I-Mackerel Ihlanganisa izimfanelo eziwusizo kubantu: iyinambitheka, ihlala iphithizela futhi izala kahle. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi uyibambe minyaka yonke ngobuningi obukhulu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ingabangeli umonakalo kubantu: ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezihlushwa ukudoba okulingene, i-mackerel isebenza kakhulu ngazo zonke izindlela.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Mackerel
Okhokho bezinhlanzi bavele kudala kakhulu - eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 edlule. Eyokuqala enokwethenjelwa kakhulu yi-pikaya, isidalwa esilinganisa amasentimitha angu-2-3 ngosayizi, esibukeka njengesibungu kunenhlanzi. Ipikaya yayingenazimpiko, futhi yabhukuda, yagoba umzimba wayo. Futhi emva kokuvela kwesikhathi eside lapho kwavela izinhlobo zokuqala ezifana nezanamuhla.
Lokhu kwenzeke ekuqaleni kwesikhathi se-Triassic, ngasikhathi sinye isigaba se-ray-finned, okuyi-mackerel, savela. Yize ama-rayfins asendulo kakhulu futhi ehluke kakhulu kunanamuhla, izisekelo zebhayoloji yazo azikashintshi. Noma kunjalo, izinhlanzi ezenziwe ngogongolo zesikhathi seMesozoic cishe zonke zafa, futhi lezo zinhlobo ezihlala emhlabeni manje sezivele sezikhona esikhathini sePaleogene.
Ividiyo: Mackerel
Ngemuva kokuqothulwa okwenzeka emngceleni weMesozoic nePaleozoic, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-66 edlule, ukuvela kwezinhlanzi kwahamba ngokushesha okukhulu - njengamanye ama-oda amaningi. I-speciation yasebenza kakhulu, ngoba kwakuyizinhlanzi ezaqala ukubusa emizimbeni yamanzi, zahlushwa okuncane ekuqothulweni kunezinye izilwane zasemanzini. Kungaleso sikhathi-ke, ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha lapho kwavela khona abamele abokuqala bomndeni wama-mackerel: iLandanichthys ne-Sphyraenodus eyayingasekho ngaleso sikhathi, kanye nohlobo lwe-bonito olusekhona nanamuhla. Okutholwa okudala kunakho konke kwalezi zinhlanzi kungaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-65 ubudala.
Ama-mackerels ngokwawo avele ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ekuqaleni kwe-Eocene, okungukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-55 eyedlule, ngasikhathi sinye, iningi lesinye isigaba somndeni wama-mackerel sakhiwa, kwaqala ukuqhakaza kwayo kwangempela, okuqhubeka kuze kube namuhla. Isikhathi se-speciation esisebenza kakhulu saphela ngaleso sikhathi, kepha izinhlobo ngazinye kanye nohlobo oluthile lwaqhubeka nokuvela ezinkathini ezalandela.
Uhlobo lwe-mackerel luchazwe ngu-K. Linnaeus ngo-1758, wathola igama elithi Scomber. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kule nhlanzi umndeni waqanjwa kuwo okungowayo (i-mackerel) kanye neqembu (mackerel). Ngokombono we-taxonomy, lokhu akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele, ngoba ama-mackerels ayekude kakhulu nokuqala emndenini, kepha lolu hlobo lohlobo ludume kakhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ngabe i-mackerel ibukeka kanjani
Ubude besilinganiso sale nhlanzi bungu-30-40 cm, ubukhulu obungu-58-63 cm.Isisindo esimaphakathi somuntu omdala siyi-1-1.5 kg. Umzimba wakhe uvulekile, usesimeni sokuphotha. Kusho impumulo. Kubonakala kalula ngemivimbo emnyama engemuva ngemuva, yize isisu singenayo - ukusuka embala onemigqa kuya kumbala oqinile maphakathi nomzimba wezinhlanzi kubukhali kakhulu.
Ingemuva le-mackerel kunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala wensimbi, kanti izinhlangothi nesisu kusiliva okunombala ophuzi. Ngenxa yalokhu, lapho i-mackerel ikhonjiswa eduzane nendawo, kuba nzima ukuthi izinyoni zikubone, ngoba ihlangana namanzi ngombala; ngakolunye uhlangothi, akubonakali neze ukubhukuda kwezinhlanzi ngezansi, ngoba kubo kuhlangana nombala wesibhakabhaka, njengoba kubonakala kukholamu lamanzi.
