Katran Ngushaka omncane futhi ongeyona ingozi ohlala emanzini asogwini ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zeplanethi yethu ukusuka eNyakatho Yurophu kuya e-Australia. Inenani lentengiso futhi iyadotshwa ngobuningi: inenyama enambithekayo, nezinye izingxenye zayo iyasetshenziswa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Katran
Okhokho boshaka babhekwa njengama-hibodus, avela esikhathini se-Devonia. Oshaka bePaleozoic babukeka njengoshaka banamuhla, ngakho-ke akubona bonke ososayensi ababuqaphelayo ubudlelwane babo. Baphela ekupheleni kwesikhathi sePaleozoic, kepha mhlawumbe kwaveza iMesozoic, esevele ikhonjwe ngokusobala ngezanamuhla.
Khona-ke ama-stingray noshaka bahlukaniswa, ukubalwa kwama-vertebrae kwenzeka, okwaholela ekutheni lokhu kusheshe kakhulu futhi kube yingozi kakhulu kunakuqala. Ngenxa yokushintshwa komhlathi, baqala ukuvula imilomo yabo banzi, kwavela indawo ebuchosheni ebhekele ukuzwa okukhulu kwephunga.
Ividiyo: Katran
Kuwo wonke amaMesozoic, oshaka bachuma, khona-ke kwavela abamele bokuqala be-oda le-katraniforms: lokhu kwenzeka ekupheleni kwesikhathi seJurassic, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-153 edlule. Ngisho nokuqothulwa okwenzeka ekupheleni kwenkathi akuzange kunyakazise isikhundla soshaka, kunalokho, balahla izimbangi ezinkulu futhi baqala ukubusa ulwandle ngokungahlukani.
Vele, ingxenye ebalulekile yezinhlobo zoshaka nayo yanyamalala, kanti ezinye kwakudingeka zishintshe - kwaba ngaleso sikhathi, ngesikhathi sikaPaleogene, lapho ukwakheka kwezinhlobo eziningi zesimanje, kufaka phakathi ama-katrans, kwaphela. Incazelo yabo yesayensi yenziwa ngu-K. Linnaeus ngo-1758, bathola igama elithile i-Squalus acanthias.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize i-katrana iphephile kubantu, kufanele iphathwe ngokucophelela ukuze ingazilimazi emeveni abo. Iqiniso ngukuthi emathonyeni ala meva kukhona ubuthi obuthakathaka - abukwazi ukubulala, kepha noma kunjalo, kunikezwa imizwa engathandeki.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani uKatran
Osayizi bazo bancane - abesilisa abadala bakhula bafike ku-70-100 cm, abesifazane bakhulu kancane. Ama-katran amakhulu akhula aze afike kumasentimitha angama-150-160. Isisindo senhlanzi endala singama-5-10 kg. Kepha ziyingozi kakhulu kunezinye izinhlanzi ezilingana nazo.
Umzimba wabo uhlanjululwe, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, ukuma kwawo kuphelele kakhulu kunokwabanye oshaka. Ngokuhlanganiswa namaphiko aqinile, lesi sakhiwo senza kube lula kakhulu ukusika umfudlana wamanzi, ukuhambisa kahle futhi uthole isivinini esikhulu. Ukuqondisa ngosizo lomsila, ukunyakaza kwayo kuvumela ukuhlukaniswa okungcono kakhulu kwekholamu lamanzi, umsila ngokwawo unamandla.
Izinhlanzi zinamaphiko amakhulu we-pectoral kanye ne-pelvic, kanti ama-spines akhula ezansi kwe-dorsal: eyokuqala imfishane, kanti eyesibili yinde kakhulu futhi iyingozi. Kusho impumulo ye-katran, amehlo atholakala maphakathi phakathi kwethiphu yaso nesigaxa sokuqala se-branchial.
