Umnenke wechibi - Lezi izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu zeminenke ezihlala ezinhlobonhlobo zamanzi amasha (zombili imifula emikhulu enamandla amachibi, namachibi amancane, amachibi nemifudlana enamanzi amile nenqwaba yedada). Ngokuvamile, iminenke yamachibi ingabonakala nomaphi lapho kukhona umswakama owanele - ingahle ibe nomhlaba wezolimo onisela ngenkasa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnenke wephuli uyisilwane esithandwa kakhulu yizinhlanzi zasemanzini, ezisiza ukuzigcina zihlanzekile. Umnenke muhle nje ekubhekaneni noqwembe olwakhiwa engilazini, amatshe nakwezinye izinto ezise-aquarium. Futhi kumnandi nje ukubuka lesi silwane esihamba kancane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Pondovik
Umnenke omkhulu wezinhlobo ezinkulu (umnenke we-pond ovamile) ungowokulandelana kwama-pulmonary mollusks, ajwayelekile kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Izici ezithile ze-morphometric: igobolondo cishe liyi-45-60 mm ubude no-20-34 mm ububanzi, liqinile, lisontekile ngokomoya, imvamisa linama-4-5 whorls. Onqenqemeni olulodwa, luhlelwe ngesiqephu esicijile, kanti kolunye uhlangothi kukhona ukuvuleka, noma umlomo (kungaleyo ndlela lapho umlenze nenhloko ye-mollusk iminyela khona ngaphandle, lapho kunezintambo ezi-2 ezizwelayo, amehlo nomlomo ovulekile).
Ividiyo: Pondovik
Umnenke ojwayelekile wechibi unamaphaphu - kungalesi sitho lapho ukushintshaniswa kwegesi ngegazi nemvelo yomoya. Kukhona nenhliziyo enamakamelo amabili - ene-atrium ne-ventricle. Lesi sitho siqinisekisa ukuhamba kwegazi ngohlelo oluvulekile. I-periopharyngeal nerve ganglia, i-grater enamazinyo afana nolimi, kanye nohlelo lokugaya ukudla, oluqukethe izigaba eziningana (ipharynx, isisu, isibindi, amathumbu) kungama-aromorphoses wokuziphendukela kwemvelo alesi silwane, asivumela ukuthi sigcine indawo ephilayo engokwemvelo ku-biosphere, yize kunabancintisana abaningi nezinambuzane eziphilayo usebenzisa umnenke wephuli njengomgcini ophakathi nendawo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukubaluleka kwegobolondo ekuvumelaneni nomnenke echibini kuya endaweni yokuhlala - lesi sakhiwo sihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuthembekile komzimba womnenke emiphumeleni yezici ezingezinhle zemvelo namakhemikhali, kanye nasemonakalisweni womshini. Ngokuqondile ngoba umnenke wechibi uphefumula ngamaphaphu, uphoqeleka ukuthi usondele ngokuhlelekile usondele ebusweni bamanzi. Eduzane nonqenqemeni lwegobolondo, kunembobo ekhethekile emise okwezindilinga eholela ngqo emaphashini, i-acini yayo enothisa igazi eliyingozi ngeoksijini futhi isuse isikhutha kuyo.
Umzimba womnenke wechibi uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- amakhanda;
- isidumbu;
- imilenze.
Umlenze walomhlali wamachibi wamanzi ahlanzekile uhlala engxenyeni yesisu yomzimba wonke. Unemisipha, ngokusebenzisa i-cochlea yakhe ihamba ngaphezulu. Isikhathi sokuphila seminenke yamachibi sifushane - ebusika bayafa, noma kunjalo. Ngokuya ngama-subspecies, iminenke yamachibi iyahluka ngombala wegobolondo, umzimba nemilenze. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zisengaba nezinhlobo ezahlukene nobukhulu begobolondo.
