I-Starfish (I-Asteroidea) ingelinye lamaqembu amakhulu, ahlukahlukene kakhulu futhi aqondile. Kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-1,600 ezisatshalaliswa olwandle lonke. Zonke izinhlobo zihlelwe zaba ama-oda ayisikhombisa: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida, neVelatida. Njengamanye ama-echinoderms, i-starfish ngamalungu abalulekile emiphakathini eminingi yasolwandle ye-benthic. Bangaba yizilwane ezinonya, banethonya elikhulu esakhiweni somphakathi. Iningi lezinhlobo zezilwane ezidla izinto ezihlukahlukene.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Starfish
I-starfish yokuqala yavela esikhathini se-Ordovician. Okungenani izinguquko ezimbili ezinkulu zezilwane zenzeka e-Asteroidea ngasikhathi sinye nemicimbi emikhulu yokuqothulwa: eLate Devonia naseLate Permian. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zavela futhi zahlukahluka ngokushesha okukhulu (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-60) ngesikhathi seJurassic. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-starfish yase-Paleozoic, naphakathi kwezinhlobo ze-Paleozoic ne-starfish yamanje, kunzima ukunqunywa ngenxa yenani elilinganiselwe lezinsalela.
Ividiyo: Starfish
Izinsalela ze-Asteroid azivamile ngoba:
- izakhi zamathambo zibola ngokushesha ngemuva kokufa kwezilwane;
- kukhona izimbotshana ezinkulu zomzimba, ezibhujiswa ngokulimala kwezitho, okuholela ekuguqulweni kwesimo;
- i-starfish iphila kuma-substrates aqinile angahambisani nokwakheka kwezinsalela.
Ubufakazi bemivubukulo busizile ukuqonda ukuvela kwezinkanyezi zasolwandle emaqenjini womabili ePaleozoic kanye nangemva kwePaleozoic. Izinhlobonhlobo zemikhuba yokuphila yezinkanyezi ze-Paleozoic zazifana kakhulu nalokho esikubonayo namuhla ezinhlotsheni zesimanje. Ukucwaninga kobudlelwano bokuziphendukela kwe-starfish kwaqala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980. Lokhu kuhlaziya (kusetshenziswa idatha ye-morphological kanye neyemolekyuli) kuholele emibonweni ephikisanayo mayelana nesilwane phylogeny. Imiphumela iyaqhubeka nokubuyekezwa njengoba imiphumela inempikiswano.
Ngokubukeka kwabo okuhlelekile, i-starfish idlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni, ezincwadini, ezinganekwaneni nakwisiko elidumile. Kwesinye isikhathi ziyaqoqwa njengezikhumbuzo, zisetshenziswe ekwakhiweni noma njengamalogo, futhi kwezinye izizwe, yize kunobuthi, isilwane siyadliwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-starfish
Ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezihlala emanzini anosawoti, i-starfish yizinto ze-benthic ezitholakala endaweni yasolwandle. Ububanzi balezi zinto zasolwandle bungaba ngaphansi kwamasentimitha amabili kuya ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa, yize iningi lingamasentimitha ayi-12 kuye kwangama-24. I-Starfish ihamba ngendlela ye-bidirectional, nezingalo ezithile ze-ray ezisebenza njengengaphambili lesilwane. Amathambo angaphakathi akhiwe ngamathambo anekhalori.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinhlobo eziningi zinemisebe emi-5. Eminye inemisebe eyisithupha noma eyisikhombisa, kanti eminye ine-10-15. I-Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus ingaba ngaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu. Iningi le-starfish lingavuselela izingxenye ezilimele noma imisebe elahlekile.
Isistimu yemithambo yasemanzini ivula kupuleti le-madrepore (imbobo eboshwe engxenyeni emaphakathi yesilwane) futhi iholele emseleni wamatshe oqukethe amadiphozi wamathambo. Isiteshi samatshe sinamathiselwe esiteshini se-annular esiholela esiteshini ngasinye kwezinhlanu (noma ngaphezulu) zomsakazo. Izikhwama ezisemgodini we-annular zilawula uhlelo lwamanzi-semithambo. Umsele ngamunye osabalalayo uphela ngesiqu se-tubular sokuphela esenza umsebenzi wezinzwa.