Izikali zinzima, njenge-sandpaper. Umbala mpunga, awubonakali emanzini, kwesinye isikhathi une-metallic sheen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imvamisa amabala amhlophe ayabonakala emzimbeni we-katran - kungaba ambalwa kuphela noma amakhulu awo, futhi wona womabili mancane kakhulu, acishe abe namachashazi, futhi makhulu.
Amazinyo anesiqongo esisodwa futhi akhula emigqeni eminingana, ngokufanayo emihlathini engenhla nengezansi. Zibukhali kakhulu, ngakho ngosizo lwazo, i-katran ingabulala kalula inyamazane bese iyisika ibe yizicucu. Ubukhali buhlala ngenxa yokushintshwa okuqhubekayo kwamazinyo ngamasha.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo, i-katran ingashintsha amazinyo angaphezu kwenkulungwane. Vele, mancane kunalawo oshaka abakhulu, kepha uma kungenjalo awekho ngaphansi kakhulu kubo, futhi ayingozi ngisho nakubantu - kuhle okungenani ama-katrani ngokwawo awathandi ukuwahlasela.
Uhlala kuphi uKatran?
Isithombe: Shark Katran
Uthanda amanzi ezindawo ezinesimo sezulu esipholile futhi esishisayo, uhlala kuzo ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba. Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko zaseKatrans, ezingakhulumisani zodwa - okungukuthi, izizinda ezihlukile ezihlukile komunye nomunye zihlala kuzo.
it:
- i-Atlantic esentshonalanga - isuka ogwini lwaseGreenland enyakatho nasogwini olusempumalanga yawo womabili amazwe aseMelika kuya e-Argentina uqobo eningizimu;
- i-Atlantic esempumalanga - ukusuka ogwini lwase-Iceland kuya eNyakatho Afrika;
- ULwandle iMedithera;
- ULwandle Olumnyama;
- indawo engasogwini esuka eNdiya entshonalanga nge-Indochina kuya eziqhingini zase-Indonesia;
- entshonalanga yoLwandlekazi iPacific - kusuka oLwandle iBering enyakatho kudabula uLwandle Oliphuzi, ugu lwePhilippines, i-Indonesia neNew Guinea kuya e-Australia.
Njengoba ukwazi ukubona ohlwini olungenhla, bakhetha ukungabhukudi olwandle oluvulekile futhi bahlala emanzini asogwini, abavamise ukuhamba amabanga amade ukusuka ogwini. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, indawo yabo yokwabiwa ibanzi kakhulu, bahlala ngisho nasemanzini abandayo kakhulu oLwandle iBarents.
Imvamisa bahlala endaweni efanayo, kepha kwesinye isikhathi benza ukufuduka okude: bayakwazi ukunqoba amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana. Zihamba ngemihlambi, ukufuduka kuyisikhathi sonyaka: ama-katrans afuna amanzi anezinga lokushisa elifanele.
Isikhathi esiningi bahlala ekujuleni, ungqimba olulungile lwamanzi ngempilo yabo nokuzingela luphansi. Bangakwazi ukutshuza bafike ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-1 400. Akuvamile ukuvela ebusweni, lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo noma ekwindla, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lingama-14-18 degrees.
Ekukhetheni kokujula, isikhathi sonyaka siyalandelwa: ebusika bayehla, baye ezingeni lamamitha angamakhulu amaningana, ngoba amanzi akhona afudumele futhi kunemihlambi yezinhlanzi ezinjenge-anchovy ne-horse mackerel. Ehlobo, bavame ukubhukuda ekujuleni kwamamitha ambalwa: izinhlanzi zehlela lapho, zikhetha amanzi apholile, njenge-whiting noma i-sprats.
Bangaphila unomphela kuphela emanzini anosawoti, kodwa isikhashana bangakwazi futhi ukubhukuda emanzini anosawoti - kwesinye isikhathi batholakala emilonyeni yemifula, ikakhulukazi lokhu kuyinto ejwayelekile kubantu base-Australia bekatran.
Manje uyazi lapho i-katran shark itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi kuyingozi yini kubantu noma cha.
Udla ini katran?
