I-Earwig - isinambuzane esidlayo esinemikhuba yokudla oku-omnivorous, kwesinye isikhathi okuholela ekulimaleni okukhulu kwezinye izitshalo zomnotho. Imvamisa, bangcolisa imifino ngokungena ngaphakathi. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, zingaba lusizo ngenxa yemikhuba yazo yokudla. Igama likhombisa inganekwane okungathi ingene ngayo endlebeni yomuntu bese iluma indlebe. Kuyafuna ukwazi ukuthi kunencazelo enjalo yengxenye ekhuluma isiNgisi. Noma kunjalo, amacala anjalo awakaqoshwa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Earwig
I-earwig iphila ezimeni ezahlukahlukene futhi iyinambuzane ejwayelekile yasendlini. Namuhla, igama le-earwig (ngesiNgisi earwig) lihunyushwa ngokuthi libhekisa ekubukekeni kwamaphiko asemuva, anezici ezihlukile nezimpawu zalezi zinambuzane futhi afana nendlebe yomuntu lapho evulwa. Igama lohlobo luyireferensi ethize yalesi sici.
Izinsalela zokuqala zezindlebe zivela ekupheleni kwesikhathi seTriassic. Angu-70 esewonke amakhophi atholakele. Ezinye izici zokwakheka kwezindlebe zesimanje azitholakali emathangeni okuqala. Ama-pincers abo awazange agobe ngokuphelele njengezibonelo zanamuhla. Izinambuzane zasendulo ngaphandle zazifana namaphela anamuhla. Ukulandelwa kwabo kulahlekile ezindaweni zesikhathi sePermian. Abamele leli qembu abakatholakali esikhathini seTriassic, lapho kungenzeka ukuvela kokuvela kweProtelytroptera kuya ezindlebeni zezindlebe.
Ividiyo: Earwig
I-Archidermaptera kukholakala ukuthi ihlobene namaqembu asele ama-earwigs, iqembu elingasekho i-Eodermaptera, kanye ne-suborder ephilayo yeNeodermaptera. I-suborders engasekho ine-tarsi enezingxenye ezinhlanu (ngokungafani nalezi ezintathu ezitholakala eNeodermaptera), kanye ne-cerci engahlukanisiwe. Azikho izinsalela ze-Hemimeridae ne-Arixeniidae ezaziwayo. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi ze-epizootic, azikho izinsalela zamathambo, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi azikho ezindala kunesikhathi seTertiary esedlule.
Obunye ubufakazi bomlando wokuqala wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ukwakheka kwenhliziyo ye-antennal, isitho sokujikeleza esihlukile esakhiwe ngama-ampullae amabili noma ama-vesicles anamathiselwe ku-cuticle engaphambili esisekelweni sezimpondo. Lezi zici azitholakali kwezinye izinambuzane. Bampompa igazi ngezicubu ezinwebeka kunokuxhuma imisipha.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-earwig
Ama-Earwig anombala obomvu ngokunsundu futhi anemizimba eyi-oblong eyi-12 kuye ku-15 mm ubude. Banama-3 ngazimbili zemilenze e-tawny. Umzimba olenswe obushelelezi obushelelezi unendilinga engaphandle emise okwehawu. Isinambuzane sinamaphiko amabili wamaphiko nezimpondo ezine-filamentous cishe ubude obungu-12-15 mm. Abesilisa abadala bahlukene ngesisindo somzimba nangobubanzi bekhanda. Ama-earwigs ajwayelekile aziwa ngeqoqo le-forceps eliphuma esiswini futhi lisetshenziselwa ukuvikela kanye namasiko wokukhwelana.
I-forceps ikhombisa ukufiphala kocansi, futhi kwabesilisa banamandla, bade futhi bagobile kakhulu kunabesifazane. I-forceps yabesifazane icishe ibe ngu-3 mm ubude, ayiqinile kangako futhi iqondile. I-earwig yaseYurophu inezimpondo ezimbili, izingxenye ezi-14 kuya kwezingu-15 ubude, eziqukethe izinzwa eziningi ezibalulekile, kanye neqoqo lamaphiko elakhiwe ngokuphelele.
Imicu emide ehlanganisiwe isetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokumatanisa, ukondla nokuzivikela. Izinsikazi nazo zinama-tegmen angaba ngu-2 mm ubude. Izimpiko zangemuva zinolwelwesi, lubanzi ngemithambo ye-lobular. Lapho indiza, i-earwig ibanjwa icishe ime thwi. Ngokugoqa amaphiko ayo ndawonye, lesi sinambuzane siwasonga kabili. Ngaphandle kwamaphiko athuthukile, i-earwig iwasebenzisa ngokungavamile, ikhetha ukuhamba emilenzeni yayo. Imilenze yokugijima, inezingxenye ezintathu.
