I-Landrail - Le yinyoni emaphakathi nse ye-oda crane-like kanye nomndeni omncane wabelusi. Igama lomhlaba jikelele lesiLatini lenyoni elithi "crex-crex". Igama elinjalo elingajwayelekile lanikwa inyoni ngenxa yokukhala kwayo okuthile. I-crake yahlukaniswa okokuqala ngo-1756 nguKarl Linnaeus, kodwa ngenxa yokungahambi kahle okuncane encazelweni, isikhathi esithile kwakucatshangwa ukuthi le nyoni ingeyomndeni wezinkukhu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Corncrake
I-corncrake yahlukaniswa eminyakeni engaba ngu-250 edlule, kodwa kusobala ukuthi le nyoni yayihlala e-Eurasia kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Izindaba zokuqala ezinokwethenjelwa ngokuzingelwa kukakhokho zihlehlela emuva ngekhulu lesibili leminyaka BC, lapho le nyoni yayihlala kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngaphandle kwezifunda ezisenyakatho kakhulu. ICorncrake ingeyomndeni omkhulu wezinyoni ezinjenge-crane, kepha ngokungafani nabamele abaningi balo mndeni, kuhle ngokufanayo ekugijimeni nasekundizeni.
Ividiyo: I-Corncrake
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nyoni inezinye izici eziyihlukanisa nezinye izinyoni zalolu hlobo:
- osayizi bezinyoni basukela kumasentimitha angama-20-26;
- isisindo asidluli amagremu angama-200;
- amaphiko cishe amasentimitha angama-50;
- iqonde futhi iguquguquke ngokwanele intamo;
- ikhanda eliyindilinga elincane;
- umlomo omfishane kodwa onamandla futhi okhombe;
- imilenze eqinile, enemisipha enezinzipho eziqinile;
- izwi elingajwayelekile, eli-raspy, elihlukaniswa ngokucacile emadlelweni nasemahlathini.
ICorncrake imbozwe izimpaphe ezimfushane neziminyene ngokuphuzi ngokunsundu ezinamabala amnyama asakazeke ngezikhathi ezithile emzimbeni. Abesifazane nabesilisa bacishe balingane, kepha usengakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo. Kwabesilisa, i-goiter (ngaphambili kwentamo) imbozwe izimpaphe ezimpunga, kanti kwabesifazane ibomvu ngokukhanyayo.
Awukho omunye umehluko ezinyonini. Le nyoni iyancibilika kabili ngonyaka entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Umbala wasentwasahlobo ukhanya kancane kunowekwindla, kepha izimpaphe zasekwindla zinzima, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka lenyoni indiza ibheke eningizimu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ummbila
Ukubukeka kwe-corncrake kuncike ekubukekeni kwayo.
Sekukonke, ososayensi bezinyoni bahlukanisa phakathi kwamaqembu amakhulu ezinyoni:
- crake ezivamile. Uhlobo lwenyoni lwendabuko oluvame ukubonwa eYurophu nase-Asia. Inyoni engazaliseli futhi esheshayo izalela ihlala kulo lonke izwekazi kusukela olwandle olufudumele lwasePortugal kuya emaqeleni aseTrans-Baikal;
- Ingulube yase-Afrika. Lolu hlobo lwenyoni lwehluke kakhulu kunesikhwishikhwishi esijwayelekile ngokubukeka nangemikhuba. Okokuqala, i-crake yase-Afrika yehlukile ngosayizi. Mancane kakhulu kunomlingani wawo waseYurophu.
Ngakho-ke, isisindo senyoni asidluli ku-140 amagremu, kanti ubude bomzimba obukhulu bungamasentimitha angama-22. Ngokubukeka, ikhekhe lase-Afrika lifana kakhulu ne-thrush enomlomo ocijile namehlo abomvu. Isifuba sale nyoni sinombala ompunga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kanti izinhlangothi nesisu kuyabonakala, njengedube. Lezi zinyoni zihlala emazweni amaningana ase-Afrika ngasikhathi sinye futhi kwesinye isikhathi zingatholakala nasemngceleni ogwadule olukhulu lwaseSahara. Isici esiyinhloko salezi zinyoni ukuthi ziyakwazi ukuzulazula ngemuva komswakama ophumayo, futhi uma kufika isikhathi esomile, u-corncrake ngokushesha uzosondela eduze kwemifula neminye imizimba yamanzi.
Isililo sikakhokho we-Afrika sihambisana nesikhalo esithi "kry" futhi sisabalala kude ngaphesheya kwe-savannah. Inyoni yase-Afrika iyayithanda uma lina futhi ithanda ukuzingela kusihlwa noma ekuseni kakhulu ngaphambi kokuphuma kwelanga. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inyoni ayikubekezeleli ukushisa okuphezulu kahle futhi izama ukuphumula ezinsukwini ezishisayo. Imvamisa, ama-corncrakes ase-Afrika ahlela izimpi zangempela nezinyoni zezinye izinhlobo zensimu namanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inani le-corncrake ejwayelekile cishe liyi-40% yenani eliphelele lezinyoni, futhi inani labantu lihlala lincipha njalo.