Isiteshi ngasinye se-radial sinochungechunge lwamashaneli asemaceleni aqeda ezansi kweshubhu. Umlenze ngamunye we-tubular uqukethe i-ampoule, i-podium kanye nenkomishi ejwayelekile yokudonsa. Ubuso bomgodi womlomo bungaphansi kwe-disc emaphakathi. Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luyafana nesistimu yemithambo yasemanzini futhi kungenzeka isabalalise umsoco ovela emgudwini wokugaya ukudla. Imisele eshisayo idlulela kuma-gonads. Iziphungumangathi zezinhlobo zilingana ngokubili, kanti ezindala zilingana ngokulinganayo.
Ihlala kuphi i-starfish?
Isithombe: Starfish olwandle
Izinkanyezi zitholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba. Bona, njengawo wonke ama-echinoderms, bagcina ibhalansi yangaphakathi ye-electrolyte ebucayi esesilinganisweni namanzi olwandle, okwenza ukuthi bangakwazi ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile. Izindawo ezihlala abantu zifaka phakathi izixhobo zamakhorali ezishisayo, amachibi asolwandle, isihlabathi nodaka e-kelp, ogwini olunamadwala nasolwandle olujulile, okungenani ukujula okungamamitha ayizi-6 000. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zemvelo zitholakala ezindaweni ezisogwini.
Izinkanyezi zasolwandle zikunqobile ngokuzethemba ukunwetshwa okujulile kwezilwandle ezinjenge:
- I-Atlantic;
- OwaseNdiya;
- Ukuthula;
- Enyakatho;
- ISouthern, eyabiwa ngonyaka we-2000 yi-International Hydrographic Organisation.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkanyezi zasolwandle zitholakala e-Aral, eCaspian, oLwandle Olufile. Lezi yizilwane ezingezansi ezihamba ngokukhasa ngemilenze ye-ambulensi efakwe izinkomishi zokudonsa. Bahlala yonke indawo ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha ayi-8.5. I-Starfish ingalimaza ama-coral reefs futhi ibe yinkinga kuma-oysters wezohwebo. I-Starfish ingabamele abaphambili bemiphakathi yasolwandle. Usayizi omkhulu ngokwedlulele, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nezindawo ezahlukahlukene kwenza lezi zilwane zibaluleke ngokwemvelo.
Idlani i-starfish?
Isithombe: Starfish olwandle
Lezi zimpilo zasolwandle ikakhulu ziyizidlova nezidla inyama. Ziyizilwane eziphakeme ezisezingeni eliphezulu ezindaweni eziningi. Zondla ngokubamba inyamazane, bese ziphendulela izisu zazo ngaphakathi bese zikhipha ama-enzyme ayisisekelo kuso. Amajusi wokugaya ukudla abulala izicubu zomuntu ohlukunyeziwe, bese zimunca i-starfish.
Ukudla kwabo kuqukethe isisulu esihamba kancane, kufaka phakathi:
- ama-gastropods;
- i-microalgae;
- ama-bivalve molluscs;
- izinqolobane;
- polychaetes noma polychaete izikelemu;
- ezinye ezingenamgogodla.
Ezinye izinkanyezi zidla i-plankton ne-organic detritus, enamathela kumafinyela ebusweni bomzimba bese iya emlonyeni nge-cilia. Izinhlobo eziningana zisebenzisa i-pedicellaria yazo ukubamba inyamazane, futhi zingadla nezinhlanzi. Umqhele wameva, uhlobo oludla ama-coryp polyps, nezinye izinhlobo, kudla izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo kanye nendle. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ziyakwazi ukudla izakhamzimba ezivela emanzini azungezile futhi lokhu kungakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwazo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njenge-ophiuras, i-starfish iyakwazi ukuvikela ekuqothulweni kwenani elincane lama-plate-gill mollusks, okuwukudla kwawo okuyinhloko. Izibungu ze-mollusk zincane ngokwedlulele futhi azinakuzisiza, ngakho-ke i-starfish ilamba izinyanga ezi-1 - 2 kuze kube yilapho ama-molluscs ekhula.
I-pink starfish evela e-American West Coast isebenzisa iqoqo lemilenze ekhethekile ye-tubular ukumba ijule ku-substrate ethambile ye-shellfish. Ibamba ama-molluscs, inkanyezi ivula kancane igobolondo lesisulu, igqoke imisipha yayo ye-adductor, bese ibeka isisu sayo esiguqukile eduze nendawo yokugaya izicubu ezithambile. Ibanga eliphakathi kwama-valve lingaba yingxenyana nje yemilimitha ububanzi ukuvumela isisu ukuba singene.