Ihlala kuphi indlebe?
Isithombe: Earwig eRussia
Ama-Earwigs adabuka eYurophu, eMpumalanga Asia naseNyakatho Afrika. Namuhla zingatholakala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Ububanzi bezindawo zezinhlobo buqhubeka nokwanda. Baze batholakala ngisho nasesiqhingini saseGuadeloupe oLwandlekazi iPacific. ERussia, i-earwig ibonakala ngasempumalanga kuze kufike e-Omsk nase-Urals, naseKazakhstan uhla ludlulela ekungeneni kweVolga, eningizimu kuya e-Ashgabat, kufaka phakathi nezintaba zaseKopetdag. I-earwig yethulwa eNyakatho Melika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 futhi manje isiyinsakavukela kulo lonke izwekazi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ENyakatho Melika, i-earwig inezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlobene, ezihlukaniswa ngokuzala. Abantu abasezindaweni ezibandayo ngokuvamile baba ne-clutch eyodwa ngonyaka, bakha uhlobo A, kuyilapho abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezifudumele benamaqhuqhuva amabili ngonyaka, bakha izinhlobo B.
Ama-earwigs aseYurophu yizinto eziphila emhlabeni ezihlala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezifudumele. Kutholakale ekuqaleni ePalaearctic futhi kusebenza kakhulu lapho amazinga okushisa emini esezingeni eliphansi kakhulu. Izinambuzane zitholakala ebangeni elibanzi kakhulu futhi ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingafika kumamitha angama-2824. Emini zithanda izindawo ezimnyama nezinomswakama ukufihla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye.
Indawo abahlala kuyo ihlanganisa amahlathi, ezolimo nezindawo ezisemadolobheni. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, abesifazane bathanda indawo ecebile yezakhi zokungcwaba nokubeka amaqanda. Abantu abadala abazifihla ebusika bangakwazi ukubekezelela amazinga okushisa apholile, kepha izinga labo lokusinda liyancishiswa enhlabathini engakhiphi kahle njengobumba. Ukugwema umswakama okweqile, bathambekele ohlangothini oluseningizimu yemithambeka. Kwesinye isikhathi baphinde babe neziqu eziyize zezimbali.
Yini edliwa yindlebe?
Isithombe: I-earwig ejwayelekile
Ama-Earwig asebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Lesi sinambuzane sidla omnivorous, sidla izinto ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane. Yize imikhuba yokudla isinambuzane ihlawuliswa ngandlela thile ngokudla izinto zezitshalo, kwesinye isikhathi zingadala ukulimala okukhulu kwimifino, izithelo nezimbali. Ubhontshisi, ubhontshisi, iklabishi, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ukholifulawa, ikhukhamba, ulethisi, uphizi, amazambane, i-rhubarb notamatisi kungeminye yemifino ehlaselwayo. Yize izindlebe zezindlebe zibhekwa njengezidliwayo nezidliwayo. Zondla ngomlomo wazo ohlafunwayo.
Ziyaziwa ngokudla ku:
- izintwala;
- izicabucabu;
- izibungu;
- imikhaza;
- amaqanda ezinambuzane.
Izitshalo abazithandayo yilezi:
- i-clover emhlophe (i-Trifolium repens);
- ohamba ngezokwelapha (Sisymbrium officinale);
- i-dahlia (Dáhlia).
Bathanda nokudla:
- ama-molasses;
- ubulembu;
- izithelo;
- isikhunta;
- ulwelwe.
Lezi zinambuzane zithanda ukudla inyama noma ushukela kunokudla okwemvelo, yize izitshalo zingumthombo wokudla wemvelo oyinhloko. Ama-Earwig akhetha ama-aphid ukutshala okokusebenza. Abantu abadala badla izinambuzane eziningi kunezincane. Phakathi kwezimbali, ama-dahlias, ama-carnations kanye ne-zinnias avame ukulimala. Ngezinye izikhathi kubikwa ngomonakalo wezithelo ezivuthiwe njengama-apula, amabhilikosi, amapentshisi, ama-plums, amapheya nama-strawberry.