Ngaphandle kokunhlobonhlobo kwama-subspecies, iminenke yamachibi inesakhiwo esilinganayo (ihluke kuphela ngosayizi, umbala, namanye ama-nuances). Kepha kukhona okuhlukile. Isibonelo - umnenke we-auricular. Umlomo womnenke onjalo wamachibi ufana nendlebe yomuntu ngokubukeka nangokuma. Igobolondo linombala ompunga ophuzi, mncane kakhulu. Ngobubanzi (ngokwesilinganiso) - 2.8 cm, ukuphakama - 3.5 cm.Umzimba uphuzi ngokuluhlaza ngombala ngokufakwa okuningi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umnenke wechibi
Iminenke yamachibi ingenye yezilwane ezimbalwa ezingalethi ingozi ebantwini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ziwusizo kakhulu. Iminenke yamachibi idla ukhula olwenza kube nzima ukutshala izitshalo ezitshaliwe, futhi uma zihlala ezimweni zokwenziwa (okungukuthi, e-aquarium), lezi zilwane zihlanza ngempumelelo i-aquarium yokukhula okuvela njalo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuya ngemininingwane engekho emthethweni, iminenke yamachibi inezindawo zokuphulukisa. Kunezinhlobo eziningi ezingenakubalwa zemnenke yamachibi emvelweni (abalimi abazalanisa ngenhloso yokuhweba babiza ama-subspecies ngokuthi “izinhlobo”, yize lokhu kungelona iqiniso ngokuphelele). Kunengqondo ukubhekisisa okuvame kakhulu kubo, ngoba izinhlobo zinezici ezihlukile.
Umnenke omkhulu wechibi (ejwayelekile). Le mollusk iyilungu lomndeni elikhulu kunawo wonke. Igobolondo lifinyelela ku-6 cm ubude no-3 cm ububanzi.Linomlomo obanzi namakhoyili angu-5-6. Izindonga zikasinki zinsundu onsundu. Mincane futhi iyaguquguquka kancane. Umbala ungwevu oluhlaza okotshani.
Umnenke wephuli omncane... Isici esihlukile salo mnenke kuzoba yigobolondo elikhombe phezulu futhi elenziwe, elinombala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ama-curls alo mnenke wechibi ahlala esonta ngakwesokunene, kubalwa kuze kube ukujika okungu-7. Igobolondo liqinile, yize lincane futhi libala. Ubude bayo obukhulu bungu-1.2 cm, ububanzi -0.5 cm, yize iminenke yamachibi amancane ifinyelela osayizi abangavamile. Umbala ompunga.
Umnenke wesiziba sexhaphozi... Umumo wegobolondo walezi zinhlobo ezincane ufana nesigaxa esibukhali. Ukuphakama - 3.2 cm, ububanzi - 1 cm.Umlomo wegobolondo layo uyabonakala ngosayizi omncane, umbala unombala onsundu, ucishe ube mnyama. Umzimba uqobo uluhlaza okotshani.
Umnenke wechibi leqanda... Isici esivelele yigobolondo elibuthakathaka kakhulu eline-curl yokuqala enkulu ngokungajwayelekile, elenza ingxenye yesithathu yomlomo. Ububanzi (ubuningi) bungu-1.5 cm, kanti ukuphakama kungu-2.7 cm. Igobolondo licishe licace, linombala okhanyayo obomvana. Igama lomnenke lichazwa isimo somlomo ovoid. Umzimba womnenke wephuli ungumnquma okhanyayo noma ompunga ngombala.
Uhlala kuphi umnenke wephuli?
Isithombe: Umnenke wePond
Ububanzi beminenke yamachibi bunqunywa yi-subspecies. Zitholakala cishe kuyo yonke imizimba yamanzi amasha - imifula, amachibi, amachibi. Futhi, uma kungekho mzimba wamanzi ophelele ngaphandle kwalezi zinkumba, khona-ke ezingadini nakwezinye izindawo zezolimo, lapho kungekho khona indawo eseduzane yamanzi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ubone umnenke omkhulu wechibi.
