Isiphukuphuku somiyane ajwayelekile kwabaningi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Ukubukeka okwethusayo bekuvame ukubonwa njengokuvela "komiyane be-malaria" futhi kubangele ukwesaba kwabaningi. Yize ziyizinambuzane ezingenabungozi ngokuphelele ezingalumi noma zingaluma. Lezi zinambuzane zibukeka njengekhophi elikhulisiwe lomiyane ojwayelekile. Wonke umuntu wethukile ngomiyane omkhulu onemilenze emide, ulenga ophahleni noma endiza ekamelweni, kepha lokhu kuyisidalwa esingenabungozi kubantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-Mosquito centipede
Omiyane abaneziqu ezinde bayaziwa esintwini kusuka eshokholeni nakuma-amber deposit Ubufakazi obudala kunabo bonke yi-amber yaseLebanon (iLower Cretaceous, cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyi-130), isifanekiso esincane kunazo zonke sitholakala ku-amber yaseDominican, lapho satholwa sisuka eMiocene (inkathi yeNeogene) sisuka eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-15 kuya kweziyi-40. Kutholakale abamele izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-30 ku-amber yaseBaltic, abanye babo abasekhona namanje.
Ividiyo: Isiphukuphuku somiyane
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Tipulidae ingelinye lamaqembu amakhulu omiyane, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-526 kanye ne-subgenera. Iningi lomiyane be-centipede bachazwe yisazi sezinambuzane uCharles Alexander, isazi somiyane, ezincwadini ezingaphezu kuka-1 000 zesayensi.
Isimo se-phylogenetic somiyane waseTipulidae asikacaci. Umbono we-classical ukuthi bayigatsha lokuqala laseDiptera - mhlawumbe elinomiyane basebusika (iTrichoceridae), iqembu elihlobene nazo zonke ezinye iDiptera - ezinikela ezinhlotsheni zesimanje. Ngokucabangela idatha yezifundo zamangqamuzana, kungenzeka ukuthi uqhathanise izinhlamvu ezitholakele zezibungu, ezifana nalezo ze-dipterans "eziphakeme".
I-Pediciidae ne-Tipulidae amaqembu ahlobene, ama-limoniid ayizigaxa ze-paraphyletic, kanti i-Cylindrotominae ibonakala njengeqembu eliphindayo, elimele kangcono kakhulu eThertiary. Omiyane baseTipulidae kungenzeka ukuthi bavela kokhokho e-Upper Jurassic. Izinhlobo ezindala zomiyane abanemilenze emide zitholakale ematsheni amatshe amatshe aphakeme i-Upper Jurassic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amalungu omndeni atholakala eCretaceous yaseBrazil naseSpain, futhi kamuva naseKhabarovsk Territory. Futhi, izinsalela zezinhlobo zezinambuzane zingatholakala kumatye e-Eocene atholakala eduze naseVerona.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umiyane we-centipede?
Omiyane abanemilenze emide (iTipulidae) izinambuzane zomndeni wakwaDiptera, okungaphansi kwe-wattled long. Zimelela omiyane abakhulu kunabo bonke futhi zifinyelela kubude obude bomzimba cishe obungama-40 mm namaphiko angaphezu kuka-50 mm. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bazo, omiyane beevils banomzimba omncane kakhulu namaphiko amancane.
Umbala ongaphandle uvamise ukusukela kokumpunga kuye kobunsundu, komunye umkhakha ungaba ophuzi futhi ube mnyama-phuzi noma ube bomvu-mnyama. Izimpiko zivame ukuba mnyama, futhi endaweni yokuphumula zibekwe emuva. Njengabo bonke abanamaphiko amabili, izifinyeleli ezingemuva ziphenduka zibe ngamahenjisi (swinging). Kwezinye izinhlobo, izimpiko zangaphambili ziyama. Izimpondo zazo zinezingxenye ezingafika kwezili-19. Lesi sinambuzane sine-suture emise okwe-V esifubeni.
Ikhanda lihoxisiwe, ngesimo se- "stigma". Iqhubekela phambili, yenze i-proboscis ithambe kakhulu futhi ikwazi ukumunca iziphuzo kuphela. Isiphetho sangemuva sicwebezelwe ngokusobala futhi sithwala amaseli afuthisa owesilisa kanye nokubekwa kweqanda labesifazane okwenziwe kusuka kokuthintekayo kwesisu. Kukhona izimpondo ezinde ekhanda.
Imilenze emide iyathinteka, evame ukuba namaphoyinti okuqagela ngaphambilini futhi, ngokufanele, isheshe isuke. Zinde kakhulu. Kumiyane onemilenze emide (ngaphandle kohlobo lwe-Indotipula, imilenze inezinqubo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-spurs. Ngaphezu kwamehlo amabili amakhulu anezinhlangothi, ezinye izinhlobo zinamehlo anobudlova ekhanda.
