Igwababa Elimnyama Ngabe inyoni yaziwa ngobuhlakani bayo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo, kanye nomsindo wayo omkhulu, onokhahlo. Futhi banedumela lokulimaza izitshalo, noma kunjalo umthelela wazo ungaphansi kokucabanga kwangaphambilini. Uhlobo lweCorvus lubandakanya amagwababa echobana, amagwababa kanye namaqhuqhuva. Lezi zinyoni ziyingxenye yomndeni waseCorvidae, ohlanganisa ama-jays kanye nama-magpies.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Igwababa Elimnyama
Igama lesiLatin elaziwa ngokuthi yi-Corvus Corone livela ku-Latin Corvus nase-Greek Corone. Uhlobo lweCorvus lungahunyushwa ngokuthi "igwababa" nokuthi "Corone" lisho igwababa, ngakho "iCrow raven" ukuhumusha okuqondile kweCorvus Corone.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zamagwababa, ngakho ziza ngobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. Igwababa laseMelika lingaba ngamasentimitha angama-45 ubude.Igwababa lenhlanzi lingaba ngamasentimitha angama-48. Igwababa elijwayelekile likhulu kakhulu cishe kuma-cm angu-69. Amagwababa angaba nesisindo esiphakathi kuka-337 no-1625 amagremu. Amarokhi mancane kunamagwababa futhi anemisila ehlukile emise okomgexo nemilomo ekhanyayo. Zilinganiselwe ngobude obungu-47 cm.
Ividiyo: Igwababa Elimnyama
Amagwababa amnyama aseMelika ahlukile kumagwababa ajwayelekile ngezindlela eziningana:
- la magwababa makhulu;
- amazwi abo ayaxokozela;
- banemilomo emikhulu kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagwababa amnyama angabonakala ngomsindo wawo. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngosizo lwenqwaba yemiculo, amagwababa azwakalisa imizwa yawo ekuphenduleni indlala noma usongo, ngokwesibonelo.
Amakhono abo amahle okundiza nokuhamba, kanye nokuxhashazwa ngokuhlangene kwemithombo yokudla, kunika amagwababa ithuba elingaphezu kwezinye izinyoni zasepulazini. Igwababa elimnyama linomlando omude wokushushiswa njengesihlava esinamandla nesidleke. Kodwa-ke, ngokubuka kwemvelo, asikho isizathu esiphoqayo salokhu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ushushiso aluholelanga ekufeni kwabantu noma kuphi. Ikakhulu, imihlambi engazalisi ingalimaza izitshalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amagwababa ayizinyoni eziwusizo njengoba edla inani elikhulu lamagundane neminenke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani igwababa elimnyama
Amagwababa amnyama yizinyoni ezinkulu, ngokuqinisekile enye yezinkulu kunazo zonke emndenini wegwababa (48 - 52 cm ubude). Ziyizimpungushe ze-archetypal: umzimba omnyama ofanayo, uqhwaku olukhulu oluvelayo, kepha luncane kakhulu kunologwababa. Igwababa elikhulu elimnyama elijwayelekile alinazo izimpawu zocansi ezisobala. Mncane kancane kunogwababa ovamile, onomsila omude, oneziqu ezinzima, uqhwaku olunzima, umphimbo oshubile nezwi elijulile.
Ngenkathi kulula ukubona igwababa elimnyama elinezimpaphe ezimnyama ezifanayo ekuqaleni, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Bheka eduze futhi uzobona i-sheen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nobubende ekhangayo impela. Lezi zinyoni zinamathanga anezimpaphe kahle nezimpaphe ezungeze isisekelo semilomo yazo. Izinyawo zamagwababa amnyama yi-anisodactyl, izinzwane ezintathu zibheke phambili nolunye uzwane lubheke emuva. Igwababa elidala linamaphiko angamasentimitha angama-84 kuya kwayi-100.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubuchopho begwababa abamnyama bucishe bulingane nobezimfene, kanti abanye abacwaningi bayaqhubeka nokusikisela ukuthi amagwababa "acabange" ngendawo yawo yezenhlalo neyomzimba futhi asebenzise amathuluzi ukuqoqa ukudla.
Mhlawumbe kungukukhalipha okunika amagwababa amnyama okuyimfihlakalo, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukungaziphathi kahle - zombili ngokombono wangempela nangokwesiko. Cabanga ngegwababa elinobuhlakani, ngamehlo agxilile, lishaya amaphiko alo ngokungananazi njengoba lihamba esibhakabhakeni, "ngeminwe" ezinsikeni zamaphiko alo. Zibukeka zingajwayelekile, njengeminwe yabantu ku-silhouette.
