Imbaza

Imbaza - izakhamuzi ezingenamgogodla zamachibi avela emndenini wama-bivalve mollusks. Bahlala emhlabeni wonke ngemizimba yamanzi + anosawoti + amasha. Izilwane zihlala ezindaweni ezisogwini ngamanzi apholile nemisinga esheshayo. Izimbaza zinqwabelana kakhulu ezindaweni ezisogwini - uhlobo lwamabhange ezimbaza akha ukuhlunga kwamanzi okunamandla.

Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo

Isithombe: Mussel

IMussel yigama elijwayelekile elisebenza kumalungu emindeni ebusayo namanzi anosawoti. Amalungu ala maqembu anegobolondo elijwayelekile elinohlaka olunwetshiwe, olulinganayo ngokuqhathaniswa namanye ama-molluscs adliwayo, igobolondo langaphandle lawo liyindilinga noma limise okweqanda.

Igama elithi "imbaza" uqobo lwalo livame ukusetshenziselwa ukubiza ngama-mollusk emndenini waseMytilidae, iningi lawo elihlala ogwini oluvulekile lwendawo esogwini yemizimba yamanzi. Zinamathiselwe yimicu eqinile ye-bissalk ku-substrate eqinile. Izinhlobo eziningi zohlobo lweBathymodiolus zihlonyiswe ngemibhobho ye-hydrothermal ekholoni ehlotshaniswa nemikhumbi yolwandle.

Ividiyo: Izimbaza

Ezimbumbwini eziningi, amagobolondo mancane kodwa made futhi anomumo omile, onjenge-wedge. Imibala engaphandle yamagobolondo inemibala emnyama: imvamisa iba mnyama okwesibhakabhaka, nsundu noma iba mnyama, kuyilapho okugqokiwe kwangaphakathi kuyisilivere futhi kuyiparelecent. Igama "imbaza" lisetshenziselwa ama-molluscs wamanzi angenasawoti, kufaka phakathi izimbaza zamapharele zamanzi angenasawoti. Izimbaza zamanzi ahlanzekile zingaphansi kwezihlokwana ezahlukahlukene zama-bivalve molluscs, yize anokufana okukha phezulu.

Izimbaza zamanzi ahlanzekile omndeni wakwaDreissenidae akuzona ezamaqembu aqokiwe phambilini, noma ngabe efana nawo ngesimo. Izinhlobo eziningi zeMytilus zihlala zinamathele emadwaleni zisebenzisa i-byssus. Bahlukaniswa njenge-Heterodonta, iqembu le-taxonomic elihlanganisa iningi lezinhlobo zezimbaza ezibizwa ngokuthi "ama-molluscs."

Ukubukeka nezici

Isithombe: Imisipha ibukeka kanjani

Imbaza inegobolondo langaphandle elibushelelezi, elingalingani, imvamisa iba nsomi, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma nsundu ngokunyama, enemigqa yokukhula egxilile. Ingaphakathi leli cala limhlophe njengeparele. Ingxenye yangaphakathi yama-valve imhlophe ngokuphuzi; isibazi se-adductor yangemuva sikhulu kakhulu kunesengezo sangaphandle. Imicu emibalabala ensundu isuka egobolondweni elivaliwe ukuze inamathisele phezulu.

Amagobolondo avuthiwe angaba ngu-5 kuya ku-10 cm ubude. Anesimo se-oval oval futhi aqukethe ama-valve angakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele, abanjwa ndawonye nge-elastic muscular ligament.

Igobolondo liqukethe izingqimba ezintathu:

• phezulu kwenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo;
• ungqimba we-lime obukhulu obuphakathi nendawo;
• ungqimba we-pearlescent omhlophe osasiliva.

Izimbaza zine-sphincter etholakala engxenyeni ethambile yegobolondo nezinye izitho (inhliziyo, isisu, amathumbu, izinso). Ngosizo lwe-sphincter, imbaza ingavala ngokuqinile amagobolondo uma kunengozi noma isomiso. Njengama-molluscs amaningi e-bivalve, anesitho esibizwa ngomlenze. Ezimbuzini zamanzi angenasawoti, unyawo lunemisipha, lukhulu ngendlala ye-byssal futhi imvamisa isesimweni sembazo.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umzimba wangaphandle ophakathi kwebhantshi nengubo umbozwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ngomama we-pearl, ngaleyo ndlela wakhe iparele.

Indlala, ngosizo lweqanda elimhlophe eliqukethwe yimbaza, nensimbi ehlungiwe isuka olwandle, ikhiqiza imicu ye-byssus imbaza inganamathela kuyo. Umlenze usetshenziselwa ukudonsa isilwane nge-substrate (isihlabathi, i-gravel, noma i-silt). Lokhu kungenxa yokuthuthuka komlenze nge-substrate, ukukhulisa ukudlula, bese udonsa okusele kwesilwane ngegobolondo phambili.

