Abaningi bezwa lesi sisho kusukela ebuntwaneni: “Wonke umuntu umshayeli wesanti Uyalincoma ixhaphozi lakhe ", kepha ingabe isigejane sihlala impela exhaphozini, ukuthi sibukeka kanjani, sidlani, amasiko nemikhuba yaso ayaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ake sizame ukuqonda zonke izici ezibalulekile zalesi sidalwa esinezimpaphe, sifunde kabanzi ngokuphila kwaso kwezinyoni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kulik
Ama-sandpipers angaphansi kwe-oda le-Charadriiformes, lingabizwa ngokuthi likhulu kunamanye ama-oda, afaka phakathi izinyoni zasemanzini nezasemanzini. Zisabalale kabanzi ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi yethu futhi ngaphandle zibukeka zihluke kakhulu, zihlukile ngemikhuba nesimo.
Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo okuhlukahlukene kubandakanya imindeni eminingi yezinyoni ngasikhathi sinye, phakathi kwayo okukhona:
- ama-plovers;
- ama-waders-amane;
- snipe;
- i-snipe enemibala;
- shiloklyuvkovy;
- tirkushkovs;
- Imilomo yesikela;
- UJacanovs.
Manje odokotela bezinyoni sebethambekele ekukholelweni ukuthi wonke ama-waders ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili ezinyoni. Iqembu lokuqala lihlanganisa ama-shiloklyuk, ama-plover nama-oysterbird, abhekwa njengezihlobo zama-terns nama-gulls. Iqembu lesibili lifaka i-snipe, i-yakan ne-snipe enemibala, ehlukaniswa njengegatsha elihlukile lokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuzwisisa okupheleleko kwamaphiko la, sizokuhlathulula ngokufitjhani ezinye zeentlobo zeentaka.
Ama-plover anosayizi ophakathi nendawo, ikhanda lawo mncane, futhi uqhwaku lufushane futhi luqonde. Imilenze nayo imifushane, kepha izimpiko nomsila mude impela. Amaphiko afinyelela ku-45 cm, futhi isisindo sale nyoni siyahluka kusuka ku-30 kuye ku-70 gram. AmaJili ngabantu abanezimpaphe ezinde ezinemilenze emide egobele phezulu. Lezi zinyoni zombili zinkulu futhi zimaphakathi ngosayizi. Isisindo esimaphakathi cishe singamakhulu amabili amagremu.
Ividiyo: Kulik
Ama-curlews makhulu kakhulu, isisindo salezi zinyoni esezikhulile sisuka ku-500 kuye ku-1200 amagremu. Banomlomo omude ogobile. Umugqa owodwa omhlophe ubonakala kahle emsileni wawo omnyama. Amaphiko ahlala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi nasemathafeni asemifuleni agcwele utshani beskwidi. UTurukhtan ungumnikazi wesembatho esikhanyayo nesibizayo, ngemibala yayo kukhona amathoni egolide, amnyama, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aluhlaza iridescent enensimbi yensimbi. Kunzima ukuthola ibhangqa labesilisa abanombala ofanayo, wonke umuntu wehluke kakhulu.
Okokuphotha kukhulu impela, isisindo sabo singafinyelela ku-270 gram. Izinyoni zihlukaniswa ngomlomo oqondile nezitho ezinwetshiwe. Ithoni yezimpaphe evelele ibomvu. Okuvame ukutholakala emadlelweni asogwini, lapho bahlala khona emakoloni ambalwa. Ama-Snipes anobukhulu obumaphakathi, ubude bawo bomzimba busuka ku-25 kuye ku-27 cm, kanti isisindo sawo sisuka ku-80 kuye ku-170 amagremu. Ama-sandpipers afana kakhulu nondlunkulu, amancane futhi anomusa. Bathathe izinyoni ezinhle zetundra, lapho befuna khona ukudla enhlabathini embozwe udaka. Izinyoni zisebenza kakhulu kusihlwa. Ama-Plovers ahlukaniswa ngomlomo omfishane nemilenze emide, lezi zinyoni ziphakathi ngosayizi ophakathi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-sandpiper
Njengoba sekushiwo, ubukhulu bama-waders buhluke kakhulu, ubude bomzimba wabo bungahluka kusuka ku-14 kuye ku-62 cm, futhi bangaba nesisindo esivela ku-30 kuye ku-1200 gram. Iqiniso lokuthi iningi lama-waders liyizinyoni ezisemanzini libuye lithinte nezimpawu zazo zangaphandle. Ama-sandpipers mancane, anezimpiko ezinde, akhombe ngasekugcineni. Ezinye izinyoni - zingabanikazi bezitho zomzimba ezimfushane, lokhu kufaka ama-plover, i-snipe kanye ne-lapwings. Ezinye ziyizinyoni ezinemilenze emide (ama-curlews nezinyoni), futhi ngisho nemilenze emide ngokweqile inezintambo. Imilenze ifakwe izinzwane ezintathu noma ezine, okwesine kungathuthuki kahle.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ubude bezitho zomzimba bungafaniswa nosayizi womzimba. Izitho zomzimba wayo zifinyelela ku-20 cm ubude, kanti ubukhulu bomzimba obukhulu kakhulu bungamasentimitha angama-40, yize izinhlobo eziningi zincane kakhulu.