Amagwababa amnyama nawo avame ukudideka nama-rook, anomlomo oqinile, ovelele kakhulu, futhi ongenazinwele noma izinwele. Ngokuthokozisayo, ngokungafani namarokhi, avame ukuphuma kakhulu futhi aphume kakhulu, amagwababa e-scavenger ahlala yedwa kakhulu emvelweni, yize lokhu kungashintsha ngezinga elithile ebusika.
Ihlala kuphi igwababa elimnyama?
Isithombe: Igwababa elimnyama lenyoni
Amagwababa amnyama angatholakala emhlabeni wonke ezindaweni ezahlukene. Ngokomlando, bebehlala emaxhaphozini, ezindaweni ezilinywa kancane ezinesembozo sezihlahla ezincane kanye nasogwini. Muva nje, bazivumelanise nezinga elimangalisayo ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni nasemadolobheni.
Amagwababa amnyama asebenzisa amapaki nezakhiwo ukwakha izidleke, kanye nokudla ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu nasemigqonyeni kadoti. Okuwukuphela komonakalo omkhulu obonwe kumagwababa amnyama ukukhubazeka kokudla okunempilo. Akukhawulelwanga ekuphakameni okukhona kusuka olwandle kuya ezifundeni zezintaba. Amagwababa amnyama athanda ukwakha izidleke ezihlahleni noma emadwaleni. Igwababa elimnyama lingenye yezinyoni ezivame kakhulu emhlabeni.
Ziyatholakala:
- eYurophu, eScandinavia, e-Iceland naseGreenland;
- kulo lonke elase-Asia, kusukela oLwandlekazi iPacific kuya eHimalaya, kuya eNdiya nase-Iran;
- badabula enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika naseCanary Islands;
- eNyakatho naseMelika Ephakathi, eningizimu ekude, ngokwesibonelo, eNicaragua.
Izindawo zokuhlala ezithandwa amagwababa amnyama yi-United Kingdom (ngaphandle kweNyakatho yeScotland), iFrance, iSpain, iPortugal, iDenmark, iCzech Republic, iJalimane, iSlovakia, i-Austria, iNyakatho ye-Italy neSwitzerland. Ebusika, izinyoni eziningi zaseYurophu zifika eCorsica naseSardinia.
Amagwababa amnyama nawo athanda izindawo ezivulekile - ogwini lolwandle, itundra elingenamithi, amawa anamadwala, amahlathi asezintabeni, amabhange emifula avulekile, amathafa, izingwadule namahlathi amancane. Amarokhi atholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNtshonalanga ye-Asia. Baphinde bathande izindawo ezivulekile eziningi, amathafa emifula nezintaba. Igwababa elimnyama alikho enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeScotland, eNyakatho ye-Ireland nase-Isle of Man.
Manje uyazi lapho igwababa elimnyama lihlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni idlani.
Idlani igwababa elimnyama?
Isithombe: Black Crow eRussia
Amagwababa amnyama anomnivorous, okusho ukuthi adla cishe noma yini. Amagwababa adla izilwane ezincane njengezilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo, amaqanda kanye nesidumbu. Ziphinde zidle izinambuzane, imbewu, okusanhlamvu, amantongomane, izithelo, ama-arthropods angenazo izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, izibungu kanye nezinye izinyoni. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi amagwababa adla udoti futhi abeka ukudla ezindaweni zokucasha, okwesikhashana, ezihlahleni noma phansi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagwababa amnyama angakwazi ukuma phezu kwezidleke futhi adedele izintuthwane zikhuphuke kuzo. Le nyoni ibe isihlikihla izintuthwane ngezimpaphe zayo. Lokhu kuziphatha kubizwa nge-anting futhi kusetshenziselwa ukuvikela kuma-parasites. Izintuthwane zingadala nokuthi izinyoni ziphuze i-formic acid ekhishwe emizimbeni yazo.
Amagwababa amnyama adla ikakhulu emhlabathini lapho ahamba khona ngenhloso. Bangakwazi ngisho nokuhlasela futhi babulale izilwane ezincane, ezibuthakathaka. Lo mkhuba ubenza bangathandeki kubalimi, njengoba kunjalo nangokuthanda izinyoni ukucekela phansi izitshalo.