Manje uyazi ukuthi umiyane we-centipede uyingozi noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zitholakalaphi.
Uhlala kuphi umiyane we-centipede?
Isithombe: Isinambuzane somiyane wezinambuzane
Izinambuzane zitholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi. Azikho kuphela ezindaweni ezomile, ezingenamanzi, eziqhingini ezincane zasolwandle ezineqhwa lonyaka noma iqhwa, ngaphezu kwalokho, enkabeni ye-Arctic + Antarctic. Izilwane zomhlaba zicatshangelwa cishe izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezingama-4200. Lezi zimvuthu eziphawuleka kakhulu zimelwe yizinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zemvelo cishe kuzo zonke izifunda ze-biogeographic (ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica).
Inani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakalayo lisatshalaliswe yisifunda ngokulandelayo:
- Isifunda sePalaearctic - izinhlobo eziyi-1280;
- Umbuso we-Nearctic - izinhlobo ezingama-573;
- isifunda se-neotropical - izinhlobo ezingama-805;
- Isifunda se-Afrotropical - izinhlobo ezingama-339;
- Indawo ye-Indomalayan - izinhlobo ezingama-925;
- australasia - izinhlobo ezingama-385.
Izindawo zokuhlala zemikhumbi zigxilwe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zamanzi angenasawoti nezindawo ezinosawoti omncane. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ezihlalweni ezimanzi zobulembu noma ezimakethe. Izinhlobo zeCtenophora Meigen zitholakala ekuboleni izingodo noma izingodo. Izibungu zezinhlobo ezinjengeNephrotoma Meigen noma iTipula Linnaeus ziyizivakashi ezivamile zenhlabathi eyomile yamadlelo, ama-steppes kanye notshani.
Izibungu zeqembu iTipulidae nazo zitholakala enhlabathini ecebile enodaka, ezindaweni ezinomswakama zehlathi, lapho kukhona khona ama-humus amaningi agcwele, emaqabungeni noma odakeni, izingxenye zezitshalo ezibolayo noma izithelo ezisezigabeni ezahlukene zokubola. Izibungu zibamba iqhaza elibalulekile emvelweni womhlaba njengoba ziphinda zisebenzisa izinto eziphilayo futhi zandisa umsebenzi wezinambuzane ezintweni ezihlala phansi.
Yini edliwa umiyane we-centipede?
Isithombe: Isiphuku esikhulu somiyane
Abantu abadala badla ubisi oluvulekile lwezitshalo ezifana namanzi nompe, kanye nempova. Abakwazi ukumunca okunye ukudla okujiyile ngemilomo yabo. Ngenkathi izibungu zimunca isitshalo esibolayo sihlala, kepha ngaphandle kwalokhu, izicubu zezitshalo eziphilayo, ezidala umonakalo omkhulu emahlathini nakwezolimo. Iningi labantu alikhombi kahle omiyane abakhulu abavela kulo mndeni, babaphatha ngokuthi omiyane be-malaria abayingozi. Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi baluma kabuhlungu kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbono osabalele wokuthi omiyane abanesikhathi eside "betinyela" usuvele uphikisiwe ngabaphenyi ngeqiniso lokuthi udosi lwalezi zimiyane alunakungena esikhunjeni somuntu.
Inqubo yokugayeka ngokwayo inelukuluku. Iningi lokudla kwabo liqukethe ukudla kwezitshalo, okuphikelela kakhulu futhi okunzima ukugaya. Okungukuthi i-fiber ne-lignin. Ngokwenziwa kwabo, izinto eziphilayo ezinengqamu eyodwa ziyasiza izibungu, ezivela kakhulu emathunjini ezibungu. Lezi zilwanyana eziphilayo zikhipha ama-enzyme asiza ekugayweni kwe-fiber.
Imikhiqizo yokudla eyinhloko yezibungu zomiyane abanemilenze emide ifaka phakathi:
- humus;
- izimpande zezitshalo;
- ubulembu;
- izimila zasolwandle;
- i-detritus.