Isithombe: i-Black Sea katran
Njengabanye oshaka, bangadla cishe yonke into ebabambe iso - kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo ezinkulu, ezinye izinhlanzi nezilwane kuvela ukuthi zinkulu kakhulu futhi zinamandla kubo, ngakho-ke kufanele uyeke ukuzizingela.
Kumenyu ejwayelekile, i-katrana ivame ukuvela:
- izinhlanzi zamathambo;
- izinkalankala;
- ingwane;
- ama-anemones asolwandle;
- i-jellyfish;
- imfanzi.
Yize ama-katrans mancane, imihlathi yawo yakhelwe ngendlela yokuthi ikwazi ukuzingela inyamazane enkulu kakhulu. Izinhlanzi ezinesilinganiso esimaphakathi kufanele ziqaphele, okokuqala, hhayi oshaka abakhulu, kepha okungama-katrans - lezi zilwane ezinesibindi futhi ezinamandla ezinesifiso esinganeliseki. Futhi hhayi kuphela abaphakathi nendawo: bayakwazi ukubulala ngisho namahlengethwa, yize bekwazi ukufinyelela usayizi omkhulu. AmaKatrans ahlasela nje ngomhlambi wonke, ngakho ihlengethwa alikwazi ukubhekana nazo.
Ama-cephalopods amaningi afela emazinyweni ama-katrans, amaningi kakhulu asogwini kunezinye izilwane ezinkulu zasemanzini. Uma inyamazane enkulu ingabanjwa, i-katran ingazama ukumba okuthile ezansi - kungaba yizimpethu noma ezinye izakhamuzi.
Uyakwazi futhi ukudla i-algae, kuyadingeka ngisho nokuthola izakhi ezithile zamaminerali - kepha uthanda ukudla inyama. Ingalandela ngisho nezikole zezinhlanzi ezidliwayo eziyizinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ukuzitika ngazo.
Bathanda ama-katran futhi badla izinhlanzi ezibanjwe kumanethi, ukuze abadobi baphuthelwe ingxenye enkulu ngenxa yabo esemanzini lapho kukhona khona iningi labo. Uma i-katran uqobo lwayo yawela enetheni, khona-ke ihlala ikwazi ukuyiphula - inamandla kakhulu kunenhlanzi ejwayelekile eyenzelwe inetha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Katran oLwandle Olumnyama
AmaKatrans ahlala emihlambini, angazingela emini nasebusuku. Yize, ngokungafani nabanye oshaka abaningi, bayakwazi ukulala: ukuze baphefumule, oshaka badinga ukuhamba njalo, futhi kuma-katrans imisipha yokubhukuda ithola amasiginali avela emgogodleni, futhi ingaqhubeka ibathumele ngesikhathi sokulala.
I-Katran ayigijimi nje kuphela, kepha futhi iqinile futhi ingajaha inyamazane isikhathi eside uma bekungenakwenzeka ukuyibamba khona manjalo. Akwanele ukufihla emkhakheni wakhe wombono: katran uyazi indawo yesisulu futhi ulwela lapho, empeleni, unuka ukwesaba - angabamba into ekhishwe ngenxa yokwesaba.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Katranam ayinandaba nobuhlungu: ababuzwa nje, futhi bangaqhubeka nokuhlasela, ngisho nokulimala. Zonke lezi zimfanelo zenza ukuthi i-katran ibe ngumzingeli oyingozi ngokweqile, ngaphandle kwalokho, ayibonakali nakancane emanzini ngenxa yombala wayo wokufihla, ngakho-ke ingasondela kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka engama-22-28, kokunye ingaphila isikhathi eside kakhulu: ifa kaningi ngenxa yokuthi ayisasheshi njengasebusheni, futhi abanakho nje ukudla okwanele. Ama-katrans aphile isikhathi eside angahlala iminyaka engama-35-40, kunolwazi lokuthi kwezinye izimo bakwazile ukuhlala eminyakeni engama-50 noma ngaphezulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIminyaka katran kulula ukuyinquma ngokusika ameva ayo - amasongo waminyaka yonke afakwa ngaphakathi kuwo, njengezihlahla.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Shark Katran
Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala entwasahlobo. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, amaqanda akhula ngama-capsule akhethekile e-gelatinous: ngakunye kwawo kungaba khona kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-13. Sekukonke, imibungu isemzimbeni wowesifazane cishe izinyanga ezingama-20, futhi kuphela ekwindla konyaka olandelayo ukukhulelwa kokubeletha kuzalwa.
