Bream Iyindebe ehahelwa yibo bonke abadobi, idinga ukuziqhenya ngendawo, kokubili kwezemidlalo nakwezentengiselwano. Ubukhulu babantu obukhulu kanye nethuba lokubamba i-bream unyaka wonke kwenza ukudoba kujabulise ngokwengeziwe. Uma engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwe lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi lubizwa ngokuthi yi-bream, lapho-ke ezindaweni eziseningizimu yeRussia zaziwa ngokuthi ama-keel noma ama-chebaks. Inyama ye-Bream ihlukaniswa nobumnene bayo, ukunambitheka okuntekenteke, inani elikhulu lama-acid anamafutha futhi ihlala endaweni efanelekile ekuphekeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bream
I-Bream iyinhlobo ye-monotopic, okuwukuphela komeleli wohlobo oluyingqayizivele lwe-bream oluvela emndenini omningi we-carp. IBream ingeyenhlanzi eyenziwe ngemisebe, izinsalela zasendulo zazo ezesikhathi sesithathu sePaleozoic, futhi lokhu sekuyiminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingama-400 edlule.
Ividiyo: Bream
Ngaphandle kokwehluka kohlobo, ochthyologists bathi kunezinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziyi-16 kulo, kepha kusasele amaqembu ezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela kuze kube namuhla:
- i-bream ejwayelekile;
- IDanube;
- EMpumalanga.
Zonke zehlukile komunye nomunye ngosayizi wazo kuphela. Ngaphandle kokuthi i-bream iyisisulu esamukelekile sabo bonke abadobi, abaningi babo benza iphutha le-bream elincane lohlobo oluthile lwezinhlanzi futhi balinika negama - i-bastard. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi abasha banokubukeka okuhluke kancane kunabantu abadala. Ku-ichthyology, alikho igama elinje ngokuthi umfuyi. Imvamisa, abadobi abangenalwazi badida i-bream encane ne-bream yesiliva, nayo eyomndeni we-carp futhi enokuhluka okuncane kwangaphandle okuvela kumfuyi.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi i-bream iyithambo kakhulu futhi inenyama eyomile, kepha lokhu kusebenza kuphela ezilwaneni ezisencane, futhi inyama yabantu abadala ibhekwa cishe njengamafutha njenge-beluga futhi ingaqukatha amaphesenti angama-9 wamafutha enempilo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-bream
Wonke amaqembu ezinhlobo ezintathu ze-bream anomzimba oyindilinga ominyene kakhulu ezinhlangothini, isici esikhulu sawo ukuthi ukuphakama kwawo kulingana nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zobude bawo. Isikali sosayizi olinganiselayo maphakathi nomzimba futhi sincane esifundeni sekhanda nomsila. Izikali azikho phakathi kwamaphiko okhalweni nezitho zangasese, kanye naku-midline we-anterior dorsum. Umgogodla ophakeme uphakeme, kodwa mfushane ngaphandle komgogodla, ongaphezu kwegebe eliphakathi kwamaphiko endunu nezitho zangasese. Isiphetho sendunu siqukethe inani elikhulu lemisebe, okukhona okungakaze kube ngaphansi kweshumi nambili.
Kubantu abadala be-bream ejwayelekile, emuva kuyimpunga noma nsundu, izinhlangothi zinsundu ngegolide, kanti isisu siphuzi. Amaphiko wonke ampunga ngomngcele omnyama. Inhloko ye-bream incane, umlomo uyishubhu encane enganwetshwa. Kubantu abadala, kwakhiwa amazinyo wepharyngeal emugqeni owodwa, izingcezu ezi-5 ohlangothini ngalunye lomlomo. I-bream eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala inobude obumaphakathi obungu-70-80 cm, ngenkathi ifinyelela isisindo esingu-5-6 kg.
Abantu abasha bahluka kakhulu kulabo abavuthiwe ngokocansi:
- banosayizi omncane womzimba;
- umbala wesiliva okhanyayo;
- umzimba wabo uphakeme kakhulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-bream zingaba mnyama ngokuphelele ngombala, isibonelo, i-black Amur bream, enendawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe - i-Amur River basin. Luhlobo oluncane kakhulu futhi impilo yalo ayiqondakali kahle.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kulula kakhulu ukuhlukanisa umfuyi kumqambi wesiliva ngombala wamaphiko - ayimpunga ku-bream omncane, futhi abomvu ku-bream yesiliva.
Ihlala kuphi i-bream?