Ezimbaza zasolwandle, umlenze mncane futhi uyafana nolimi, unokucindezeleka okuncane ebusweni besisu. Kusuka kulo mgodi, kukhishwa uketshezi olubonakalayo futhi olunamathelayo, luwele emgodini futhi lukhule kancane lapho kuthintwa amanzi olwandle. Lokhu kwakha imicu eqinile, eqinile, nokunwebeka imbaza enamathela ngayo ku-substrate, ihlale inganyakazi ezindaweni ezinokugeleza okwengeziwe.

Ihlala kuphi imbaza?

Isithombe: Izimbaza eRussia

Izimbaza zitholakala ezifundeni ezisogwini lweNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kufaka phakathi iNyakatho Melika, iYurophu kanye nenyakatho yePalaearctic. Atholakala kusukela oLwandle Olumhlophe eRussia kuya eningizimu yeFrance, kuzo zonke iziQhingi zaseBrithani, enyakatho yeWales nasentshonalanga yeScotland. E-Atlantic esentshonalanga, uM. Edulis uhlala ezifundazweni zaseningizimu yeCanada zasolwandle kuze kufike eNyakatho Carolina.

Izimbaza zasolwandle zitholakala maphakathi nendawo futhi emazingeni aphansi olwandle olwandle olunamazinga aphansi kakhulu omhlaba. Ezinye izimbaza zitholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi ashisayo, kodwa hhayi ngamanani amakhulu kangako.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezimbaza zithanda amaxhaphozi kasawoti noma amalahle athule, kuyilapho ezinye zijabulela ukuqhuma okugubhayo, okumboza amatshe asogwini agezwe ngamanzi. Ezinye izimbaza zikwazi kahle ukujula okuseduze kwemingcele ye-hydrothermal. Imbaza yaseNingizimu Afrika ayinamatheli emadwaleni, kodwa icasha emabhishi anesihlabathi, ihlale ngaphezu kobuso behlabathi ukuze idle ukudla, amanzi kanye nodoti.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzimbaza zamanzi ahlanzekile zihlala emachibini, emiseleni, emifuleni nasemifudlaneni emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphakeme. Bahlala bedinga umthombo wamanzi apholile, ahlanzekile. Izimbaza zikhetha amanzi aqukethe amaminerali. Badinga i-calcium carbonate ukwakha amagobolondo abo.

Imbaza ikwazi ukumelana nokubandayo izinyanga ezimbalwa. Izimbaza eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zijwayela kahle ebangeni kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-20 ° C, ngomkhawulo wokuqina ozinzile oshisayo ongaba cishe ngama-29 ° C wabantu abadala.

Izimbaza eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka azikhuli ngaphansi kukasawoti wamanzi ongaphansi kuka-15%, kodwa zingamelana nokwehla okukhulu kwemvelo. Ukujula kwabo kusuka kumamitha ayi-5 kuye kwayi-10. Imvamisa uM. Edulis wenzeka ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi nangaphansi kwamachibi asogwini olunamadwala futhi ahlala anamathiselwe unomphela lapho.

Manje uyazi lapho imbaza itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi le mollusk idlani.

Zidlani izimbaza?

Isithombe: izimbaza zoLwandle Olumnyama

Izimbaza zasolwandle namanzi angenasawoti ziyizi-feed feeder Banemigodi emibili. Amanzi agelezela esikhaleni lapho izinwele eziqubukayo zakha khona ukugeleza kwamanzi njalo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlayiya ezincane zokudla (izitshalo nezilwane zezilwane) zinamathela kungqimba lwamafinyila. Ama-eyelashes abe esehambisa isikhwehlela se-gill ngezinhlayiya zokudla emlonyeni wezimbaza bese sisuka lapho singene esiswini nasemathunjini, lapho ekugcineni kugaywa khona ukudla. Izinsalela ezingagaywanga ziyakhishwa futhi esitolo kanye namanzi okuphefumula.

Ukudla okuyinhloko kwezimbaza kuqukethe ama-phytoplankton, ama-dinoflagellates, ama-diatom amancane, ama-zoospores, ama-flagellates namanye ama-protozoa, ulwelwe oluhlukahlukene lwe-unicellular kanye ne-detritus, oluhlungiwe emanzini azungezile. Izimbaza zingabahlinzeki bokuhlunga okokuhlunga kokumiswa futhi babhekwa njengabaqaphi, baqoqa konke okusekholamu lamanzi elincane ngokwanele ukuthi lingangena.

Ukudla okujwayelekile kwezimbaza kufaka:

• iplankton;
• detritus;
• i-caviar;
• zooplankton;
• izimila zasolwandle;
• phytoplankton;
• amagciwane.