I-Starfish inohlelo oluphelele lokugaya ukudla. Umlomo uholela esiswini esiphakathi, esisetshenziswa i-starfish ukugaya isisulu sayo. Izindlala zokugaya noma izinqubo ze-pyloric zitholakala ku-ray ngayinye. Ama-enzyme akhethekile aqondiswa ngamapayipi we-pyloric. Amathumbu amafushane aholela endunu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Starfish
Lapho ihamba, i-starfish isebenzisa uhlelo lwayo lwemikhumbi engamanzi. Isilwane asinayo imisipha. Ukuphambana kwangaphakathi kwenzeka ngosizo lwamanzi acindezelweyo ohlelweni lwe-vascular lomzimba. “Imilenze” eyishubhu engaphakathi kwe-epithelium yohlelo lwemithambo yasemanzini ihanjiswa ngamanzi, adonswa ngemigodi bese exutshwa emlenzeni ngemigudu yangaphakathi. Imikhawulo "yemilenze" e-tubular inezinkomishi zokudonsa ezihambisana ne-substrate. I-Starfish ehlala ezisekelweni ezithambile ikhombe "imilenze" (hhayi amaswidi) ukuhamba.
Uhlelo lwe-non-centralized luvumela ama-echinoderms ukuthi ezwe imvelo yawo kuwo wonke ama-engeli. Amaseli wezinzwa ku-epidermis abona ukukhanya, ukuxhumana, amakhemikhali nemisinga yamanzi. Ukuqina okuphezulu kwamaseli wezinzwa kutholakala emilenzeni yethubhu nasemaphethelweni omsele wokudla. Amabala abomvu anombala obomvu atholakala ekugcineni kwemisebe ngayinye. Zisebenza njengama-photoreceptor futhi zingamaqoqo wamehlo e-calyx anombala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: I-Starfish yinhle kakhulu ngaphandle ngenkathi isesakhiweni samanzi. Lapho zikhishwa oketshezini, ziyafa futhi zilahlekelwe umbala wazo, ziba ngamathambo aluhlaza okwempunga.
Ama-pheromones abantu abadala angaheha izibungu, ezivame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu abadala. Ukuguqulwa komzimba kwezinye izinhlobo kubangelwa ama-pheromones amadala. Iningi le-starfish lineso elibukhali emaphethelweni emishayo enamalensi amaningi. Onke amalensi angakha iphikseli eyodwa yesithombe, esivumela isidalwa ukuthi sibone.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Little starfish
I-Starfish ingazala kabusha ngokocansi noma ngokocansi. Abesilisa nabesifazane abakwazi ukuhlukanisa komunye nomunye. Zizala kabusha ngokocansi ngokuvumela isidoda noma amaqanda emanzini. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, la maqanda akhula abe yizibungu ezizulazula, ezihlala kancane phansi olwandle. I-Starfish ibuye izalane ngokuvuselelwa kwe-asexual. I-starfish ayikwazi ukuvuselela imisebe kuphela, kepha cishe nomzimba wonke.
I-Starfish ngama-deuterostomes. Amaqanda avundisiwe akhula abe yizibungu ezinamacala amabili ezilinganayo ezinama-celiomas abhangqwe kathathu. Izakhiwo ze-Embryonic zinezinto ezithile ezifana nezibungu ezilinganayo eziguqukela kubantu abadala abalinganayo. Ama-pheromones abantu abadala angaheha izibungu, ezivame ukuhlala eduze kwabantu abadala. Ngemuva kokuxazulula, izibungu zidlula esigabeni se-sessile futhi kancane kancane ziphenduke zibe ngabantu abadala.
Ekukhiqizweni ngokocansi, i-starfish ihlukaniswe kakhulu ngezocansi, kepha ezinye ziyi-hermaphrodite. Imvamisa zinama-gonads amabili esandleni ngasinye kanye ne-gonopore evuleka ebusweni bomlomo. I-Gonopores ivame ukutholakala ezansi kwe-arm-ray ngayinye. Izinkanyezi eziningi zikhululekile ukukhipha isidoda namaqanda emanzini. Izinhlobo eziningana ze-hermaphrodite zizala amaphuphu azo. Ukuzalela kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Yize ngokuvamile kungekho okunamathiselwe komzali ngemuva kokukhulelwa, ezinye izinhlobo ze-hermaphrodite zichamusela amaqanda azo zodwa.