Isithombe: Bream eRussia
Lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi luhlala ngobuningi emifuleni, emachibini, kumadamu anendawo eyisihlabathi noma enodaka. Indawo yabo yemvelo ihlanganisa izindishi zoMnyama, iCaspian, i-Azov, iBaltic, i-Aral, iBarents nolwandle olumhlophe.
Uhlobo oluthile lwe-bream lwe-bream luhlala emilonyeni yemifula emikhulu ejulile engena kulezi zilwandle, ingena emanzini emifula ukuze izale. Emifuleni ephakeme yezintaba, amachibi eCaucasus, ayitholakali, kanye nasemazweni aseningizimu ye-CIS. I-Bream iyinhlanzi ejwayelekile eNyakatho, eYurophu Ephakathi, eNyakatho ye-Asia, eNyakatho Melika.
I-Bream incamela ukuba semizimbeni yamanzi lapho kunentambo encane noma engekho nhlobo. Kuvame kakhulu emanzini asezindlini, imigodi ejulile. Abantu abadala abavamile ukusondela ogwini, bahlala kude kakhulu nolwandle. Intsha ikhetha amanzi asogwini, lapho icasha khona emahlathini asogwini. Amabele alele phakathi emigodini ejulile, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zivela emifuleni zingene olwandle.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukudoba i-bream kungenzeka unyaka wonke, okuwukuphela kwesikhathi sokuzala. Ibanjwa emanzini avulekile phakathi nenkathi efudumele nasebusika eqhweni phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika. I-zhor iqala ekuqaleni kukaJuni futhi ihlala kuze kube maphakathi nehlobo, bese iqala kabusha ngoSepthemba. Ngezikhathi ze-zhora, i-bream iyaluma nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sosuku.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inhlanzi ye-bream itholakala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yi-bream?
Isithombe: I-Fish bream
I-Bream ingaphakela ngqo kusuka ezansi kwedamu ngenxa yesakhiwo esikhethekile somlomo wayo. Abantu abadala baqhumisa ngokoqobo phansi okunodaka noma okunesihlabathi befuna ukudla, futhi ngesikhathi esifushane, izikole ezinkulu ze-bream ziyakwazi ukuhlanza ngokuphelele izindawo ezinkulu zesikhala esingezansi. Ukuhamba kwe-bream ngesikhathi sokudla kukhiqiza inani elikhulu lamabhamuza womoya akhuphukela phezulu ukusuka ezansi.
Njengoba le nhlanzi inamazinyo e-pharyngeal abuthakathaka, ukudla kwayo okujwayelekile kuqukethe: amagobolondo, ulwelwe, ama-invertebrate amancane asezansi, izikelemu zegazi, iminenke nezibungu zezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi. Ngesikhathi sokudla, i-bream imunca amanzi kanye nokudla, okugcina kugcinwe ngosizo lweziqu ezikhethekile. Indlela yokudla eyingqayizivele yavumela lo mmeleli womndeni we-cyprinid ukuthi abe yizinhlobo ezivelele endaweni yabo yemvelo futhi akhame kakhulu isigaxa sesiliva, i-roach kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi zemifula.
Ebusika, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yesibili, i-bream ayisebenzi, idla kancane futhi ayifanele. Lokhu kungenxa yokushoda komoya-mpilo namazinga okushisa aphansi emanzini, kanye nokuqongelelwa kwamagesi ahlukahlukene ngaphansi kweqhwa, bese encibilika kancane emanzini.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: I-bream yabantu abadala ebiphile iminyaka eyi-10-15 ingathola isisindo esingaphezu kuka-8 kg ngobude bomzimba obungamasentimitha angama-75. Emanzini afudumele, amazinga okukhula aphezulu kakhulu kunasemanzini abandayo. Kuke kwaqashelwa ukuthi abantu abahlala emifuleni kabakhuluphali.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bream emanzini
I-Bream iyinhlanzi yomphakathi ehlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu. Ekhanda lomhlambi kuhlala kunezinduna ezinkulu ezixhumanisa ukunyakaza. Ngenkathi efudumele, izinhlanzi zikhona ezindaweni ezinemisinga ebuthakathaka noma amanzi amile futhi zondla cishe njalo. Njengoba i-bream iyisidalwa esinamahloni kakhulu futhi esiqaphile, ngesikhathi sasemini iba bujulile, kuthi ebusuku inani elikhulu labantu liye lishone phansi liyofuna ukudla, futhi lesi yisikhathi esithathwa njengesihamba phambili sokudoba
Bachitha ekwindla nasebusika okujulile emigodini "yasebusika", futhi lapho nje iqhwa seliqala ukuncibilika, le bream iya ezindaweni zabo zokondla. Amabele ahlale ehlala ezindaweni zawo zobusika ngendlela ehlelekile. Bonke abantu abakhulu bahlala ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu, kuyilapho ezincane zitholakala ziphakeme futhi ngasikhathi sinye izinhlanzi zibukeka zilinganiswe ngosayizi.