Izimbaza zasolwandle zivame ukutholakala zibhajwe ndawonye emadwaleni agezwe amagagasi. Zinamathiselwe emadwaleni nge-byssus yazo. Umkhuba wokuxhuma usiza ukubamba izimbaza lapho zivezwa amagagasi anamandla. Ngesikhathi samanzi amancane, abantu abaphakathi kweqoqo baba nokulahleka okuncane koketshezi ngenxa yokutholwa kwamanzi ngezinye izimbaza.

Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila

Isithombe: Imbaza zasolwandle

Izimbaza ziyizinhlobo ze-sessile ezihlala zihlala kuma-substrates. Izimbaza ezivuthiwe zikhetha ukuzijabulisa ngokuhlala phansi, ngakho-ke umlenze wazo ulahlekelwa ukusebenza kwezimoto. Ezingxenyeni ezixekethile, abantu abancane baklinya izimbaza ezindala, lapho bahlala khona.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimbaza zisetshenziswa njengama-bioindicators wokuqapha imvelo emanzini amasha nasolwandle. Lezi zimbaza ziwusizo olukhulu ngoba zisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. Izici zabo ziqinisekisa ukuthi zikhombisa imvelo lapho zitholakala noma zibekwe khona. Izinguquko ekwakhiweni kwazo, i-physiology, indlela yokuziphatha, noma izinombolo zikhomba isimo semvelo.

Izindlala ezikhethekile zikhipha imicu yamaprotheni eqinile abekwa ngayo ematsheni nakwezinye izinto. Izimbaza zomfula azinaso isitho esinjalo. Embotsheni, umlomo ungaphansi komlenze futhi uzungezwe ama-lobes. Umlomo uxhunywe ku-esophagus.

IMussel imelana kakhulu namazinga enzika aphakeme futhi isiza ukususa indle kukholamu lamanzi. Izimbaza ezivuthiwe zihlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala kanye nokuzingela ezinye izilwane futhi zisebenza njenge-substrate yama-algae ukunamathela, okwandisa ukwehluka kwendawo. Izibungu zeMussel nazo zingumthombo obalulekile wokudla wezilwane ezitshaliwe.

Izimbaza zinamadivayisi akhethekile okusiza ekukhonjisweni komhlaba nasendaweni. Izimbaza zinama-chemoreceptor angathola ukukhishwa kwama-gametes. Lawa ma-chemoreceptors futhi asiza izimbaza ezisencane ukuthi zigweme ukuhlala isikhashana kuma-substrates eduze kwezimbaza ezivuthiwe, mhlawumbe ukunciphisa umncintiswano wokudla.

Isikhathi sokuphila kwala ma-molluscs singahluka kakhulu kuye ngokuthi zinamathisela kuphi. Ukuhlaliswa ezindaweni ezisogwini ezivulekile kwenza abantu babe sengozini enkulu yezilwane, ikakhulukazi izinyoni. Izimbaza ezihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zingathola amazinga okufa afinyelela kuma-98% ngonyaka. Izigaba zokukhukhuleka kwesibungu nezentsha zithwala amazinga aphezulu okufa kwabantu.

Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala

Isithombe: Izimbaza

Njalo entwasahlobo nasehlobo, abesifazane bazalela amaqanda ayizigidi ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi, abese evundiswa ngabesilisa. Amaqanda avundisiwe akhula abe yizibungu, ezidliwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye ngama-99.9% phakathi namasonto amane okukhula kube imbaza encane.

Noma kunjalo, ngemuva kwalokhu "kukhethwa" kusasele cishe izimbaza ezincane ezingama-10 000 ezisele. Cishe zingamamilimitha amathathu ngosayizi futhi zivame ukukhukhuleka ziye olwandle amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa ngaphambi kokuzinza cishe kumasentimitha amahlanu ezindaweni ezisogwini.

Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIsizathu sokuthi izimbaza zihlala kula makoloni amakhulu kangaka kungenxa yokuthi abesilisa basethubeni elikhulu lokuthi bavundise amaqanda abo. Ngemuva kokuba izibungu zibhukuda ngokukhululeka cishe amasonto amane njengeplankton, ziyazinamathisela emadwaleni, ezinqwabeni, emabhokisini, esihlabathini esiqinile nakwamanye amagobolondo.

Izimbaza zinabesilisa nabesifazane abahlukene. Izimbaza zasolwandle zifakwa ngaphandle komzimba. Ukuqala esigabeni sesibungu, ziyakhukhula kuze kube izinyanga eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokuhlala ezindaweni eziqinile. Ziyakwazi ukuhamba kancane, zinamathele futhi zivale imicu ye-byssus ukuze ithole isikhundla esingcono.

Izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile zizalana ngokocansi. Indoda idedela isidoda emanzini, esingena kowesifazane ngembobo yamanje. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, amaqanda afinyelela esigabeni sesibungu futhi akhubaze inhlanzi okwesikhashana, abambelele emaphikweni noma emigodini. Ngaphambi kokuba zivele, zikhula emiphakathini yowesifazane, lapho amanzi acebile oksijini azungeza njalo azungeze wona.

Izibungu zisinda kuphela lapho zithola umphathi ofanele - inhlanzi. Ngokushesha nje lapho izibungu zinamathela, umzimba wenhlanzi uphendula ngokuwamboza ngamaseli akha i-cyst, ngakho-ke ahlala amasonto amabili kuya kwamahlanu. Njengoba bekhula, bayakhululwa kumnikazi, bacwile phansi ukuze baqale impilo yokuzimela.

Izitha zemvelo zezimbaza

Isithombe: Imisipha ibukeka kanjani

Izimbaza zivame ukutholakala ekugxileni okukhulu, lapho zivikeleke khona ekudleni ngenxa yenani lazo. Igobolondo lazo lisebenza njengongqimba oluvikelayo, yize ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezizingelayo zikwazi ukulibhubhisa.

Phakathi kwezidliwayo zemvelo zezimbaza, kukhona i-starfish elinde ukuvula igobolondo lembaza bese liyishwabadela. Ama-vertebrate amaningi adla izimbaza ezifana nama-walrus, inhlanzi, ama-herring gulls namadada.

Bangabanjwa kuphela ngabantu, hhayi ukusetshenziswa kuphela, benzelwe nokwenziwa komanyolo, basebenza njengezithiyo zokudoba, ukudla kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ukunamathisela amabhange amatshe amancanyana, njengasesifundeni saseNgilandi iLancashire. Ubusika obumnene buyasicindezela lesi simo, ngoba lapho-ke cishe njalo kunezilwane eziningi ezidla izimbaza ezincane.

Izilwane ezidla kakhulu izimbaza yilezi:

• i-flounder (i-Pleuronectiformes);
• isnipe (Scolopacidae);
• izinhlanzi zasolwandle (uLarus);
• Amagwababa (Corvus);
• udayi onsomi (N. lapillus);
• izinkanyezi zasolwandle (A. rubens);
• ama-sea sea urchins (S. droebachiensis).

Ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zilinda izimbaza ukuba zivule amaphayiphu azo ukuze ziphefumule. Isidlakudla bese sidudula isiphon semussel esikhaleni bese sivula imbaza ukuze sidliwe. Izimbaza zamanzi angenasawoti zidliwa ngama-raccoon, ama-otter, amadada, izimfene namahansi.

Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo

Isithombe: Izimbaza eRussia

Izimbaza zivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezingasogwini, ngakho-ke azifakwanga kunoma yiluphi Uhlu Olubomvu lokongiwa kwemvelo futhi azitholanga simo esikhethekile. Ngo-2005, iChina yabamba izimbaza ezingama-40% emhlabeni. EYurophu, iSpain ibingumholi wemboni.

E-United States, imisebenzi yokuzalela izimbaza yenzeka kanti izimbaza eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka zivame ukutshalwa. Ezinye izimbaza yizimbaza ezinkulu ezidliwayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi, ikakhulukazi, izinhlobo ezitholakala e-Atlantic, North Sea, eBaltic naseMedithera.

Kusukela ngekhulu leshumi nantathu, baye bakhuliswa eFrance ngamapulangwe okhuni. Izimbaza zaziwa kusukela ekoloni lamaCelt. Namuhla ziphinde zatshalwa emaphethelweni aseDashi, eJalimane nase-Italy. Njalo ngonyaka eYurophu, kudayiswa cishe amathani ezinkulungwane ezingama-550,000 ezimbaza, cishe amathani angama-250,000 ohlobo lweMytilus galloprovincesis. Ama-clams wesitayela se-Rhine ayindlela ejwayelekile yokupheka. EBelgium nasenyakatho yeFrance, izimbaza zivame ukuphakwa namafriji aseFrance.

Imbaza ngokungabikho kwamasheke enhlanzeko, ezimweni ezingavamile kungaholela ekufakeni ubuthi uma izilwane zisebenzisa iplankton enobuthi kubantu. Abanye abantu futhi bayazwela kumaphrotheni abo, ngakho-ke umzimba wabo uphendula ngezimpawu zokudakwa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo ezinjalo. Izimbaza kufanele zigcinwe ziphila ngaphambi kokupheka, ngakho-ke zigcinwa zivaliwe. Uma ukuvulwa kushiywe kuvulekile, umkhiqizo kufanele ulahlwe.

Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/26/2019

Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 22.08.2019 ngo-0: 06