Amalungu ngamanye weqembu le-wader anezinambuzane ezibonakalayo phakathi kwezinzwani; lokhu kufaka phakathi i-snipe enemibala kanye ne-sandpipers ye-web-toed. Ezinyoni zasemanzini, ama-scallops anesikhumba aqhamuka ohlangothini lweminwe. Umars walezi zinyoni awumboziwe ngezimpaphe.
Imilenze ye-waders ingaba yimibala elandelayo:
- mpunga;
- ophuzi;
- mnyama;
- okuluhlaza okotshani;
- okubomvu.
Imilomo yama-waders ahlukene nayo iyahlukahluka, konke kuncike ekudleni okutholwa izinyoni. Izinyoni zinemilomo emincane futhi emide, eqondile futhi egobile, phansi naphezulu. Kunezibonelo ezinomlomo ongekho made, ngaphandle ufana nowejuba. Kukhona nemilomo kulolu hlobo lohlobo lwezinyoni, olukhula luze luphele (spatula, tirkusha, plover). Ngenxa yobuningi bama-receptors, uqhwaku lubucayi kakhulu, kepha futhi luqine ngokwanele, ngakho-ke, lungaqhekeza ngisho amagobolondo aqinile ama-crustaceans, asuse amatshe aphazamisa ukukhishwa kokudla.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Isigaxa esinekhala eligobile sinoqhwaku lwangempela olugobeke eceleni.
Ezimpapheni zama-waders amaningi, ngeke neze ubone izithunzi ezikhanyayo nezinamanzi, amathoni azolile anqoba: grey, white, reddish. Ngombala, abesilisa nabesifazane bayefana kakhulu.
Kepha kunezinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ezinamanzi ahlukile, phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- turukhtanov;
- ezinye iziphambeko;
- ama-waders-amane;
- i-awlbeak;
- ababingelelayo.
Ama-sandpipers ajwayele ukucubungula kabili ngonyaka. Inqubo yasehlobo yokuqothula okuphelele yinde impela, ihlala kuze kube sebusika. Ekupheleni kwenkathi yasebusika, kune-molt engaphelele (ngaphambi komshado). Kwezinye izinhlobo zama-waders, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemibala yezimpaphe zasebusika nezasehlobo.
Uhlala kuphi umgandaganda?
Isithombe: I-Bird Sandpiper
Ama-sandpipers azinzile umhlaba wonke, edlula i-Arctic kuphela, kepha angatholakala eziqhingini ezise-Arctic Ocean, ezindaweni eziwugwadule zase-Central Asia, ezintabeni zasePamir. Okokuqala, ama-waders athakazelisa ezindaweni ezingasogwini zamachibi nemifula, azinza ezindaweni ezisemaxhaphozini. Kunezinhlobo zezinhlobo zehlathi zalezi zinyoni, phakathi kwazo esingabala i-woodcock ne-blackie. Kunezinhlobo zezinyoni lapho imithombo yamanzi endaweni yokuhlala ingabalulekanga kangako, izizwa imuhle ogwadule. Izinyoni ezinjalo zicashe eNdiya, emazwenikazi ase-Australia nase-Afrika, eSouth Asia.