Umnenke omncane wamachibi akude nokukhetha kakhulu ngezimo zokuphila. Lokhu subspecies isakazeke cishe kuyo yonke insimu ye-Russian Federation. Le mollusk itholakala emifuleni, emachibini, emachibini kanye nasemachibini. Umswakama ophezulu wanele ukuthi umnenke omncane echibini uzizwe ujwayelekile.
Njengoba igama liphakamisa, ichibi lamaxhaphozi lihlala kuyo yonke imizimba emincane yamanzi, eligcwele udaka nokhula lwedada. Yize le minenke ivame ukutholakala emifuleni enamanzi ahlanzekile. Ukuthi nje kunzima kakhulu kubo ukusinda lapho - ukufihla akulingani kahle nezimo ezinjalo, ngakho-ke akukho ukukhula okukhulu kwabantu. Umnenke wamachibi omise okweqanda ungaphila ekujuleni okukhulu; imollusk ivame ukutholakala emanzini amaningi - imifula ethulile nasemachibini.
Ngokuya ngokuthanda indawo, umnenke wezindlebe nawo wehlukile kunayo yonke eminye iminenke yamachibi. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zivame ukutholakala hhayi emizimbeni yamanzi, kodwa emhlabathini, ematsheni nasezihlahleni (ikhetha izindawo eziseduze nemizimba yamanzi noma izindawo ezinomswakama ophezulu, okunisela ngokuhlelekile). Ezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi zeminenke yamachibi zihlala ekujuleni okungafika kuma-250 m noma endaweni ephakeme ye-5,000 m, kepha azitholakali endaweni yaseRussia, inani labantu lincane.
Manje uyazi ukuthi umnenke wechibi utholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Udliwa yini umnenke wephuli?
Isithombe: Umnenke omkhulu wechibi
Into esemqoka ye- "imenyu" yomnenke wephuli yi-algae nokunye ukudla kwezitshalo - iminenke ehlala emhlabeni idla ukhula ngenkuthalo. Iminenke yamachibi nayo ayideleli i-detritus kanye nesidumbu. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi izinhlobo eziningi "zamanzi" zomnenke wechibi kufanele zihambele emhlabeni ngezikhathi ezithile, ukhula oluhlukahlukene, ulwelwe oluncane kakhulu nezitshalo ezibolile zidliwa yizo. Ihlala emanzini, isinki sedamu nolimi lwaso olude lukhukhula ngokuphelele uqwembe olwakhe ezindongeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imollusk idla ukudla okuhlala ngaphansi kwenhlanzi.
Ama-Aquarists ancoma ngokuqinile ukubeka izingcezwana ezincane zeqanda kanye noshoki ongaputshiwe njengokungezelela kokudla kweminenke yamachibi. Kunconywa ukuthi iminenke yamachibi ekhule ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa inikezwe i-apula, iklabishi, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-zucchini, kanye namathanga, izaqathe, imifino, ulethisi neminye imifino.
Uyacelwa uqaphele ukuthi uma umnenke ungadli inani lamaminerali futhi ulandele izakhi ezidingayo, kuzoqala umonakalo ezindongeni zegobolondo. Ukuze wenze isimo sijwayelekile, umnenke wephuli kufanele ondliwe ngokushesha ngokudla okuqukethe inani elikhulu le-calcium.
Esinye isici esibaluleke kakhulu maqondana nokondleka kweminenke yamachibi athunjiwe. Khumbula ukuthi uma kuneminenke eminingi kakhulu e-aquarium yakho, bazodla ulwelwe oluncane. Ngakho-ke, kuzoba nokushoda komoya-mpilo e-aquarium.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umnenke wePond
Ekuphakameni kwehlobo, lapho kushisa, iminenke yamachibi ingahlala iseduze kobuso bechibi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibhukuda khona kanye ebusweni bamanzi. Ukuze ubambe imollusk enjalo, asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa inetha - ngeke kube nzima ukuyisusa ngesandla sezinto ezingaphansi kwamanzi.