Phakathi kwabo bonke oshaka kuma-katrans, ukukhulelwa kuhlala isikhathi eside kakhulu. Ingxenye encane kuphela yemibungu esindayo lapho izalwa - 6-25. Bazalwa benamakhava oqwanga lwameva, adingekayo ukuze oshaka ongumama bahlale bephila ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Lezi zimbozo zilahlwa ngokushesha ngemuva kwazo.
Ubude boshaka abasanda kuzalwa bungu-20-28 cm futhi bangakwazi ukuzimela okungenani ngokumelene nezilwane ezincane, kepha noma kunjalo iningi labo lifa ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphila. Ekuqaleni, bondla esikhwameni se-yolk, kepha badla ngokushesha yonke into futhi kufanele bazifunele ukudla bodwa.
Oshaka ngokuvamile banenkani ngokwedlulele, ngisho nangaphezu kwabantu abadala: badinga ukudla ukuze bakhule, ngaphezu kwalokho, basebenzisa amandla amaningi ngisho nasekuphefumuleni. Ngakho-ke, badinga ukudla njalo, futhi badla izilwane eziningi ezincane: iplankton, gazinga lezinye izinhlanzi nezilwane eziphila ezweni, izinambuzane.
Ngonyaka zikhula ngokuqinile futhi izinsongo kubo ziba ngaphansi kakhulu. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukukhula kwe-katran kwehla futhi kufinyelela ebusheni kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-9-11. Inhlanzi ingakhula ize ife, kepha iyenza kancane kancane, ngoba awukho umehluko ophawulekayo ngosayizi phakathi kwe-katran iminyaka eyi-15 nengama-25.
Izitha zemvelo zamaKatrans
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani uKatran
Ama-katranas amadala angasongelwa kuphela yimikhomo ebulalayo kanye noshaka abakhulu: bobabili abanandaba nokuwadla. Ngokubhekana nawo, ama-katrans awanalutho ongathembela kulo, angalimaza i-orcas kuphela, futhi nalokho kubuthakathaka: amazinyo abo mancane kakhulu kulezi zidlakela.
Ngoshaka abakhulu, ukuhlanganyela ekulweni nama-katran nakho kuyinto embi. Ngakho-ke, lapho uhlangana nabo, kanye nemikhomo ebulalayo, kuhlala kuphela ukujika bese uzama ukucasha - okuhle, isivinini nokukhuthazela kukuvumela ukuthi ubale ukuphunyuka ngempumelelo. Kepha awukwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside nalokhu - umane uvule futhi ungaba sezinyweni zikashaka.
Ngakho-ke, amaKatrans ahlala eqaphile, noma ephumule, futhi akulungele ukubaleka. Basengozini enkulu ngezikhathi lapho bona ngokwabo bezingela - ukunaka kwabo kugxile kokuzingelwa, futhi kungenzeka bangaboni ukuthi umhlaseli ubhukuda kanjani kubo futhi ulungiselela ukuphosa.
Olunye usongo ngabantu. Inyama yeKatran yaziswa kakhulu; i-balyk nokudla okusemathinini kukhiqizwa kuyo, ngakho-ke kubanjwa esikalini sezimboni. Minyaka yonke, abantu babamba izigidi zabantu: kungenzeka, lokhu kungaphezulu kakhulu kwemikhomo yokubulala futhi bonke oshaka babulawa ndawonye.