Kepha lezi zinyoni zifana kakhulu kunokuhluka. Ikakhulu, ngaphandle kwamaphiko anamandla, i-corncrake ilula emoyeni. Lezi zinyoni zikhuphukela ngokungathandabuzeki emoyeni (njengomthetho, kuphela uma kuba nengozi enkulu), zindiza amamitha ambalwa bese ziphinde zehlele phansi. Kodwa-ke, ubunzima nokungahambi kahle emoyeni kunxeshezelwa ngempumelelo yi-corncrake ngokugijima okusheshayo nokushesha phansi. Inyoni ayigijimi nje kuphela, idida amathrekhi, kodwa futhi ifihla ngobuciko, ngakho abazingeli abanalo ithuba lokuthola indawo yabo yokuqamba amanga.
Ngenxa yalokho, akekho ozingela lezi zinyoni ngokukhethekile. Zidutshulwa phansi kuphela lapho zizingela omunye umdlalo. Imvamisa, i-corncrake iyadutshulwa lapho izingela izigwaca noma amadada, ngephutha iphakamisa lezi zinyoni ezingathandeki ephikweni. Ngenxa yokundiza okungahambi kahle, kuye kwavela inganekwane yokuthi ummbila uya ebusika ngezinyawo. Ngokwemvelo, lokhu akulona iqiniso. Yize izinyoni zingenangqondo emoyeni, indlela eziphatha ngayo iyashintsha ngesikhathi sendiza ende. I-Corncrake ngokushelela futhi ngokuqinile ishaya amaphiko ayo futhi imboze izinkulungwane eziningi zamakhilomitha ezinyangeni zasekwindla. Kodwa-ke, izinyoni azikwazi ukukhuphukela phezulu futhi zivame ukufa lapho zishaywa izintambo zikagesi noma imibhoshongo ephakeme.
Uhlala kuphi ummbila?
Isithombe: I-Corncrake eRussia
Naphezu kokubonakala kungathobeki, lezi zinyoni zikhetha ngokukhethekile indawo yokwakha izidleke. Uma ngabe ngisho neminyaka eyikhulu eyedlule izinyoni zazizwa zikhulu kuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu nase-Asia, manje isimo sesishintshe kakhulu. Iningi le-corncrake lihlala endaweni yaseRussia yanamuhla. Izinyoni zikhethe umzila ophakathi nendawo futhi azizwa kahle hhayi kuphela eziqiwini nasezindaweni ezingcwele, kodwa futhi nasezindaweni eziseduze zamadolobha amancane ezifundazwe.
Isibonelo, inani elikhulu likakhokho lihlala eMeshchera National Park, emadlelweni agcwele u-Oka nase-Ushna. Nocrcrcrake uhlala ngaphansi kwe-taiga, izifunda ezinabantu abambalwa ezweni. Kusukela eYekaterinburg kuya eKrasnoyarsk, imfuyo ye-corncrake ilinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, le nyoni ibonakale ngasemaphethelweni e-Angara nasezintabeni zeNtaba iSayan. Imvamisa, ama-corncrake akhetha izingosi zangaphambili zokugawula izidleke, ezingaphezulu kokwanele ezifundeni ze-taiga zaseRussia. Izinyoni ezihlala e-Afrika nazo zizama ukuhlala eduze kwamanzi amaningi nemifula. Isibonelo, ngakuMfula iLimpopo, kunabantu abaningi baka-corncrake abachuma ezimweni ezishisayo nezomile.
Okuqapheleka kakhulu ukuthi izinyoni zizala kahle ezindaweni ezivikelekile, zijwayele masimu futhi zihlala zikhetha ukuzingela emasimini namazambane noma imifino.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-corncrake. Ake sibheke ukuthi idrach idla ini.
Udlani ummbila?
Isithombe: Inyoni yeCorncrake
Inyoni le ithanda ukwedlula yonke into. Futhi uma iningi lezinyoni lidla noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo noma kwezilwane, khona-ke i-corncrake enempumelelo elinganayo ilungele ukuyidla yomibili.
Ngokuvamile, abagijimi abanezimpaphe bakhetha ukuzingela lezi zinambuzane ezilandelayo:
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- zonke izinhlobo zeminenke;
- izintethe nezinkumbi;
- amacimbi nezibungu;
- ama-slugs;
- izimvemvane.