I-mackerel inamaphiko akhule kahle, ngaphezu kwalokho, inamaphiko angeziwe ayivumela ukuthi ibhukude ngokushesha nangokuhamba kangcono. Zonke izinhlobo ngaphandle kwe-Atlantic zine-swimbladder: ngokuhlangana nomzimba ohlanjululwe nemisipha ethuthukile, lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi ibhukude ngejubane eliphakeme kunezinye izinhlobo ezingakhula, kuze kufike ku-80 km / h.
Ifinyelela ngejubane elinjalo ngokujikijela okubukhali ngemizuzwana emibili nje kuphela, okufana nokusheshisa kwezimoto ezisheshayo, kepha futhi ingayibamba imizuzwana embalwa. Imvamisa, zonke izinhlobo ze-mackerel ziyabhukuda ngejubane lama-20-30 km / h, kule modi zingachitha usuku lonke zingakhathali - kepha kulokhu zidinga ukudla kakhulu.
Amazinyo kaMackerel mancane, awavumeli ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu: kunzima kakhulu ukudwengula izicubu nabo, bayakwazi ukugedla kuphela ngezikali ezibuthakathaka kakhulu nezicubu ezithambile zezinhlanzi ezincane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho isikole esikhulu sama-mackerels sikhuphukela khona kanye emanzini, khona-ke ngenxa yokuhamba kwalezi zinhlanzi, kuvela umsindo ongazwakala ngisho ebangeni elingaphezu kwekhilomitha.
Uhlala kuphi umackerel?
Isithombe: Mackerel Fish
Uhlobo ngalunye lwale nhlanzi lunebanga lalo, yize luhlangana kancane:
- I-Atlantic mackerel itholakala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic futhi iyatholakala nasolwandle iMedithera. Esimweni sezulu esifudumele ingafinyelela oLwandle Olumhlophe, futhi ikakhulu eNyakatho;
- Ama-mackerel ase-Afrika nawo ahlala e-Atlantic, kepha ngaseningizimu, amabanga awo ahlangana, aqala eBay of Biscay. Futhi ingatholakala esifundeni seCanary Islands nasengxenyeni eseningizimu yoLwandle Olumnyama. Okuvame kakhulu eMedithera, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yayo eseningizimu. Amajuba atholakele aze afike naseCongo, kodwa abadala babhukuda baye ngasenyakatho;
- I-mackerel yaseJapan ihlala ngasogwini olusempumalanga ye-Asia naseJapan, iziqhingi zase-Indonesia, empumalanga ingatholakala ifike eHawaii;
- I-mackerel yase-Australia itholakala ngasogwini lwase-Australia, kanye naseNew Guinea, ePhilippines, eHainan naseTaiwan, eJapane, bese isakazekela enyakatho ize ifike eziQhingini zaseKuril. Ingatholakala futhi kude nendawo enkulu yokuhlala: oLwandle Olubomvu, eGulf of Aden nasePersian Gulf. Yize lolu hlobo nalo ludotshwa, lwenani elingaphansi kwelamaJapane.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona, i-mackerel ihlala ikakhulukazi emanzini okushisa okulingene: ayenele futhi iqhelele kakhulu enyakatho, olwandle lwe-Arctic Ocean, nasezindaweni ezishisayo kakhulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, nokho, imfudumalo yamanzi olwandle ahlala kulo ihluke kakhulu. Iphuzu lapha ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka: liya ezindaweni lapho amanzi asezingeni lokushisa elikhulu (10-18 ° C).
Izinhlanzi kuphela ezihlala oLwandlekazi lwaseNdiya cishe ezingafuduki: izinga lokushisa kwamanzi lapho lishintsha kancane phakathi nonyaka, ngakho-ke asikho isidingo sokufuduka. Abanye abantu bathuthela emabangeni amade, ngokwesibonelo, i-Black Sea mackerel ibhukuda iye eNyakatho ye-Atlantic ebusika - ngenxa yemisinga efudumele, amanzi lapho ahlala ebangeni elilungile. Lapho kufika intwasahlobo, ubuyela emuva.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona i-mackerel. Ake sibone ukuthi le nhlanzi ikusebenzisela ini ukudla.