Yize izindlebe zinamaphiko akhule kahle, zibuthakathaka ngokweqile futhi azivamile ukusetshenziswa. Esikhundleni salokho, izindlebe ezisebenzisa izindlebe zisebenzisa okokugqoka komuntu, izimpahla ezithengiswayo ezifana namapulangwe, izihlahlana zokuhlobisa, ngisho nezinyanda zamaphephandaba njengendlela yazo yokuhamba eyinhloko. Imvamisa badla imifino nezindaba zezilwane ngezilinganiso ezilinganayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-earwig yezinambuzane
Ama-Earwig asebusuku. Bacasha emini ezindaweni ezimnyama, ezinomswakama njengamadwala, izitshalo, ngamaqoqo, ngezithelo, izimbali, nakwezinye izindawo ezifanayo. Ebusuku, zibonakala zizingela noma ziqoqa ukudla. Yiziflaya ezibuthakathaka ngakho-ke zihamba ikakhulu ngokukhasa nokuthwalwa ngabantu. Ama-Earwigs angabhekwa njengezinambuzane ezihlala zodwa nezamakholoni. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesifazane bahlala bodwa, kepha kwezinye izinyanga zonyaka bavame ukuhlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu kakhulu.
Ama-Earwigs athathwa njengohlobo lwe-subsocial njengoba enikeza ukunakekelwa kwabazali ezinganeni zabo. Lapho izindlebe zezindlebe ezejwayelekile zizizwa zisongelwa, zisebenzisa izigaxa zazo njengesikhali sokuzivikela. Izindlebe ezindala zikhulula i-pheromone eheha amanye ama-earwig. Ama-Nymphs abuye akhiphe ama-pheromones akhuthaza omama ukuthi bawanakekele. I-Forceps nayo isetshenziswa njengokuxhumana kokukhwelana futhi ikhombisa isimilo esisongelayo.
Ukusebenza kwasebusuku kwama-earwigs kuya ngesimo sezulu. Izinga lokushisa elizinzile likhuthaza ukusebenza, kepha amazinga okushisa ashisayo ayadikibala. Umswakama ohlobene kakhulu ucindezela ukunyakaza, ngenkathi isivinini somoya esiphezulu nokumbozwa kwamafu okuningi kukhuthaza umsebenzi we-earwig. Bakhiqiza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-pheromone endleni yabo, ekhangayo kubo bobubili ubulili kanye nama-nymphs, kanye nama-quinones akhipha njengamakhemikhali avikelayo avela kwizindlala zesisu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Earwig engadini
Ukukhwelana kwama-earwigs kuvame ukwenzeka ngoSepthemba, ngemuva kwalokho kungatholakala ngaphansi komhlaba emigodini. Imikhuba yokuqomisana ehilela i-forceps ibamba iqhaza elikhulu enqubeni yokukhwelana. Abesilisa baphakamisela izingongolo zabo emoyeni, baphulula futhi babamba insikazi. Noma kunjalo, i-forceps ayisetshenziswanga kwinqubo yangempela yokukhwelana. Uma owesifazane evuma ukuqoma kowesilisa, uguqula isisu sakhe sibe yindawo yokuhlangana bese enamathela kowesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ezinsikazi ziyahamba futhi zondle ngeduna elinamathele esiswini sayo. Ukufakwa kwamaqanda kwenzeka ngaphakathi kowesifazane. Kwesinye isikhathi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kuqhamuka enye iduna bese isebenzisa amandla ayo ukulwa nenduna ekhwelayo bese ithatha indawo yayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Earwigs avame ukuzala kanye ngonyaka kusuka ngoSepthemba kuya kuJanuwari. Ngasekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, abesifazane babeka amaqanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-55 emgodini ombiwe emhlabathini. Inzalo iyazimela ezinyangeni ezimbili ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa futhi ayisadingi ukunakekelwa ngabazali. Ama-Earwigs afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ezinyangeni ezi-3 futhi angazala ekuqaleni kwesizini elandelayo.
Izinsikazi zifukamela cishe ama-5-8 mm ngaphansi komhlaba ngamaqanda azo, ziwaqaphe futhi ziwagcine ehlanzekile kwisikhunta nakwezinye izifo ezisebenzisa imilomo yawo. Abesilisa bayaxoshwa emgodini ngasekupheleni kobusika noma ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, bese kuthi owesifazane abeke amaqanda avundisiwe. Lapho izibungu zichanyuselwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-70, umama uvikela nokudla ngokubopha.