Ichthyologists bakholelwa ukuthi inhlangano ekhethekile yobusika ayikhethiwe ngengozi. Ngaleli lungiselelo, izinqubo ze-metabolic emzimbeni wezinhlanzi azinamandla kangako kunasebusika bodwa, okusho ukuthi amandla namandla kuyagcinwa.
Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezihlala phansi ze-bream, ezingalokothi zithuthele kwezinye izindikimba zamanzi ukuze zizale noma zondle, zingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30. Ifomu le-semi-bore linomjikelezo wokuphila ophindwe kabili.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Bream emanzini
Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu, i-bream ivuthwa ngokocansi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene. Ezindaweni ezifudumele ezineminyaka engama-3-5, emanzini abandayo, ukuthomba kwenzeka eminyakeni eyi-6-9. Isimo sezulu sithinta nesikhathi lapho kuqala ukuzala: engxenyeni emaphakathi yezwe, ukuzala kwe-bream kuqala ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, kwesinye isikhathi ngoJuni, eningizimu ngo-Ephreli, enyakatho ngoJulayi kuphela.
Ngokuqala kwesikhathi esibalulekile, abesilisa bashintsha umbala wabo ube mnyama, futhi kuvela amakhanda athile emakhanda abo, afana nezinsumpa ezincane. Umhlambi we-bream uhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ahlukene ngokweminyaka. Umhlambi wonke awushiyi ukuzala ngasikhathi sinye, kodwa ngamaqembu ngokulandelana. Ngamunye wabo uzala kusuka ezinsukwini ezi-3 kuye kwezingu-5, kuya ngezimo zezulu. Ezindaweni zokuzala, izindawo zamanzi angajulile ezinenani elikhulu lohlaza ziyakhethwa. Kulula ukubona i-brewning bream - imihlane yabo eyisicaba, emikhulu ivela ngezikhathi ezithile ebusweni bamanzi. Akunandaba ukuthi i-bream ihlala kuphi kanye nesimo sezulu, ukuzala kuhlala okungenani inyanga.
Umuntu oyedwa omdala uyakwazi ukubeka amaqanda angama-150 ayizinkulungwane ngasikhathi. Insikazi inamathisela imichilo nge-caviar ephuzi ku-algae, futhi leyo engakwazi ukunamathiswa iyantanta phezulu futhi idliwe yizinhlanzi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-6-8, kuvela izibungu, kuthi ngemuva kwenyanga kuvele gazinga. Uma izinga lokushisa lehla ngaphansi kwama-degree ayi-10, khona-ke ukufa kwamaqanda ngobuningi kungabonakala.
Ekuqaleni, ama-gazinga abhukuda namachwane ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, futhi ekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekwindla bathutheleka ezikoleni ezinkulu. Zihlala zifuna ukudla futhi zikhula zifike kumasentimitha ayishumi ubude ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Bazohlala ezindaweni zokuzalela kuze kube sentwasahlobo, futhi ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo ebalulekile, abantu abadala baya ezinzulwini futhi, ngemuva kokugula, baqale ukuphakela futhi.
Izitha zemvelo ze-bream
Isithombe: I-Fish bream
Ukuthosa kwe-bream kunethuba elingcono lokusinda ekuqaleni komjikelezo wabo wokuphila uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, njengoba zibonakala ngokwanda okuphezulu nokukhula kwamazinga. Kungonyaka wokuqala noma emibili ngemuva kokuzalwa lapho abantu abasha besengozini kakhulu futhi bangadliwa yizilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, njengamapiki. Ngeminyaka emithathu ubudala, abasongelwa, kepha i-catfish noma abantu abakhulu bama-pike aphansi bangahlasela ngempumelelo i-bream yabantu abadala.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezidla ezinye, lolu hlobo oluyingqayizivele lusongelwa ezinye izinhlobo zama-parasites, ezihlala ngobuningi emzimbeni we-bream. Bangena emanzini kanye nendle yezinyoni ezahlukahlukene ezondla izinhlanzi, bese kuthi kanye nokudla bazithole bengaphakathi komcolo. Ukukhula emathunjini ezinhlanzi, izimuncagazi zingabulala ngisho nabantu abadala abanamandla.