Amagwababa angabaleka ngezicucu zezilwane abese egcina izihlahlana ezihlahleni, afihle inyama njengoba kwenza ingwe ukuze isetshenziswe kamuva. Kwesinye isikhathi zingcwaba imbewu noma ziyibeke emifantwini yegxolo, kwesinye isikhathi zintshontsha ukudla kwezinye izilwane, zibambisene namanye amagwababa ukugasela ukudla kwama-otter, amanqe nezinyoni zamanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Igwababa elimnyama emvelweni
Amagwababa amnyama yizinyoni ezihlakaniphe kakhulu. Baziwa ngamakhono abo wokuxazulula izinkinga namakhono wokuxhumana amangalisayo. Isibonelo, lapho igwababa lihlangana nomuntu omubi, lifundisa amanye amagwababa ukuthi angamazi kanjani. Eqinisweni, ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi amagwababa amnyama awakhohlwa ubuso.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagwababa amnyama ahlakaniphile angakwazi ukulingisa kahle. Bafundiswa ukubala ngokuzwakalayo kuze kufike kwabayisikhombisa, kanti amanye amagwababa afunda amagama angaphezu kwekhulu nemisho ephelele engafika kuma-50; abanye babaziwa ngokulingisa amazwi abanikazi babo okubiza izinja nokuklolodela amahhashi. Zibonisa nelukuluku elikhulu, zondla idumela labaphangi abanamasu nokubala amasela. Andiza ngeposi labantu, adonse okokugqoka okolayini emigqeni, abaleke nezinto ezingagadiwe njengokhiye bemoto.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamagwababa zodwa, kepha zivame ukuzingela ngamaqembu. Abanye bahlala emaqenjini amakhulu. Lapho kufe igwababa elilodwa, iqembu liyozungeza umufi. Lo mngcwabo wenza okungaphezu kokulilela oshonile. Amagwababa eMnyama ayahlangana ukuthola ukuthi ngubani owabulala ilungu lawo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, iqembu lamagwababa lizohlangana futhi lijahe izilwane ezizingelayo. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagwababa zonyaka, kunokuba zikhule ngokwabantu abadala, zihlala eqenjini elibizwa ngokuthi yi-perching community. Ezinye izimpungushe ziyafuduka kanti ezinye azifuduki. Uma kudingeka, bazoya ezindaweni ezifudumele zensimu yabo.
Amagwababa amnyama aziwa kakhulu ngokuhlala kwawo yedwa, yize enezindawo eziningi zezidleke ezizungeze izidleke zawo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi amagwababa asebenza ngokubambisana ukuvikela izidlakela nezinye izihlaseli.
Zibonisa isimilo esikhethekile lapho zincike entweni ethile evelele, njengoshimula noma uthi lwethelevishini, futhi zizwakala ngokuzwakalayo ochungechungeni lwemicibisholo ebukhali, enesikhathi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagwababa amnyama ahlanze izilwane ezifile nemfucumfucu. Eqinisweni, amagwababa ejwayelekile asolwa ngokugumbuqela amathini kadoti, kepha izigameko zangempela imvamisa kuba ama-raccoon noma izinja.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Igwababa Elimnyama
Amagwababa amnyama kaningi akha ama-pair womuntu oyedwa ahlala ndawonye impilo yonke. Zizala ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Ezimweni eziningi, le mibhangqwana ivikela indawo efanayo lapho ihlala khona unyaka wonke. Abanye abantu bangafudukela kusayithi lokukhwelana.
Isokhethi ngayinye inamabhangqa amabili kuphela. Kodwa-ke, cishe ama-3% wabantu ababamba iqhaza ekuhlanganiseni kokubambisana. Ikakhulu, inani labantu basenyakatho yeSpain likhonjisiwe ukuthi linokuhlangana kokubambisana ezidlekeni eziningi.
Ezimweni eziningi, izinyoni ezisizayo bezihlotshaniswa nokubhangqa. Kokunye, la maqembu azalanayo afinyelele osayizi bezinyoni eziyishumi nanhlanu, kwesinye isikhathi ngamachwane aqhamuka ngazimbili. Ngenxa yokutholakala kwalokhu, abacwaningi basanda kuqala ukutadisha imishini yamaqembu ezizwe.
Isikhathi sokuzala kwamagwababa amnyama siqala ngasekupheleni kukaMashi, ngokubekwa kwamaqanda okuphezulu maphakathi no-Ephreli. Lapho amagwababa amnyama ezwana, ahlala ndawonye impilo yonke, ahlukane kuphela emva kokufa. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izikhathi kwakubonakala abesifazane ngamabili kuphela, kanti kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bayakhohlisa.
Izinyoni zizalela amaqanda omnqumo aluhlaza okwisihlanu noma ayisithupha anezicucu ezimnyama. Amagwababa amancane angachitha isikhathi esiyiminyaka eyisithupha nabazali bawo ngaphambi kokuqala ukuhlala ngokuzimela.