Izidalwa zangaphakathi ezinama-unicellular wezibungu zisiza ukudla ukuthi kuthuthukiswe ngezinto ezidingekayo, ngenxa yalokho ukudla kumunca kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emathunjini ezibungu kuneziqubu ezikhethekile eziyimpumputhe lapho kugcinwa khona ukudla nalapho kudalelwa khona izimo ezikhethekile zokukhiqiza amagciwane amancane. Uhlobo olufanayo lokugaya ukudla lutholakala nakuma-vertebrate afana namahhashi, hhayi ezinambuzaneni kuphela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Mosquito centipede
Ikakhulukazi kusihlwa, omiyane be-centipede bavame ukwakha imihlambi emincane. Izinhlobo ezihlukene zindiza ngezinkathi ezihluke kakhulu. Umiyane weSwamp (iTipula Oleracea) undiza kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni, nasesizukulwaneni sesibili kusuka ngo-Agasti kuya ku-Okthoba. I-centipede eyingozi (T. paludosa) indiza kuphela ngo-Agasti noSepthemba, i-Art Tipula czizeki - ngo-Okthoba nangoNovemba kuphela. Mhlawumbe, lokhu kubukeka kwesikhashana okuhlukile kuyindlela yokwehlukaniswa kwezinhlobo futhi kuvimbela ukuzalana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lezi zinambuzane zinesici sokuklama esihlekisayo - zine-halteres eceleni kompheme. Lokhu kuphuma okungajwayelekile kusiza ukulinganisela endizeni, kukhulise ukuhamba.
Izibungu zomiyane we-centipede zingaba yingozi uma zisakazeka kabanzi, ikakhulukazi kwimifino. Izibungu ezingafika ku-400 ngemitha skwele ngalinye zingahlala emhlabathini, lapho zingabhubhisa khona amasimu ngokulimaza izimpande, nasebusuku zilimaze izindawo zezitshalo. Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu kukhona i- centipede enobuthi (T. paludosa), i-marsh centipede (T. oleracea), T. czizeki, nezinye izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene eziphila kakhulu ngezitshalo ezisencane ehlathini.
Izibungu zezinhlobo ezithile zisebenzisa nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla eziphila emanzini nezinambuzane, ezingaba nezibungu zomiyane, yize lokhu kungabhalwanga ngokusemthethweni. Abantu abaningi abadala banesikhathi esifushane sokuphila kangangokuba abadli lutho, futhi yize kunenkolelo esabalele yokuthi omiyane abadala bagxilisa omiyane, abanamandla okubulala noma okuqeda ezinye izinambuzane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Umiyane omnyama we-centipede
Owesifazane osekhulile, ezimweni eziningi, usuke enawo amaqanda avuthiwe lapho ekhasa ngaphandle kwesiphungumangathi, futhi abashadayo cishe ngokushesha uma kukhona owesilisa. Abesilisa nabo bafuna abesifazane ngenkathi behamba ngalesi sikhathi. Ukushayisana komgogodla kuthatha imizuzu embalwa kuya emahoreni amaningi futhi kungenziwa lapho undiza. Abantu abadala banempilo yezinsuku eziyi-10 kuya kwezingu-15. Owesifazane ubeka i-oviposition ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi emhlabathini omanzi noma ku-algae.
Bambalwa abanyakazisa amaqanda abo echibini noma emhlabathini owomile, kanti abanye bavele bawalahle. Njengomthetho, insikazi indiza kancane ngaphezu komhlabathi ifuna idiphozi efanelekile. Kwezinye izinhlobo (ezifana neTipula scripta kanye neTipula hortorum), insikazi imba umgodi omncane emhlabathini, ngemuva kwalokho ibekele amaqanda. Kwezinye izinhlobo, abesifazane bakhiqiza amaqanda angamakhulu amaningana.
Izibungu ezi-cylindrical, imvamisa ezimpunga ngaphandle kwemilenze noma ezinye izitho ze-locomotion ezinyathelekayo ziphuma emaqandeni. Ngokungafani nezibungu zempukane, izibungu zomiyane zine-capsule yekhanda, kepha lokhu (ngokungafani nomiyane) kusemuva kwesikhala esivaliwe ngokuphelele (i-hemisphere). Isici esihlukile sezibungu yizicucu ezimbili ezingemuva, ezizungezwe insimu emnyama nezandiso eziyisithupha ezikhethekile zezinhlobo.
Izinhlobo eziningi zomiyane zinezibungu ezinombala omnyama. Ngosizo lwentambo ekhethekile, bangakwazi ukumisa iqanda endaweni enamanzi noma enomswakama. Lezi zibungu ze-flypaper-of the centipede umiyane zitholakale ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezindawo zokuhlala emhlabeni nasemanzini. Zinjenge-cylindrical shape, kepha-ke, zishintsha ziye ngasekugcineni kwangaphakathi, kanti i-cephalic capsule ivame ukuhlehliselwa esifubeni. Isisu uqobo sishelelezi, simbozwe yizinwele, ukuvela noma amabala, afana ne-welt.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izibungu zingondla nge-microflora, ulwelwe, izidalwa eziphilayo noma ezibolile, kufaka phakathi izinkuni. Amanye ama-centipedes yizilwane ezidla inyama. Okugunyaziwe yizibungu kunamandla kakhulu futhi kunzima ukuchoboza. Izibungu ziyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekusetshenzisweni kwamahlamvu nezinaliti.