Idlani imackerel?
Isithombe: Mackerel emanzini
Imenyu yale nhlanzi ifaka phakathi:
- inhlanzi encane;
- ingwane;
- iplankton;
- izibungu namaqanda.
Ngenkathi i-mackerel incane, idla kakhulu i-plankton: ihlunga amanzi futhi idle ama-crustaceans amancane kuwo. Iphinda idle izinkalankala ezincane, izibungu, izinambuzane nezilwane ezincane ezifanayo, ngaphandle kokwenza umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwazo.
Kepha futhi ingazibandakanya kusengaphambili: ukuzingela zonke izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane. Ngokuvamile, idla i-herring encane noma i-sprat evela enhlanzi. Imenyu enjalo ijwayelekile kakhulu kwezinhlanzi esezikhulile, futhi ngama-shoals ingahlasela inyamazane enkulu kakhulu.
Isikole esikhulu semackerel naso singazingela ngokushesha ezikoleni zezinye izinhlanzi, ezizama ukubaleka ngokuthuthela khona kanye emanzini. Ngemuva kwalokho ukudideka kuvame ukuqala: ama-mackerels ngokwawo azingela izinhlanzi ezincane, izinyoni zitshuza kuwo, amahlengethwa nezinye izidalwa ezinkulu zibhukuda ziye emsindweni.
AmaMackerel gazinga ajwayele ukudla izihlobo zawo. Yize ukudliwa kwamazimu kujwayelekile nakwabantu abadala: inhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke ivame ukudla ama-juveniles. Onke ama-mackerels anesifiso esihle sokudla, kepha ama-Australia angcono kunezinye, le nhlanzi yaziwa ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi iziphonsa noma ngehhuku elingenalutho, ethambekele ekushwabadeleni yonke into ngokungakhethi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IMackerel ingabanjwa, kepha ayilula kangako ngenxa yekhono layo lokucija amajezi acijile futhi aqinile. Iyakwazi ukuphuma kwi-hook, uma uvala kancane - yingakho abalandeli bezokudoba kwezemidlalo bekuthanda. Kepha ngeke ukwazi ukuwubamba usebe, kufanele wenziwe ngesikebhe, futhi kungcono ukusuka ogwini ngokufanele.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sea mackerel
Ziyasebenza emini nantambama, ziyaphumula ebusuku. Lapho zizingela ezinye izinhlanzi, zenza ukuphonsa ngokungazelelwe, imvamisa kusuka ekuqamekeleni. Ngesikhathi sokuphonswa okufishane, bayakwazi ukufinyelela ngejubane elikhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukusuka kubo.
Inhlanzi iyi-pelagic, okungukuthi, ihlala kaningi ekujuleni okujulile. Ihlala kuma-shoals, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ixutshwe: ngaphezu kwama-mackerels uqobo, ingafaka ama-sardine nezinye izinhlanzi. Bavame ukuzingela bobabili emihlambini nangabodwa. Lapho zizingela ndawonye, izikole zezinhlanzi ezincane zivame ukukhuphukela phezulu, lapho ama-mackerels aqhubeka nokuzijaha.
Ngenxa yalokhu, ezinye izidalwa zasemanzini, ezinentshisekelo kulokho okwenzekayo, nezinyoni, ikakhulukazi ama-seagulls, ziyaqala ukudlala - ngakho-ke amanye ama-mackerels aphendukela kubazingeli abe yisisulu, ngoba alahlekelwa ukuqapha kwawo lapho efuna ukubamba ezinye izinhlanzi.
Kepha konke lokhu kusebenza ngenkathi efudumele. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zasebusika, i-mackerel iyishintsha ngokuphelele indlela yayo yokuphila bese iya ohlotsheni lokulala ubusika bonke. Yize lokhu kungabizwa ngokuthi ukulala ngokugcwele okugcwele, izinhlanzi zihlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu emigodini yobusika, futhi zihlala zinganyakazi isikhathi eside - ngakho-ke azidli lutho.