Kepha noma ngabe idamu liyindawo eyintandokazi yeminenke yamachibi, lapho yomile (futhi lapho kushisa, ngisho nasenkabeni yeRussia, amachibi amancane, imisele neziziba zivame ukoma), akuwona wonke ama-mollusks afa.
Ososayensi bathole i-aromorphosis yabo ethakazelisa kakhulu, ekuvumela ukuthi uvumelane kahle nezimo zemvelo ezishintsha kakhulu. Kuqukethe ukuthi uma kwenzeka izimo zingahambi kahle, ama-mollusks akhipha ifilimu elicinene elihlanganisa ukuvulwa kwegobolondo. Ngenxa yaleli khono, ezinye izinhlobo ezingaphansi zeminenke yamachibi zingakubekezelela ukungabi namanzi isikhathi eside kakhulu ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo.
Isibonelo, umnenke omkhulu wechibi ungenza ngaphandle kwamanzi amasonto ama-2, futhi ngomnenke owandisiwe wale nkathi le nkathi idlula inyanga eyodwa. Umnenke omncane wechibi unokukhuthazela okukhethekile kulokhu. Inganamathela ku-substrate nomfinyila okhiqiziwe (ngendlela, umnenke wexhaphozi uziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Ukunquma ukumelana kwalezi zinhlobo ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola, izinhlobo ezine zahlala zisebenza ngemuva kokuhlala ku-desiccator phezu kwe-calcium chloride inyanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye okungaphansi kweminenke yamachibi akufi lapho imizimba yamanzi iba yiqhwa. Ngenxa yamakhono azo, ziba yiqhwa bese ziphila ngokushesha lapho ichibi licibilika. Isibonelo, esifundeni saseMoscow kunezinhlobo eziwu-5 zeminenke yamachibi ngaleli khono! Yize umnenke omkhulu wechibi ovame kakhulu uhlala efa ebusika.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isiziba ku-aquarium
Yonke iminenke yamachibi ingama-hermaphrodites. Ukukhula kwabo kobulili kwenzeka cishe emavikini ayishumi. Amaqanda abekwayo aqoqwa ngamaqoqo ahlanganisiwe, ambozwe kakhulu amafinyila, anamathela ngokuthembekile ezitshalweni ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Kusuka emaqandeni (kuya ngokuthi i-reservoir ifudumele kangakanani), ama-mollusks asevele enziwe achamusela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-15-30.
Ngaphandle kokuthi iminenke yamachibi ingama-hermaphrodites, ukuvundiswa kuyo kwenziwa ngendlela yokuwela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bayakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela amaqanda abo. Laba bathandi bomswakama bake babeka inani elikhulu lamaqanda, afakwe ku-clutch ekhethekile esobala, equkethe amafinyila. Njengomthetho, i-clutch eyodwa enjalo iqukethe amaqanda afinyelela ku-300.
Amaqanda ngokwawo kuminenke yamachibi mancane futhi awanambala, omunye angaze athi - asobala. Cishe ngemuva kwenyanga, kuzalwa iminenke emincane kubo, ngezici zabo zangaphandle ayihlukile kubantu abadala. Iminenke yamachibi izala ngokuzikhandla, ngakho-ke, uma behlala emanzini, kunconywa ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile ususe imichilo yabo eyeqile. Isici esithokozisayo - uma ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo iminenke yamachibi ingavamisile ukusinda ebusika, lapho-ke ekuthunjweni lezi zinkawu ziphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2-3, futhi ngalesi sikhathi ziveza izikhathi ezingama-500.
Izitha zemvelo zeminenke yamachibi
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umnenke wechibi
Izitha eziyinhloko zemvelo zayo yonke iminenke yamachibi (ngaphandle, mhlawumbe, umnenke wendlebe - uhlala emhlabeni) yizinhlanzi ezizidla ngokuzimisela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sici senzeka endle nase-aquarium. Emifuleni nasemachibini, umnenke wechibi uyinto yokuqala kwimenyu yezinhlanzi ze-carp - bathanda kakhulu ukuzitika ngala ma-molluscs kakhulu. I-Roach, i-silver bream, i-chub, i-asp nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti aziphikisi "ukuzitotosa" nazo.