Izitha zemvelo ze-starfish
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-starfish
Isigaba sesibungu seplanktonic ezinkanyezini zasolwandle sisengozini enkulu yezilwane ezizingelayo. Umugqa wabo wokuqala wokuzivikela ngama-saponin, atholakala ezindongeni zomzimba futhi anambitheka kabi. Enye i-starfish, efana ne-scallop starfish (Astropecten polyacanthus), ifaka phakathi ubuthi obunamandla obufana ne-tetrodotoxin ku-arsenal yabo yamakhemikhali, futhi uhlelo lwenkanyezi lwenkanyezi lungakhipha amafinyila amaningi axoshiwe.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zingazingelwa ngu:
- okusha;
- ama-anemones asolwandle;
- ezinye izinhlobo ze-starfish;
- izinkalankala;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle;
- inhlanzi;
- ama-sea otters.
Lezi zidalwa zasolwandle nazo zinohlobo "lwezembatho zomzimba" olumahlobo lwamapuleti aqinile nama-spikes. I-Starfish ivikelekile ekuhlaselweni yizilwane ngezinsipho zazo ezicijile, ubuthi kanye nemibala ekhanyayo yokuxwayisa. Ezinye izinhlobo zivikela amathiphu azo emisebe ebuthakathaka ngokufaka ulwelwesi lwawo kuma-ambulensi ngezinsipho ezivala izingalo zawo ngokuqinile.
Izinhlobo ezithile kwesinye isikhathi zihlushwa isimo sokumosha esibangelwa ukutholakala kwamagciwane ohlobo lweVibrio, kepha, isilwane esivame kakhulu ukuchitha izifo esibangela ukufa kwabantu abaningi phakathi kwe-starfish yi-densovirus.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Amazinga okushisa aphezulu anomthelela omubi ku-starfish. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukwehla kwezinga lokondla nokukhula lapho izinga lokushisa komzimba likhuphuka ngaphezu kwama-23 ° C. Ukufa kungenzeka uma izinga labo lokushisa lifinyelela ku-30 ° C.
Lezi zingenamgogodla zinekhono eliyingqayizivele lokumunca amanzi olwandle ukuzigcina zipholile lapho zivezwa yilanga kusuka kulwandle oluwayo. Imisebe yayo ibamba nokushisa ukugcina i-disc ephakathi nezitho ezibalulekile njengesisu siphephile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Starfish olwandle
Isigaba se-Asteroidea, esaziwa njenge-starfish, singelinye lamaqembu ahlukahlukene kakhulu esigabeni se-Echinodermata, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1,900 ezikhona eziqoqelwe emindenini engama-36 kanye nohlobo olungaba ngu-370 olusekhona. Abantu bezinkanyezi zasolwandle batholakala yonke indawo kusuka ekujuleni kolwandle kuya kwalasha futhi bakhona kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, kepha bahluke kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo ze-Atlantic nase-Indo-Pacific. Akukho okusongela lezi zilwane okwamanje.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-taxa amaningi e-Asterinidae abaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni lokuthuthuka nokuzala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-starfish isetshenzisiwe ku-immunology, physiology, biochemistry, cryogenics, nakwi-parasitology. Izinhlobo eziningana zama-asteroid sezenziwe izinto zocwaningo ngokufudumala komhlaba.
Kwesinye isikhathi i-starfish iyithinta kabi imvelo ebazungezile. Zenza umonakalo omkhulu ezixhotsheni zamakhorali e-Australia naseFrench Polynesia. Ukubheka kukhombisa ukuthi inqwaba yamakhorali yehle kakhulu selokhu kwafika i-starfish efudukayo ngo-2006, yehla isuka ku-50% yaya ngaphansi kuka-5% eminyakeni emithathu. Lokhu kube nomthelela ezinhlanzini ezidla imifula.
I-Starfish Izinhlobo ze-amurensis zingenye yezinhlobo ze-echinoderm ezihlaselayo. Izibungu zayo kungenzeka ukuthi zafika eTasmania zivela enkabeni yeJapane ngamanzi ayekhululwa emikhunjini ngawo-1980. Kusukela lapho, inani lezinhlobo zezilwane selikhule laze lafaka engcupheni yokuthi zisongele abantu ababalulekile kwezentengiselwano bama-bivalve molluscs. Njengoba kunje, zibhekwa njengezilokazane futhi zibalwa phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-100 ezihlasela kakhulu emhlabeni.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/14/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 08/14/2019 ngo-23: 09