ICorncrake ngeke izidelele zonke ezinye izinambuzane ezincane ezingazibamba. Uqhwaku olufushane futhi olunamandla lwenyoni likuvumela ukuthi uthole okusanhlamvu, imbewu yezitshalo kanye namahlumela amancane amakhambi. Akuvamile ukuthi uqhekeko lommbila uhlanganyele ekudleni kwabantu futhi ubhubhise izidleke zezinye izinyoni futhi udle amagobolondo, kanye namachwane angakazalwa. Ungadeleli i-corncrake ne-carrion, ngifaka izidumbu zamagundane, amaxoxo nezilonda kwimenyu.
Uma kunesidingo, ummbila uyakwazi ngisho ukudoba, ukubamba gazinga, izinhlanzi ezincane kanye nofeleba. Ukudla kwale nyoni kuningi, futhi iningi losuku ummbila uthola ukudla kwawo. Lapho kufika isikhathi sokufukamela futhi ondle amaphuphu, izinyoni zizingela kaningi kakhulu.
Empeleni, lokhu kudla kuchaza izizathu zokuthi i-corncrake iyinyoni efudukayo futhi, yize indiza inzima, iphoqeleka ukuthi ihambe ibanga elide. Ekwindla nasebusika, ummbila awunalutho ongaludla, ngoba zonke izinambuzane ziyafa noma zisebusika. Le nyoni indiza isikhathi eside, kungenjalo izomane ibulawe yindlala.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Crake, noma inyoni dergach
UCrake ungenye yezinyoni eziyimfihlo kakhulu ezihlala eRussia. Ngaphandle kokuthi akamesabi umuntu, futhi uzizwa emuhle epulazini, uzama ukungabambeki iso labantu. Inyoni inomzimba olinganiselwe nekhanda elihlangene. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi uqhekeko lommbila luhambe ngokushesha otshanini nasezihlahleni, cishe ngaphandle kokuthinta noma ukuhambisa amagatsha.
Kukholakala ukuthi le nyoni ihlala emhlabeni kuphela, kepha akunjalo. Vele, awukwazi ukuyibiza ngokuthi izinyoni zasemanzini, kepha ingahamba phezu kwamanzi nenhlanzi. I-corncrake nakanjani ayizwani nokwesaba amanzi futhi ilungele ukubhukuda nganoma yiliphi ithuba elikahle.
Imvamisa, inyoni iba sebusuku futhi iziqongo ezinkulu zomsebenzi ku-corncrake ziyabonakala kusihlwa nasekuseni kakhulu. Emini, inyoni izama ukucasha ingabonwa ngabantu, izilwane nezinye izinyoni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Corncrake ayithandi ukundiza, kodwa noma kunjalo le nyoni ithanda ukuhlala emagatsheni ezihlahla. Ngisho nabaqaphi bezinyoni abanolwazi bakwazile ukuthwebula i-corncrake esihlahleni amahlandla ambalwa kuphela, ngenkathi ifihlwe abazingeli noma izidlo ezinemilenze emine. Izinyawo zale nyoni zikulungele ukugijima, kodwa azikulungele kakhulu ukuhlala emagatsheni.
Amandla okufuduka ku-corncrake azalwa nawo futhi azuzwa njengefa. Noma ngabe izinyoni zikhuliswe ekuthunjweni, lapho ekwindla zizofuna ukundiza zibheke eningizimu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Corncrake chick
Ngemuva kobusika, abesilisa bangabokuqala ukubuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke. Lokhu kwenzeka maphakathi noMeyi-ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Abesifazane bafika emasontweni ambalwa. Isikhathi se-rutting siqala. Indoda iduma imisindo enesigqi futhi izame ngazo zonke izindlela ukubiza insikazi. Ukukhwelana kuvamise ukwenzeka kusihlwa, ebusuku, noma ekuseni kakhulu. Lapho owesilisa ekwazile ukubiza insikazi, uqala ukwenza umdanso wokukhwelana, ameme izimpaphe ngokumema umsila nezimpiko zakhe, aze anikeze nenenekazi isipho esinjengesizinambuzane ezimbalwa ezibanjiwe.
Uma owesifazane emukela umnikelo, inqubo yokuhlangana iyenzeka. Njengomthetho, ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, i-corncrake ihlala ngamaqembu abantu abayi-6-14 ebangeni elincane ukusuka komunye nomunye. I-Corncrake isithembu, ngakho-ke ukuhlukaniswa ngababili kunenkani kakhulu. Izinyoni ziguqula kalula abalingani futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi yikuphi ukukhulelwa komuntu okwenzeka.
Ekupheleni kwenkathi yokuzala, insikazi yenza isidleke esincane esakhiwe phansi ngqo emhlabathini. Ihlanganiswe kahle ngotshani obude noma amagatsha asehlathini futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuwabona. Esidlekeni kunamaqanda angama-5-10 aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ansundu, afukamela insikazi amasonto amathathu. Owesilisa akabambi iqhaza kwinqubo yokufukamela futhi uyofuna intombi entsha.