Badla iminenke yamachibi kanye nezimfudu, futhi uma inhlanzi idinga ukubheka isikhashana lapho umnenke wesiziba ukhombisa umzimba wayo egobolondweni, izimfudu ziyichoboza kalula “indlu” yomnenke ngobuningi bazo, zidla inyama enenhliziyo. Ngenxa yokubambezeleka kwabo, iminenke yamachibi ayinayo ithuba lokucasha ngokushesha kulezo zilwane ezifisa ukuzitika ngemizimba yazo.
Isimo esifanayo senzeka e-aquarium - lapha iminenke enothando olukhulu kakhulu izingelwa amaqhude nama-macropods. Isimo sibukeka sifana - ngemuva kokulinda umnenke wesiziba ukuthi ubonise ukungaziphathi kahle futhi uvele egobolondweni, bavele bawuthathe bawukhiphe.
Emhlabeni, izitha eziyinhloko zeminenke yamachibi yizinyoni. Kubo, iminenke iyisibiliboco esamukelekayo nesifinyeleleka kalula. Igobolondo liphuka kalula ngomlomo walo onamandla (kanti futhi liwumthombo omuhle kakhulu we-calcium), nomzimba uyadliwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umnenke wePond
Mayelana nokwabiwa kwezinhlobo, iminenke yamachibi (izinhlobo zazo ezahlukahlukene) isatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke - abantu babo bahlala ezindaweni eziseYurophu, e-Asia, nase-Afrika naseMelika. Ikhono eliphakeme lokuguquguquka lenza sikwazi ukuzivumelanisa cishe nanoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho nemizimba yamanzi engcoliswe imfucumfucu yezimboni inesithakazelo kumnenke wamachibi - ifunde ukusinda icabangele nomthelela omubi wesici se-anthropogenic. Kungaphikiswa ngokuphepha ukuthi iminenke yamachibi ingenye yezakhamizi ezisabalele zamanzi ahlanzekile, ezihlala cishe kuwo wonke amadamu nemifula ekhona. Iminenke ihlala ngisho nasemigodini yama-peat!
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngumuntu ofaka isandla ekusakazekeni kwalolu hlobo lwama-mollusk ngezinga elikhulu - ambalwa ama-aquariums akhona ngaphandle kweminenke yamachibi (abahlanza odongeni bemvelo). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amapulazi akhethekile enzelwa ukuzalisa iminenke yamachibi, ngenxa yokuthi inani labantu emhlabeni kulezi zilwane likhula kakhulu. Okuthile, ingasaphathwa eyokunyamalala noma iRed Book, nakanjani abasongelwanga!
Iqiniso lokuthi iminenke yamachibi ayizilwane ezingathobeki ngokuphelele yawavumela ukuthi akhe uhla olubanzi, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kunezici ezivimba ukuzala kwawo ngokweqile. Okokuqala, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umzimba womnenke wechibi "uyikhaya" elihle kakhulu le-helminths amaningi - imollusk ingumbungazi ophakathi nendawo wezikelemu. Lapho izibungu zazo zisuka emzimbeni womnenke, ziyafa. Futhi, inkinga ejwayelekile ukwehlulwa komnenke wechibi ngesikhunta - yize le nkinga ivame ukwenzeka ezimweni zokufakelwa.
Umnenke wechibi - enye yezimvukuzane eziqine kakhulu, zivumelanisa ngokuphelele nanoma yiziphi izimo zemvelo. Izici ezimbi ze-anthropogenic, isomiso, ubukhona benani elikhulu lezitha zemvelo - konke lokhu akuyona inkinga kubo. Yingakho inani lala ma-molluscs lingehli.Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminenke yamachibi izuzisa abantu ngokubulala ukhula nezitshalo ezifile, nase-aquarium basebenza njengezihlungi zemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/11/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-18: 04