UMackerel uphila isikhathi eside - iminyaka eyi-15-18, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka engu-22-23. Ikhula kancane kancane ngokukhula, iminyaka engcono kakhulu yokubamba ibhekwa njengeyiminyaka eyi-10-12 - ngalesi sikhathi ifinyelela usayizi omkhulu ngokwanele, futhi inyama iba mnandi kakhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Mackerel
AmaMackerels ahlala ezikoleni, zombili ezivela ezinhlanzini zohlobo olufanayo, futhi zixubekile, imvamisa nehering, ngakho-ke zivame ukubanjwa ndawonye. Izinhlanzi ezilingana ngobuningi ziyalahleka ezikoleni, kuyaqabukela izinhlanzi ezinkulu zineminyaka eyi-10-15 ubudala, futhi zincane kakhulu kutholakala kuzo. Izala kusukela onyakeni wesibili, ngemuva kwalokho ikwenza njalo ngonyaka. Abokuqala ukuzala ama-mackerels amadala kakhulu, afinyelele eminyakeni eyi-10-15, kubantu base-Atlantic lokhu kwenzeka ngo-Ephreli. Bese kuthi kancane kancane abantu abasha baye kozala, njalonjalo kuze kube amasonto okugcina kaJuni, lapho izinhlanzi ezineminyaka eyi-1-2 zizala.
Ngenxa yokuzala minyaka yonke kanye nenani elikhulu lamaqanda azalwe ngasikhathi sinye (cishe amaqanda angama-500,000 umuntu ngamunye), i-mackerel ikhuliswa ngokushesha okukhulu, futhi noma ngabe kunenani elikhulu lezinsongo nokubanjwa kwezentengiselwano, kuningi kakhulu. Ukuze izale, izinhlanzi ziya emanzini afudumele asogwini, kepha ngasikhathi sinye zikhethe indawo ezijule kakhulu bese zibekela amaqanda ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-150-200. Lokhu kuvikela abantu abaningi abadla ama-caviar, kubandakanya nezinye izinhlanzi ezingabhukudi ngokujule kangaka.
Amaqanda mancane, acishe abe imilimitha ububanzi, kodwa ngakunye, ngaphezu kombungu, kukhona nethonsi lamafutha, elingazondla ngalo ekuqaleni. Ngemuva kokuzala kwe-mackerel, iyabhukuda ihambe, kuyilapho amaqanda edinga ukulala izinsuku eziyi-10-20 ukuze kwakhiwe isibungu. Isikhathi esiqondile sincike kumapharamitha wamanzi, okokuqala, ukushisa kwawo, ngakho-ke i-mackerel izama ukukhetha indawo efudumele yokuzalanisa.
Yisibungu esisanda kuzalwa kuphela esingakwazi ukuzivikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye futhi sihlasela kakhulu. Uhlasela konke okuncane futhi okubonakala kubuthakathaka, futhi ushwabadela inyamazane, uma ekwazile ukumhlula - isifiso sakhe sokudla simangalisa nje. Kubandakanya ukudla uhlobo lwazo. Uma sivela ngobude, isibungu singama-3 mm kuphela, kepha, lapho sondla ngenkuthalo, siqala ukukhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Njengoba kungekho ukudla okwanele kuwo wonke umuntu, iningi labo lifa ngalesi sikhathi, kepha konke okunye kukhula kuze kufike ku-4-5 cm ekwindla - noma kunjalo, zihlala zincane kakhulu futhi azikwazi ukuzivikela.
Ngemuva kwalokhu, isikhathi sokukhula okusebenza kakhulu sidlula, izinhlanzi ziba negazi elincane, futhi indlela yokuziphatha kwabo iyaqala ukufana nabantu abadala. Kepha noma ama-mackerels evuthwa ngokocansi, usayizi wawo usemncane futhi uyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Izitha zemvelo zemackerel
Isithombe: Ngabe i-mackerel ibukeka kanjani
Izinhlanzi eziningi ezidlayo nezinye izilwane zasolwandle zizingela ama-mackerel.
Phakathi kwazo:
- oshaka;
- amahlengethwa;
- i-tuna;
- ama-pelican;
- amabhubesi olwandle.