Ukuhlela izindawo zabo zokwakha izidleke, ama-waders angakhetha indawo ehlukile enamathafa aphambene ngokuphelele, kungaba itundra engahambeki, izindawo ezivulekile zamathafa, amasimu okusanhlamvu, osebeni lwamachibi ahlukahlukene nezindunduma zesihlabathi.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, ama-waders atholakala cishe kuzo zonke izifunda nezifunda zawo. AbakwaSandpipers bazinza kusukela emaphethelweni aseningizimu kuya ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho ezisemngceleni we-Arctic. Ezindaweni zaseMpumalanga Ekude, ungabona ama-plover amancane, ama-lapwings, izingodo zezinkuni. I-Primorsky Territory ikhethwe ngabaphangi, abaqaphi. Ama-ussuri plovers ahlala eduze nemifula yezintaba. Izindawo ezingasogwini zithandwa kakhulu ngama-Japanese snipes nama-sea plovers. Emgodini we-Amur, kunezilonda ezibukhoma, i-snipe ejwayelekile, i-fifi, i-sandpipers enezinzwane ezinde. Akufanele umangale ngezindawo ezahlukahlukene zezinyoni, ngoba ku-suborder ye-waders kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo.
Manje uyazi lapho utholamanzi atholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udliwa yini umgandaganda?
Isithombe: I-Black Sandpiper
Ukudla kwama-waders kuhlukile, kanjalo nokwakheka kohlobo lwawo. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi, ikakhulukazi, bahlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi, ngakho-ke ukudla kwabo kuhlotshaniswa nezilwane ezihlala lapho.
Ama-sandpipers ajabulela ukudla okulula:
- izimbaza;
- ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene;
- izibungu;
- zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane;
- izibungu;
- inhlanzi encane.
I-sandpiper ingakuthola ukudla kwayo ebusweni bengqimba yomhlabathi nangaphakathi, ngoba lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo lunemilomo emide engakwazi ukubhekana namagobolondo aqinile namagobolondo. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zama-waders ziyakujabulela ukudla amaxoxo, izibankwa, ngisho namagundane ngenjabulo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Inkumbi isidlo esithandwa kakhulu kwimenyu yama-waders amaningi, imuncwa ngqo endizeni futhi ngobuningi bayo.
Phakathi kwama-waders, ungahlangana nabantu abadla inyama, kunezinhlobo ezinhlanu kuphela ezinjalo. Izinyoni zidla okusanhlamvu, imbewu yamakhambi ahlukahlukene, amajikijolo, ajabule kakhulu ngama-blueberries, abawathandayo. Ama-sandpipers asemanzini anekhono elihle kakhulu lokudoba, futhi acwila ngobuciko ukuze abambe izinhlanzi ezihlwabusayo, azikhetha kuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zokudla. Kunezitsha eziningi ezahlukahlukene kwimenyu ye-wader, kepha ngezikhathi zendlala nezikhathi ezinzima, ngisho ne-predator wader iyojabula kakhulu ngokusanhlamvu okutholayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Kulik endizeni
Ama-Wader yizinyoni ezihlelwe emphakathini ezakha amakoloni wonke. Ngaphambi kokundizela ezifundeni ezifudumele, zibuthana ngemihlambi, ezingaba nezinyoni eziyizinkulungwane eziningana. Phakathi kwazo kunezinyoni ezihlala phansi neziyimizulane, kepha eziningi zazo kusamele zibangelwe yilezi ezifudukayo. Konke kuncike endaweni lapho lolu noma lolo hlobo luhlala khona. Ama-sandpipers ahamba amabanga amahle kakhulu, akhuphuka ngobude ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayisithupha. Izinyoni zaseSiberia zigijimela ebusika ezwenikazi lase-Australia naseNew Zealand. Ama-Wader andiza esuka e-Alaska aya e-Argentina. Ama-sandpipers angaphezu kwesibhakabhaka emazweni ase-Afrika, e-Asia naseNdiya.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-wader ngesikhathi sendiza akwazi ukunqoba cishe amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-11 ngaphandle kokuma, awesabi noma yiziphi izingwadule, noma izintaba, hhayi izindawo ezinkulu ezivulekile zamanzi.
Kukhona ama-waders, asebenzayo emini, kunezinyoni, ezikhetha impilo yantambama. Cishe wonke ama-waders angabagijimi abahle kakhulu, izindiza kanye nababhukudi. Ezinye izinhlobo zinethalente lokuntywila. Ama-sandpipers anamehlo abukhali nokuzwa okujulile. Abathandi bezinyoni baqinisekisa ukuthi ama-waders alungiswa kahle, ajwayele indawo entsha kalula, axhumane nabantu kalula futhi akumunce ngenjabulo ukudla okwenziwe ekhaya.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Emvelweni yabantu, ama-waders athole inhlonipho ngenxa yokuthi adla izinkumbi ezilimaza izitshalo ngezinga elikhulu, futhi athanda nokudla ngomiyane abacasulayo abancela igazi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Kulik emanzini
Ama-sandpipers avuthwa ngokocansi lapho esondela eminyakeni emibili ubudala. Isikhathi somshado sivame ukuwa ngo-Ephreli. Ezinye izinyoni zithanda ukuhlala njengomhlambi, ezinye zihlala ngazimbili ezihlukene. Ukukhuluma kuzwakala, kokubili okuhlangene nokungashadile. Izindlela zokuheha abobulili obuhlukile ziyehluka ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo.