Kepha ngokuvamile, akunakushiwo ukuthi i-katran yabantu abadala ibhekene nezingozi eziningi, futhi iningi labo liphumelela ngempumelelo amashumi eminyaka ambalwa: kepha, kuphela uma bekwazi ukusinda eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila, ngoba bayingozi kakhulu. Ama-katrani athosiwe namancane angazingelwa yizinhlanzi eziphakathi nendawo, kanye nezinyoni nezilwane zasolwandle.
Kancane kancane, njengoba izinsongo zikhula, ziya ziba zincane, kepha i-katran uqobo iphenduka isilwane esesabekayo, ibulala ezinye zalezo zilwane ezazimsongela ekuqaleni - ngokwesibonelo, inhlanzi eyizingelayo iyahlushwa yiyo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Yize inyama ye-katran imnandi, umuntu akufanele athathwe kakhulu ngayo, futhi kungcono ezinganeni ezisencane nabesifazane abakhulelwe ukuthi bangayidli nakancane. Ukuthi nje kunezinsimbi eziningi ezisindayo kuwo, futhi eziningi zazo ziyingozi emzimbeni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Katran olwandle
Enye yezinhlobo zoshaka ezande kakhulu. Izilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba kuhlala inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-katrans, ngakho-ke akukho lutho olusongela lezi zilwane, zivunyelwe ukubanjwa. Futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngemiqulu emikhulu: inani eliphakeme lokukhiqiza lehle ngawo-1970, bese ukubanjwa kwaminyaka yonke kufinyelela kumathani ayi-70,000.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukubanjwa kwehle cishe kathathu, kepha i-katran isavunwa ngenkuthalo emazweni amaningi: iFrance, iGreat Britain, iNorway, iChina, iJapan kanye nokunye. Indawo yokubamba okusebenzayo kakhulu: North Atlantic Ocean, iyikhaya labantu abaningi kakhulu.
Babanjwa ngenkuthalo ngenxa yenani labo elikhulu lezomnotho.:
- inyama katran imnandi kakhulu, ayinayo iphunga le-ammonia, ejwayelekile enyameni yabanye oshaka abaningi. Kudliwe okusha, okunosawoti, omisiwe, okusemathinini;
- amafutha wezokwelapha nezobuchwepheshe atholakala esibindini. Isibindi uqobo singafinyelela kwengxenye yesithathu yesisindo sikashaka;
- ikhanda, amaphiko nomsila wekatran kuya ekukhiqizeni iglue;
- isibulala-magciwane sitholakala kulwelwesi lwesisu, kanti i-osteoarthritis iphathwa ngento evela kuqwanga.
I-katran ebanjiwe isetshenziswa cishe ngokuphelele - akumangazi ukuthi le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu futhi idotshwa ngenkuthalo. Kodwa-ke, umkhiqizo wehlile emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ngesizathu: yize kusekhona ama-katrans amaningi emhlabeni wonkana, kwezinye izifunda inani lawo lehle kakhulu ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile.
ICatrans ithwala amawundlu isikhathi eside kakhulu, futhi kubathatha iminyaka eyishumi ukufinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi, ngoba lolu hlobo luyazwela ekudobeni okusebenzayo. Njengoba zaziziningi ngaphambili, lokhu akuzange kucace ngokushesha. Isibonelo, e-United States, phambilini babebanjwe ngamashumi ezigidi, kuze kutholakale ukuthi inani labantu selinciphe kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalokhu, manje lapho, njengakwezinye izifunda, kuneziqu zokubanjwa kwalaba shaka, futhi lapho bebanjwa njengokubanjwa ngokubamba, kuyisiko ukubalahla - banamandla futhi ezimweni eziningi bayasinda.
Katran - umfanekiso ophilayo weqiniso lokuthi noma isilwane esivame kakhulu, umuntu uyakwazi ukalika, uma sithathwe kahle. Uma ngaphambili bebebaningi ngasogwini lwaseNyakatho Melika, ngenxa yokudoba ngokweqile, inani labantu lacekelwa phansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukubanjwa kwakudingeka kulinganiselwe.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/13/2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 08/14/2019 ngo-23: 33