Izibungu ezindala iTipula maxima, ezingaba ngamasentimitha amahlanu ubude, zihlala emifudlaneni yehlathi futhi zondla amahlamvu awayo. Usizo ekukhiqizeni ukudla okungagayeki kahle kwe-cellulosic lwenzeka ngamakamelo okuvutshelwa. Ngemuva kwezigaba ezine zesibungu, ziyaphuma, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwezimpondo ezincane kudoli endaweni yesifuba njengezitho zokuphefumula. Umzimba ugcwele ameva, kanti nodoli uqobo uyaguquguquka. Ngokuvamile umdlwane wenzeka emhlabathini noma ezinkuni ezibolile. Kwezinye izinhlobo, iziphungumangathi zingaphezu kobusika; kwezinye izinhlobo, kungabonakala izizukulwane ezimbili ngonyaka.
Izitha zemvelo zomiyane we-centipede
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umiyane we-centipede?
AmaCentipedes ahamba ngobunzima ezingalweni ezinde kakhulu. Le milenze ivame ukusindisa izimpilo zayo. Lapho ukuhlaselwa kwenzeka ohlangothini lwesidliva bese kunamathela engalweni ephumayo, kunqamuka kalula, bese lowo muntu aqhubeke nokuphila futhi angandiza ahambe.
Izibungu nabantu abadala baba yizisulu ezilusizo ezilwaneni eziningi, okungukuthi:
- izinambuzane;
- inhlanzi;
- izicabucabu;
- izinyoni;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- izilwane ezincelisayo.
Ngaphezu kokudlala indima ebalulekile njenge-recycler ejenti ebolayo, omiyane abaneziqu ezinde bangumthombo omuhle wokudla wezinyoni eziningi ezizalela izidleke ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka. Ngakho-ke, ngalezi zikhathi zakusihlwa ezifudumele zasentwasahlobo, lapho ungabona khona omiyane abakhulu bezungeza isibani kuvulandi, udinga ukulahla eceleni konke ukwesaba uphumule ngokuthula.
Kukhona omiyane be-centipede abawela ngaphandle kwemindeni yaseTipulidae nePediciidae, kodwa abahlobene kakhulu nabo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Ptychopteridae, omiyane basebusika, nomiyane we-tanderid (Ptychopteridae, Trichoceridae, neTanyderidae, ngokulandelana). Okudume kakhulu kulokhu umiyane we-phantom i-Bittacomorpha clavipes, isinambuzane esikhulu endiza ngemilenze efuthwe (“izinyawo”), esiza ukuphakamisa imilenze yaso emide, emnyama nomhlophe emoyeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umiyane we-centipede eRussia
Lo mndeni awusongelwa yilutho, ngoba abamele bawo basakazekile futhi inani lezinhlobo eziningi liyanda. Izinhlobo eziningi sezihlasele kwezinye izindawo futhi zilimaza ezolimo namahlathi. Izinhlobo zomndeni zibhalwe kuRed Data Book njengamaqembu okungenani asengozini. Yize ubukhulu nenani labantu kwesinye isikhathi kunzima ukulinganisa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize omiyane be-centipede betholakala emhlabeni wonke, izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlobo ezithile zemvelo zivame ukusatshalaliswa ngokulinganiselwe. Zihluke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi zivame kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme nasezindaweni ezisenyakatho.
Umiyane ovamile waseYurophu u-T. paludosa kanye ne-marsh centipede T. oleracea yizinambuzane zezolimo. Izibungu zazo zibaluleke kakhulu kwezomnotho. Zihlala ezingxenyeni ezingenhla zenhlabathi, futhi zidla izimpande, izinwele zezimpande, umqhele, kwesinye isikhathi namaqabunga ezitshalo, zikhubaza noma zibulala izitshalo. Ziyizinambuzane ezingabonakali zemifino.
Kusukela ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1900. UT. umiyane centipede yahlasela emazweni amaningi, kufaka phakathi ne-United States. Izibungu zabo ziye zabonwa ezitshalweni eziningi: imifino, izithelo, okusanhlamvu, izitshalo zokuhlobisa notshani botshani. Ngo-1935, inkundla yebhola lezinyawo yaseLondon yayingenye yezindawo ezashaywa yilezi zinambuzane. Izinkulungwane ezimbalwa zabantu zaqoqwa ngabasebenzi futhi zashiswa ngoba zabangela ukuthi izindawo ezinempandla zivele otshanini bensimu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/18/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-13: 46