Kuma-plover asolwandle, izindiza ezisheshayo ezihambisana ne-trill ziyisici, bese ziqhubekela phambili ziphishekela abesifazane, zivule umsila wazo njenge fan. AmaLapwings adonsa abesifazane lapho bekhuphukela phezulu phezulu, bese behlela phansi, behla benyuka endizeni ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ama-plover amancane enza imibuthano ebanzi endizeni, futhi, ehlela phansi, agijimela ukulandela izintokazi ezinezimpaphe. Ama-curlews aseMpumalanga Ekude ahehwa ngokukhuphukela ebangeni elingamamitha angamashumi amane, lapho endiza ngamasentimitha, ecula ukukhala nezingoma zomculo.
Ama-Wader anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zobudlelwano bomshado:
- isithembu - owesilisa unobudlelwano nabesifazane abaningana ngasikhathi sinye nangemva kokwenza ucansi engabambi iqhaza empilweni yabo eqhubekayo;
- I-monogamy ibhekwa njengohlobo oluvame kakhulu lobudlelwano phakathi kwama-waders, lapho kwakhiwa umbhangqwana oqinile, futhi bobabili abazali banakekela inzalo;
- izidleke eziphindwe kabili ziyehluka ngoba insikazi yenza amaqhuqhuva amaqanda ngasikhathi sinye esidlekeni, kwesinye sazo umlingani afukamela kuso. Umzali ngamunye unakekela amazinyane asesidlekeni sakhe;
- i-polyandry ibonakala ngeqiniso lokuthi insikazi inabalingani abaningi ngasikhathi sinye, izalela amaqanda ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokwakha izidleke, lapho abesilisa bewafukamela khona;
- abakwa-sandpipers bakhetha izindawo zobumba, ezingafakwanga lutho, njengendawo yezidleke zabo. Kwabanye, kuyinto engavamile ukuhlala ezidlekeni zezihlahla ezingekho, ezingenalutho. Imvamisa ku-clutch kuba namaqanda amane amise okwamapheya anethoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enezinhlamvu. Amachwane azalwa embozwe ukufudlana okujiyile, avele abone kahle futhi akwazi ukuzitholela ukudla, kepha abazali bayanakekela, bafudumeze izingane, bazivikele kubantu abangafuni, bahlole izindawo ezicebile ngokudla nabo. Ku-waders-amane, abazali bondla amaphuphu abo, bewalethela ukudla ngqo endaweni yokwakha izidleke. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezimweni zemvelo ama-waders angaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-20.
Izitha zemvelo ze-sandpiper
Isithombe: I-wading bird sandpiper
Ama-sandpipers anezitha ezingaphezu kokwanele ezimweni ezinzima zemvelo. Usongo oluphambili ludalwa yizilwane ezahlukahlukene ezinezimpaphe, ngokwesibonelo, ama-falcons. Ama-wader aqala ukwethuka lapho ebona i-falcon esondelayo. Zivame ukuzama ukucasha emanzini ngokuntywila ngokujula. Leli qhinga lingasebenza kakhulu. Lapho kuncane kakhulu, cishe abakwazi ukucashela uheshe, izinyoni ziyaqhubeka nokubaleka, zikhala ngokukhalaza, kepha umhlaseli ohloniphekile, uvame ukunqoba.
Izitha zemifula zihlanganisa ama-martens, ama-wolverine, izimpungushe ezibandayo, amagwababa, nama-buzzards. Ngokuvamile, zihlasela izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi namachwane amancane. Izinyoni ezinjengama-skuas zithanda amaqanda e-wader, avamise ukuntshontsha izidleke zawo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izilwanyana zinesibindi esikhulu futhi zihlala zivikela amatshwele azo. Ngenkathi kudla izimvu, kwaqashelwa ukuthi ama-wader ahlasela lapho eza eduze nendawo yokwakha izidleke. Ukuhlaselwa kwezinyoni kwakushiseka futhi kunomfutho kangangokuba izimvu zethuka futhi zabalekela izinyoni ezazithukuthele.