Ngaphandle kokuthi ubhukuda ngokushesha, kunzima kuye ukubalekela ezilwaneni ezinkulu kangaka ngenxa nje yokuthi umehluko ngosayizi. Ngakho-ke, lapho inhlanzi enkulu kangaka ihlasela, umhlambi ungagijimela ezindaweni ezihlukile. Kulokhu, umuntu ngamunye angathembela kuphela kokuthi umhlaseli ngeke amlandele.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izilwane ezidla ezinye zingahlasela ngamaqembu ngasikhathi sinye, bese kuthi isikole sama-mackerels sihlupheke kakhulu, kokunye ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kungancishiswa ngekota. Kepha kuma-shoals ahlanganisiwe, ezinye izinhlanzi zihlala zisengozini enkulu, ngoba ama-mackerels ashesha futhi atholakala kalula.
Lapho izinhlanzi zisemanzini impela, ziqala ukusongela ukuhlasela kwezinyoni ezinkulu nezilwane zasolwandle. Amabhubesi asolwandle namaphenyana amthanda ngokukhethekile. Noma sebesuthi nenye inyamazane, bavame ukulinda i-mackerel, ngoba inyama yayo enamafutha iyisibiliboco kubo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho uthenga i-mackerel efriziwe, kubalulekile ukunaka izimpawu ezimbalwa ongaqonda ngazo ukuthi bezigcinwe kahle futhi zingaphelelwa yisikhathi. I-mackerel kufanele icwebe futhi iqine, kungabikho zindawo ezinemibimbi esikhunjeni - lokhu kusho ukuthi ayikaze incibilike phambilini.
Inyama kufanele ibe ukhilimu. Uma iphaphathekile noma iphuzi kakhulu, inhlanzi yabanjwa kudala kakhulu noma yancibilika ngesikhathi kugcinwa noma kuthuthwa. Inani elikhulu leqhwa likhombisa ukugcinwa okungafanele, ngakho-ke inyama kungenzeka ikhululeke.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Mackerel Fish
Isimo sohlobo lwe-mackerel asibangeli ukwesaba, kanye nohlobo ngalunye olufakiwe kulo. Lezi zinhlanzi zanda ngokushesha futhi zihlala endaweni enkulu, ngakho-ke, inani elikhulu kakhulu lazo litholakala emanzini olwandle lomhlaba. Ubuningi obuphakeme kakhulu bubonwa ngasogwini lwaseYurophu naseJapan.
Kukhona indawo yokudoba esebenzayo, ngoba inyama iyigugu kakhulu, ibonakala ngezinga eliphakeme lokuqukethwe kwamafutha (cishe i-15%) nenani elikhulu levithamini B12, kanye namanye amavithamini nama-microelements. Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi awekho amathambo amancane kuwo. Le nhlanzi sekuyisikhathi eside iba enye yezidume kakhulu eYurophu naseRussia.
Kuyaziwa futhi eJapan, lapho ibanjwa khona ngenkuthalo, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, iyabhalwa - ngenxa yokuzala kwayo okusebenzayo, kunenzuzo yokwenza lokhu yize ikhula kancane. Kodwa-ke, iyasheshiswa ngokusobala ezimweni zokuzalanisa okufakelwayo, kepha okungahambi kahle kwayo ukuthi inhlanzi ayikhuli ilingane nosayizi wemvelo.
IMackerel ibanjwa ngamagiya, amanetha, izinhlanzi, ama-trawls. Kuvame ukuvunwa emigodini ebusika, lapho kugcwele khona kakhulu. Kepha noma ngabe kuvunwa ngenkuthalo, akukho ukwehla kwenani lama-mackerel, lihlala lizinzile, noma likhula ngokuphelele - ngakho-ke, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, kuye kwaziwa ukuthi okuningi sekuqalile ukutholakala ePacific Ocean.
Njengesidlakela esincane imackerel ngokuqinile ithatha indawo ochungechungeni lokudla: idla izinhlanzi ezincane nezinye izilwane, futhi yondla izidalwa ezinkulu. Kwabaningi, le nhlanzi iphakathi kwezisulu eziyinhloko, futhi ngaphandle kwayo, impilo ingaba nzima kakhulu kubo. Abantu abahlukile, futhi bayasebenza kakhulu ekubambeni nasekuqedeni le nhlanzi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/16/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 08/16/2019 ngo-0: 46