Njengoba kufika ubusika, amagwababa amnyama ahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu okuhlala ubusuku bonke. Le mihlambi ingahlanganisa amashumi ezinkulungwane zezinyoni, kwesinye isikhathi amakhulu ezinkulungwane. Izizathu ezingaba khona zalesi sikhathi sonyaka imfudumalo, ukuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezifana nezikhova, noma ukwabelana ngolwazi. Igwababa elimnyama lingaphila iminyaka eyi-13 endle futhi ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-20 liboshiwe.
Izitha zemvelo zamagwababa amnyama
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani igwababa elimnyama
Izilwane eziyizilwane ezinkulu noma izitha zemvelo zamagwababa amnyama oklebe nezikhova. OKlebe bayabahlasela, bababulale futhi babadle emini, kanti izikhova ziyabalandela ebusuku uma besezindaweni zabo zokucasha. Kepha amagwababa ahlasela futhi izikhova nezikhova, yize engazidli.
Amagwababa kubonakala sengathi azizonda izitha zawo zemvelo, futhi lapho ethola enye yazo, azihlasela ngamaqembu amakhulu, anomsindo ngokuziphatha okubizwa nge- "mobbing". Ukhozi noma isikhova esigcwele amagwababa ihlale izama ukubaleka ukugwema inkinga.
Amagwababa amnyama ngokuvamile abizwa ngokungesabi. Bayakwazi ukujaha izinkozi, ezingaba nesisindo esiphindwe kasishiyagalolunye kunegwababa. Yize engesabi, amagwababa amnyama ngokuvamile ayaxwaya abantu, okuyizilwane zabo ezinkulu ezizidlayo.
Amagwababa amnyama angazithinta kakhulu izinyoni zendawo ngokuzingela amaqanda azo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka badlale indima ekulawulweni kwabantu emvelweni yabo ngokunciphisa osayizi bezinye izinyoni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagwababa omzimba odla izidumbu, kodwa ukubaluleka kwegalelo labo kulokhu akukaziwa. I-cuckoo enkulu enamabala, i-Clamator glandariou, yisinambuzane esizalanayo esaziwa ngokubeka amaqanda ezidlekeni zomhlambi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izimpungushe ezimnyama
Ngokwe-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), amagwababa amaningi awasengozini. ICrow Flores ihlukile. Ubalwe njengosengozini enkulu ngoba unesibalo esincane kakhulu esinciphayo njengoba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kusongela ikhaya lakhe eziqhingini zase-Indonesia iFlores neRinka.
I-IUCN ilinganisela ukuthi inani labantu bayo lisukela kubantu abangama-600 kuye kwabayi-1,700 abavuthiwe. Igwababa laseHawaii liphelile endle. Inani lezimpungushe ezimnyama, ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene, lisuka ezigidini ezingama-43 kuye kwezi-204 futhi liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Ayikho imizamo eyenziwayo njengamanje yokulondoloza izinhlobo zegwababa elimnyama.
Yize njengamanje igwababa elimnyama libhekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, lingazalana nomzala walo, kanti izinhlamvu ziyatholakala lapho amabanga azo ahlangana khona. Ezingxenyeni eziningi ze-Ireland naseScotland, igwababa elimnyama lithathelwa indawo yigwebu elimnyama-grey, ezindaweni ezisemngceleni lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zizalisana. Kuze kube manje, kusalokhu kuyindida ukuthi kungani kunezinhlobo ezimbili ezahlukene ezihlala ezindaweni ezakhelene nesimo sezulu.
Igwababa elimnyama lingabhekwa njengomlawuli wemvelo wezinyoni, futhi ngezinga elithile lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwandiseni amathuba ezinyoni zokulihlula. Kuzo zonke izinyoni, igwababa elimnyama yilona elizondwa kakhulu yizakhamizi ezifuya imihlambi yezinkukhu, ngoba linobuqili obukhulu bezinyoni ezisela amaqanda. Izinyoni zasendle nazo zihlupheka kakhulu ngokucekelwa phansi kwayo.
Igwababa Elimnyama Ingabe enye yezinyoni ezihlakaniphe kakhulu futhi ezivumelana nezimo. Uhlala engesabi, yize angaxwaya lo muntu. Banesizungu impela, imvamisa batholakala bodwa noma ngababili, yize bekwazi ukwakha imihlambi. Amagwababa amnyama azoza ezingadini ezodla, futhi yize ezovame ukuqaphela ekuqaleni, maduze azokwazi ukuthi kuphephile nini futhi azobuya azosizakala ngalokho okunikezwayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: unyaka we-21.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 50