Izitha zezinyoni zingabhekwa njengabantu abahlasela izindawo ezihlala izinyoni futhi bazisuse ezindaweni ezijwayelekile nezijwayelekile zokuhlala. Ama-sandpip anenyama enambitheka njengenkukhu, ngakho-ke ezinye izinhlobo ziyazingelwa (isibonelo, i-woodcock). Umuntu udala umonakalo kubamele abaningi bezilwane, kufaka phakathi ama-waders, lapho engcolisa imvelo futhi eqhuba umsebenzi wakhe omnene womnotho.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani u-sandpiper
Kunemininingwane eyahlukahlukene maqondana nenombolo yezinhlobo zamaCharadriiformes. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, kunezinhlobo eziyi-181, ngokusho kwabanye - izinhlobo ezingama-214. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu kangaka lezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, ama-waders asakazeke kabanzi kuwo wonke umhlaba, ehlala endaweni ebanzi. Ezweni lethu nje kuphela, ososayensi babale izinhlobo ezingama-94 zama-waders.
Ngaphandle kokuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi impela, inani cishe lazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto lincipha kancane kancane, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zemifula zisengozini. Akunandaba ukuthi kubaba kangakanani ukuqonda lokhu, abantu bayisizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo ngezinhlobo zezinyoni ezihla njalo. Umuntu uqhuba umsebenzi wakhe ongakhathali wezomnotho, obhubhisa ama-biotopes emvelo lapho kuhlala khona izinyoni
Izindawo zasolwandle zase-Asia ziyingozi ezinyonini ezifudukayo. Lapha abantu bakhipha izindawo ezinkulu ngezidingo zabo, lapho izinyoni zijwayele ukuhlala khona, lokhu kubaholela ekufeni, ngoba kwenza kube nzima ukuzala inzalo. Ukugeleza kwamaxhaphozi, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba ehlukahlukene yamanzi kanye nayo yonke imvelo kukonke kulimaza inani lezinyoni, kunciphise inani lazo ngokungaphezi. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ama-waders adinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela, umuntu azama ukuzithatha.
Ukuvikelwa kweSandpiper
Isithombe: Kulik ovela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Njengoba sekushiwo, inani lama-waders lincipha kancane kancane, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zisengozini yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele.I-Gyrfalcon ne-curlew enezinhlawulo ezincane zinganyamalala ngokuphelele ebusweni beplanethi yethu, engakwazi ukuphazamisa, ngakho-ke izinhlobo eziningi ze-waders zibhalwe kuRed Data Books. Ososayensi bayaphawula ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinombolo zefosholo sandpiper kanye ne-pickpe picker zehle kakhulu.
Ohlwini olubomvu lwe-International Union for the Conservation of Nature kunezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zama-crustaceans, okubandakanya:
- amafosholo;
- ukuphelelwa yimpunga;
- Iminenke Okhotsk;
- Iziza ze-Ussuri;
- I-Asiatic snipe gusset;
- I-snipe yaseJapane;
- Ama-curlews aseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngokuqondene nezwe lethu, sekuvele kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nanye ze-wader kwiRed Book yalo. Kulabo ababalwe ngenhla, kunezelwa iziqu, ama-oysters, ama-magpies, ama-shiloklyuv, amazinyo aphuzi. IBhuku Elibomvu lePrimorsky Krai liqukethe izinhlobo eziyishumi nane, i.e. ezinye ezintathu zibalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyishumi nanye zeRussian Federation eRed Data Book: i-warbler, i-baby curlew, ne-snipe yentaba.
Sekuvele kushiwo ukuthi yonke le miphumela eyinhlekelele maqondana nenani lezinyoni idalwe yizenzo zobugovu zabantu eziqondiswe kuphela kubantu futhi zingakhathaleli abamele umbuso wezilwane. Ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi ama-waders kufanele akhuliswe ezimweni zokufakelwa, bese kuthi izinyoni zikhululwe. Kepha ochwepheshe abaningi kulo mkhakha bacabanga ukuthi lokhu kunzima kakhulu futhi akusebenzi.
Sandpiper Ingabe inyoni emangalisayo. Akumangalisi ukuthi kunesisho ngabo, okukhulunywe ngaso ekuqaleni, lezi zinyoni ezingavamile, impela, zivame ukuthatha isihle ziye emaxhaphozini. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezinkulu azikuvumeli ukuba ube nesithukuthezi lapho ufunda ama-waders, futhi izindlela zabo zokuphila ezihlukile namasiko kuyamangaza futhi kubangele intshisekelo yangempela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/05/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/28/2019 ngo-21: 42
