwandle kuphela.
Ngemuva kokukhula kwefry, baqala ukushelela kancane kancane olwandle oluvulekile. Lapho bahlangana ngamaqembu futhi bathole izindawo ezithulile, ezicashile abacasha kuzo baze bafinyelele usayizi wabo ophelele.
Ngokukhula, inhlanzi ishintshela kwindlela yokuphila eyidla inyamazane futhi idla inyamazane enkulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, kudingeka inani elikhulu lezisulu ukuze isisindo sansuku zonke nokuzuza ukuphakama kuhlangabezane nezinkambiso.
Ukutholwa kokudla kwabantu abadala:
- gerbil;
- i-herring;
- phunga;
- i-flounder encane;
- ama-anchovies;
- ingwane;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle;
- gobies.
Ngenxa yokuthi inhlanzi ihlala esikoleni, ibuye izingele ezikoleni. Umbala othize ubasiza hhayi ukuthi bahlale bengaqapheli izitha, kodwa futhi nezisulu zabo. Imvamisa kwanele ukuthi inhlanzi ivele iqhume ngenkathi ilinde inyamazane yayo. Lapho ukudla okungaba khona kusondela ngangokunokwenzeka, inhlanzi iphonsa futhi ibambe inyamazane. Kwesinye isikhathi isikole secalm salmon simane sishayise isikole sezinye izinhlanzi bese sibamba wonke umuntu obengenaso isikhathi sokucasha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Chum salmon emanzini
Kujwayelekile impela ukuthi lo mmeleli womndeni wama-salmon abuyele ezindaweni zabo zokuzalwa. I-shumon yeChum cishe kumaphesenti ayikhulu amacala ngesikhathi sokuzala ibhukuda iye lapho yazalelwa khona. Kwakungalesi sici sesici esaba umbandela omkhulu ngokuya ngokuthi izichyyyologists zahlukanisa i-salmon ye-chum ngezigaba ezimbili ngokuya ngomthetho wendawo - i-North America ne-Asia. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, umhlangano wabo uyakhishwa.
Endaweni yeRussian Federation, amatekisi ase-Asia ahlala futhi azalele.
Ngokuya ngezindawo zokuhlala, ichthyologists zikhombe izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwalezi zinhlobo:
- amatekisi asenyakatho;
- ISakhalin;
- Amur;
- Ulwandle lwase-Okhotsk.
Ngemuva kokuthi gazinga likhule libe ngabantu abadala, abadala, abahlali emifuleni njengamanye amalungu omndeni we-salmon. Ukwakha isisindo somzimba esanele iminyaka eminingana, singena olwandle oluvulekile. Ekuqaleni, abantu abangakavuthwa bahlala eduze nogu ezindaweni eziyimfihlo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele nokutholakala kokudla, isisindo somzimba wenhlanzi sikhula cishe ngo-2.5-3% nsuku zonke. Okwamanje lapho ubukhulu bezinhlanzi bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-30-40, iyahamba iyofuna isifunda lapho kunenani elanele lokudla. Imvamisa, uhambo olunjalo lungahlala iminyaka eminingana.
Inhlanzi ye-chum akuyona inhlanzi eyodwa, ihlangana ezikoleni eziningi. Iningi labo lihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zoLwandlekazi iPacific. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo futhi amanzi afudumele, afudukela ogwini olusenyakatho lweMelika. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, imihlambi eminingi yehlukaniswa yaba evuthiwe ngokobulili futhi engavuthiwe. Lezo zinhlanzi ezingakavuthwa ukuzala ziya ogwini oluseningizimu. Njengoba ikhula futhi ikhula, i-chum salmon iphenduka isilwane sangempela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Chum
Ukuthomba kuqala phakathi kweminyaka yobudala eyi-3.5 nengu-6.5. Abokuqala ukuvula inkathi yokuzalanisa ngabantu abangabomjaho wasehlobo. Iningi labesifazane elizala izinhlanzi ezincane, ezingekho eminyakeni engaphezu kweyisikhombisa. Bangu-16-18% kuphela abesifazane abangaphezu kweminyaka eyisikhombisa ubudala.
Abamele ifomu lasehlobo baqala ukuzala ngasekupheleni kwehlobo, ekuqaleni kwekwindla, ngokunembile ngesikhathi lapho amanzi efudumele ngangokunokwenzeka, futhi izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingehli ngaphansi kwamadigri ayi-14. Abamele ifomu lekwindla bazala ekwindla lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo. Indawo ekahle yokuzalela akuyona indawo ejulile kakhulu, lapho ukujula kungadluli kumamitha amabili. Okwamanje ezindaweni ezinjalo akufanele kube namandla, futhi amatshe amatshe, amatshe noma amatshe afaneleka kangcono njengaphansi.
Ngemuva kokutholakala kwendawo enhle kakhulu, owesifazane ulungiselela indawo yokuzala. Okokuqala, ngosizo lwamagalelo anamandla ngomsila wayo, icwenga indawo engezansi endaweni lapho izovela khona. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngendlela efanayo, ushaya umgodi endaweni engezansi, ukujula kwawo kungafinyelela uhhafu wemitha. Emgodini ngamunye onjalo, owesifazane oyedwa angabeka cishe amaqanda ayizinkulungwane eziyi-6-7. Isisindo esiphelele se-caviar singafinyelela eyodwa nohhafu kuya kwamakhilogremu amabili. Bese kuthi abesilisa bamvundise, bese owesifazane ngokucophelela nangokwethenjelwa angcwaba emhlabathini.