Izinhlanzi ikakhulukazi zihlushwa yibo ezinyangeni zasehlobo, lapho amanzi emachibini efudunyezwa kahle yimisebe yelanga. Ama-saliteters kanye nesifo sefungal se-gill - i-mycosis ye-bronchial iyingozi kakhulu. Abantu abagulayo, ababuthakathaka bayayeka ukudla ngendlela ejwayelekile futhi bavame ukuba yizisulu zamadamu - izinhlanzi, amapiki amakhulu. Ngaphandle kokulimala okubangelwa izimuncagazi, azinawo umthelela omkhulu enanini lommeleli womndeni we-carp.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isigaxa esivamile
Inani eliphelele le-bream lingahluka kakhulu ngokuya ngezinga lempumelelo yokuveza. Isimo esiyinhloko sokuzala yizikhukhula ezinkulu. Muva nje, kuye kwehla inani lezindawo zokuzalela zemvelo, ezingeke zithinte izinga lokukhula kwabantu balezi zinhlobo.
Kepha ngenxa yokuzala okuphezulu kakhulu nokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezilwane ezisencane, inani elincane lezitha endaweni yazo yemvelo, isibalo sabantu abaningi abamele uhlobo oluthile lwe-bream, akukho okusongela okwamanje futhi isimo saso sizinzile. Kuphela i-black Amur bream, ebhalwe ku-Red Book of Russia, esengozini.
Indawo yokudoba i-bream isiyincane manje. Kwenziwa kuphela entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Imithetho ekhona yokudoba ihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa okunengqondo ngokwengeziwe kwabantu abakhulu be-bream. Ukuze kugcinwe isitoko sezinhlanzi ezithengiswayo, sekudaliwe izindawo zokudoba ezikhethekile, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokutakula isigaxa sentsha emachibini amancane ngemuva kokulahleka kokuxhumana nemifula emikhulu. Ukuze kuzalwe kahle, kusetshenziswa izindawo ezizalela ezintantayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-Bream iyinhlanzi enokuthula futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuphela lapho ingakhombisa khona imikhuba yokudla, isabela ekuheheni nasezilingweni, ngakho-ke ukudoba ngenduku ephothayo akulethi imiphumela njalo.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-bream
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-bream
Uma isiphetho sabantu abajwayelekile be-bream singabangeli ukukhathazeka phakathi kochwepheshe, khona-ke i-black Amur bream isengcupheni yokuqothulwa futhi ifakwe kwiRed Book yaseRussia. Ensimini yezwe lethu, ihlala ngamanani amancane kuphela echibini lase-Amur. Ngalesi sikhathi, inani eliqondile alaziwa, kepha lapho udoba ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, kuyaqabukela ngokwedlulele. Kuyaziwa ukuthi i-bream ivuthwa ngokocansi kuphela ngeminyaka eyi-7-8 futhi iphila cishe iminyaka eyi-10.
Izizathu eziyinhloko zokwehla kwenani le-carp emnyama:
- ukudoba kakhulu ezindaweni ezizalela kakhulu ezisezingxenyeni zase-China ze-Amur;
- izimo ezingezinhle zokuzalela ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwamanzi aphansi eMfuleni i-Amur.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-80s yekhulu elidlule, ukudotshwa kwalolu hlobo lwe-bream akuvunyelwe endaweni yaseRussia; kuvikelwe ezindaweni eziningi zemvelo. Ukuze ubuyise inani labantu, kuyadingeka ukukhiqiza kabusha ezimweni zokufakelwa, ukugcinwa kabusha kwama-genomes.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma endaweni yezwe lethu i-carp emnyama iyinhlobo esengozini yokuhlalwa enendawo elinganiselwe kakhulu, khona-ke eChina kuyinto yokudoba. Ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okukhula, sekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziswa njenge "nhlanzi yasekhaya": izilwane ezisencane ezivela emithonjeni yemvelo zihanjiswa emachibini noma emachibini, lapho zikhuliswa khona ngokuphepha ngosayizi odingekayo.
Bream Idumile hhayi kuphela kubadobi, kepha naphakathi kwama-gourmets - abathandi bezinhlanzi, njengoba inyama yayo inamanzi, ibucayi futhi icebe kakhulu emafutheni aphilile. Uma ufisa, i-bream ingafakwa echibini e-dacha yakho, inikeze umndeni wakho umthombo oqhubekayo womkhiqizo owusizo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/11/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-17: 59