Lapho eba yizimpungushe zonyaka wesibili, avela ngaphezu komhlaba futhi azitholele ukudla kwawo wedwa. Kodwa-ke, emini babuyela emgodini wabo. Ama-nymphs eminyaka yesithathu neyesine ahlala ngaphezu komhlaba, lapho akhula khona eba ngabantu abadala. Ama-Nymphs ayafana nabantu abadala, kepha akhanyayo ngombala onamaphiko amancane nezimpondo. Njengoba ama-nymphs esuka komunye unyaka eya komunye, aqala ukuba mnyama, amaphiko akhula, futhi izimpondo zithola izingxenye eziningi. Phakathi kwesigaba ngasinye sentuthuko, intsha iyachitheka, ilahlekelwe i-cuticle yayo yangaphandle.
Izitha zemvelo ze-earwig
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-earwig
I-earwig izingelwa yizinhlobo eziningana zeDiptera (Diptera) kanye neColeoptera (Coleoptera). Izitha eziyinhloko amabhungane omhlabathi afana ne-Pterostichus vulgaris, i-Poecilopompilus algidus, i-forest ground beetle ne-Calosoma tepidum, kanye namabhungane angakwazi ukundiza (Omus dejeanii). Ezinye izidumbu zihlanganisa amasele, izinyoka nezinye izinyoni. I-earwig inezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzivikela ezisetshenziselwa ukugwema ukudliwa kwangaphambili. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukusebenzisa i-forceps njengesikhali nokusebenzisa izindlala esiswini ukukhipha amakhemikhali akhipha iphunga elibi futhi asebenze njengezinto eziphikisayo ezidla ezinye.
Izilwane ezidume kakhulu ezindlebeni zifaka:
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- amabhungane;
- iminyovu;
- amasele;
- izinyoka;
- izinyoni.
Ama-Earwigs aphethwe yizinto ezahlukahlukene zezinambuzane. Zisebenza futhi njengezilwane ezidla ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezifana nama-aphid kanye namanye ama-protozoa. Ama-Earwigs afaka izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ku-ecosystem, adla cishe noma yini edliwayo. Ama-Earwigs angasiza ukulawula inani le-aphid, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise inani lezitshalo ezibhujiswa yizinambuzane.
Njengoba izindlebe zezindlebe zivame ukucasha ezindaweni ezimnyama, ezinomswakama, zivame ukungena ezindlini. Lezi zinambuzane cishe azinabungozi kubantu, kepha iphunga nokubukeka kwazo okungathandeki kubenza izivakashi ezingafuneki endlini. Zingalimaza izithelo nezinye izitshalo njengoba zizondla ngakho.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-earwig idala umonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni, ezimbalini nasemasimini ezithelo kubantu abaningi. Eminye yemifino ebiza imali edlayo ihlanganisa i-kale, ukholifulawa, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ulethisi, amazambane, ama-beet, nekhukhamba, phakathi kokunye. Zisebenzisa kalula intshakaza yommbila futhi zingalimaza izitshalo. Zonakalisa izihlahla zeplamu nezipentshisi ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo lapho okunye ukudla kuyindlala, kudla izimbali namaqabunga ebusuku.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Earwig
Izindlebe zezindlebe azikho engozini. Inani labo nokusatshalaliswa kwazo kuyanda njalo. Zibhekwa njengezinambuzane eziyingozi, yize zonakalisa ezinye izinambuzane. Abantu abayithandi kakhulu i-earwig ngenxa yephunga layo elingathandeki nokuthambekela okucasulayo kokuhlanganiswa ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu noma eziseduze.
Izindlela zebhayoloji zisetshenzisiwe ukulawula izindlebe, kufaka phakathi ezinye zezitha zayo zemvelo, njenge-Erynia forficulae fungus, Bigonicheta spinipenni kanye ne-Metarhizium anisopliae fly, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni. Imithi yokubulala izinambuzane nayo yethulwe ngempumelelo, yize lezi zindlela zokwelapha kungavamisile ukuthi zibhekiswe ngqo ezindlebeni zezindlebe. Ama-insecticide amaningi okulawula izindlebe, izintethe nezinye izinambuzane zivame kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IDiazinon, isibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphate esiqhubeka nokubulala izindlebe zezindlebe kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-17 ngemuva kokufafazwa okokuqala.
I-Earwig Isidliwayo semvelo sezinambuzane eziningi zezolimo, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo eziningana zama-aphid, ngakho-ke sisetshenziselwe ukulawula ukuqubuka kwezinambuzane. Umonakalo odalwe ngu-F. auricularia ezitshalweni ulinganiselwe lapho kukhona abantu abaningi bezinye izinambuzane. Ngakho-ke, abantu futhi balwela ukusebenzisa i-F. auricularia ngokunenzuzo ekulawuleni izinambuzane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/25/2019 ngo-14: 11