Amachwane azalwa emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20. Zimbozwe ngokuphelele ngomfutho omnyama futhi ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu umama eqala ukubafundisa ukuthi bakuthola kanjani ukudla. Sekukonke, umama uyaqhubeka nokondla amaphuphu isikhathi esingangenyanga, bese beqala ukuhlala ngokuzimela, ekugcineni bashiye isidleke. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-corncrake ingaveza inzalo ezi-2 ngesizini ngayinye. Kepha ukufa kwamachwane kudoti wokuqala noma isimo sezulu esingesihle ekuqaleni kwehlobo kungasunduzela ekuqabukeni kabusha.
Izitha zemvelo zikakhokho
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ummbila
I-corncrake yabantu abadala ayinazitha eziningi zemvelo. Inyoni iyaqikelela, igijima ngokushesha futhi icashe kahle, futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuyibamba. Izinyoni ezisencane zisengozini enkulu. Kuze kube yilapho amaphuphu esebalekile futhi efunda ukugijima ngokushesha, izimpungushe, ama-lynx, noma izinja ze-raccoon zingazibamba. Ngisho namakati asekhaya noma izinja zasendle zingadla isidleke noma zidle amatshwele.
Kepha ummbila wase-Afrika unezitha eziningi kakhulu. Ezwenikazi elimnyama, ngisho nenyoni esikhulile ingabanjwa yikati lasendle, ama-servals kanye noKlebe abamnyama. Izinyoka ezidla inyama ngeke zenqabe ukuzitika ngamaqanda noma amazinyane. Amakati asendle afana nezinsizakalo azulazula ngemuva kwemihlambi ye-corncrake, njengoba enza iningi lezisulu zawo.
Kodwa-ke, abantu bayisongo esikhulu kunazo zonke enanini lezinyoni. Umkhakha wendawo yomsebenzi womuntu uyanda minyaka yonke. Ukugeleza kwamaxhaphozi, ukujula kwemifula, ukulima kwamazwe amasha - konke lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ummbila awunandawo yokwakha isidleke futhi inani lezinyoni liyancipha endaweni emaphakathi yeRussia. Inani elizinzile lezinyoni ligcinwa kuphela ezindaweni ezivikelwe naseziqiwini.
Izintambo zikagesi ezinamandla amakhulu zenza umonakalo omkhulu kubantu. Kwesinye isikhathi izinyoni azikwazi ukundiza phezu kwazo futhi zishise ezintanjeni. Imvamisa kwenzeka ukuthi u-30% womhlambi ozothuthela e-Afrika ufela ezintanjeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yeCorncrake
Akukho okusongela ukuqhekeka kommbila endaweni yeRussian Federation. Le ngenye yezinyoni ezivame kakhulu zomndeni we-crane. Okwe-2018, inani labantu lisezingeni lezinyoni eziyizigidi ezi-2, futhi ukuqothulwa kukakhakhayi kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi ngeke kusongele.
Kepha emazweni ase-Europe, i-corncrake ayandile kakhulu. Isibonelo, eSouthern Europe, inani lezinyoni alidluli izinkulungwane eziyishumi, kepha akunakwenzeka ukwenza izibalo ezinembile, ngoba inyoni ihlala ifuduka, isuka esifundeni iye esifundeni ifuna ukudla.
Isimo nge-corncrake yase-Afrika asisihle kangako. Yize inabantu abaningi, i-corncrake yase-Afrika inesimo sokongiwa komhlaba wonke, njengoba kunengozi yokwehla kwabantu ngokushesha. EKenya, ukuzingela i-corncrake akuvunyelwe nhlobo, njengoba inani lezinyoni lehle laba ngamanani ethusayo.
Ukulimala okukhulu kwabantu base-Afrika bokubamba ummbila kubangelwa ubuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphakeme bezolimo, obenza ukuthi kutholakale izitshalo ezimbili ngonyaka. Ukuvuna kwasekuqaleni (ekuqaleni kukaJuni) kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izinyoni ezizalela izidleke azinaso isikhathi sokuchamisela amaqanda noma ukukhulisa amaphuphu. Ama-clutches nezinsizwa kufa ngaphansi kwemimese yemishini yezolimo, futhi lokhu kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu minyaka yonke.
I-Landrail uhlala isikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Isikhathi sokuphila se-corncrake siyiminyaka engu-5-6, futhi izazi ze-ornithologists zesaba ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze izinyoni zizobhekana nomgodi wabantu kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwabantu, okuzokwanda ngokuzayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/17/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/18/2019 ngo-0: 02