IChum salmon yinhlanzi ekhiqize kakhulu. Umuntu oyedwa wesifazane angakha imikhuhlane engafika kwamathathu noma amane ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa sokubeletha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngemuva kokubeka, ukuphonsa amaqanda nokwenza i-clutch, zonke izinhlanzi zifa kungakapheli inyanga. Lesi sikhathi sabiwa ngokwemvelo ukuze izinhlanzi zikwazi ukusuka ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo zisatshalaliswe emfuleni ukuze kuvinjelwe inhlekelele yemvelo.
Isikhathi sokufukamela cishe izinsuku eziyi-120-140. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, imibungu ivela emaqandeni, efakwa esikhwameni esikhethekile se-yolk. Yenza umsebenzi wokuvikela futhi ivumela imibungu ukuba ikhule ngaphandle kokushiya indawo yokuzalela amaqanda. Ukuvela kokuqala kwamafry akhule kwenzeka ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngalesi sikhathi, gazinga lihlangana ngamaqembu futhi licashe ezitshalweni ezisogwini, amatshe. Ngenxa yombala othile onemigqa, gazinga liyakwazi ukuhlala linganakwa yizilwane eziningi ezidlayo.
Izitha zemvelo ze-ket
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-salmon ye-chum
I-chum salmon yenziwe kahle kakhulu ukuhlala olwandle oluvulekile. Unombala omuhle kakhulu, ovumela ukuthi ungalindeli nje kuphela inyamazane, uhlangane nobuso baphansi, noma amanzi olwandle, kepha futhi nokucasha ngale ndlela ezitheni. Kodwa-ke, usenezitha zemvelo ezanele. Esigabeni ngasinye sokukhula kwayo, inenani elikhulu kakhulu lezitha. Ezinye izidalwa zasolwandle zibhubhisa imfucumfucu ye-chum salmon ngokudla amaqanda ayo, ukuzingela ama-gazinga, kanye nabantu abadala.
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zefry:
- I-Asian smelt;
- char;
- mpunga;
- ngaphandle;
- i-burbot;
- minnow;
- lenok;
- i-malma;
- isibani.
Izinhlanzi ezindala zinezitha hhayi kuphela emanzini olwandle. Unezitha ezanele ezihlala emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi uyakwazi ukubhukuda emanzini angajulile futhi aphile endaweni engasogwini.
Izitha zabantu abadala zifaka:
- ibhere;
- uphawu;
- umsele womfula;
- umkhomo we-beluga;
- i-otter;
- ungene;
- i-tern;
- merganser.
Indawo ekhethekile phakathi kwezitha zezinhlanzi inikezwa umuntu. Uyizingela ngezinga lezimboni. Inyama yayo ebomvu nenyama ebomvu inenani elikhulu. Izitsha ezenziwe ngalolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi zibhekwa njengesibiliboco sangempela, umsebenzi wobuciko ophekwayo, futhi zibaluleke kakhulu ngisho naphakathi kwama-gourmets.
I-shumon yeChum iyabanjwa kusetshenziswa amanetha nolwandle. Ensimini yeRussian Federation, i-chum salmon ibanjwa ezindaweni eziphakathi kwemifula nezindawo ezisogwini lolwandle. Izitshalo zokucubungula izinhlanzi zakhiwe eduze nezindawo ezinkulu zokudoba ukugwema ukonakala kwenyama ne-caviar.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Chum salmon
Namuhla, inani lezinhlanzi emhlabeni alisona isizathu sokukhathazeka. Lokhu kwenziwa umsebenzi ophakeme wokuzala. Kodwa-ke, endaweni yaseRussia, inani labantu liye lehla kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amahlanu edlule. Lokhu kwenziwa lula ukudoba okungalawuleki kanye nenani elikhulayo labazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Ukwehlisa ukudoba ezifundeni zendawo yemvelo, izindawo zokuhlala ezenziwe ngokukhethekile zenziwe eSakhalin naseKamchatka, lapho izinhlanzi zivelelwa khona ngezinhloso zezimboni.
Ensimini yaseRussia, ukuphathwa kokudoba kuhlala kugada izifunda lapho kuhlala khona izinhlanzi nokulwa nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Futhi, inani labantu be-chum salmon livikelwe ngumthetho kusuka ekudobeni okungalawulwa ngezinga lezimboni. Ukudoba kwangasese, kanye nokudoba ngezimboni, kuvunyelwe kuphela ngemuva kokuthola imvume nokuthola ilayisense ekhethekile.
Ukwehliswa kwenani le-salmon ye-chum kwasekelwa ukubanjwa ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu ngamaJapane cishe uhhafu wekhulu leminyaka edlule. Ngaleso sikhathi, basakaza amanetha emngceleni ne-USSR nge-15,000 km. Ngenxa yezenzo ezinjalo, isalmon ye-chum ayikwazanga ukubuyela eSakhalin, eKamchatka nasezindaweni zabo zokuzala. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho inani lezinhlanzi lehla kakhulu. Ubungako besibalo sabantu obabungakabi bungakabuyiselwa.
Chum Uyilungu elibaluleke kakhulu lomndeni wama-salmon. Kuyaziswa kakhulu inyama enomnandi futhi enempilo, kanye ne-caviar emnandi ngendlela emnandi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: Septhemba 27, 2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 05
