Ibis Engcwele - inyoni emhlophe ekhanyayo enekhanda elimnyama elingenalutho nentamo, imilenze nezinyawo ezimnyama. Izimpiko ezimhlophe zihlangene nezeluleko ezimnyama. Kutholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuhlala evulekile, kusuka emaxhaphozini asendle kuya emhlabathini wezolimo kanye nezindawo zokulahla udoti. Ekuqaleni kuvinjelwe e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara, kepha manje sehlala eYurophu ngamakoloni asendle eFrance, e-Italy naseSpain.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ibis Engcwele
Ama-ibise angcwele angowomdabu futhi amaningi e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Iraq. ESpain, e-Italy, eFrance naseziQhingini zaseCanary, kwavela abantu abathile abaphunyuka ekuthunjweni futhi baqala ukuzala ngempumelelo lapho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emphakathini wasendulo waseGibhithe, izithixo ezingcwele zazikhonzwa njengonkulunkulu uThoth, futhi kwakufanele avikele izwe eziwubhadane nasezinyokeni. Izinyoni zazivame ukugonywa bese zingcwatshwa nofaro.
Konke ukunyakaza kwama-ibise angcwele kuhlotshaniswa nokuphunyuka ema-zoo. E-Italy, bakhuliswe ePo Valley ephezulu (ePiedmont) kusukela ngo-1989, ngemuva kokuphunyuka e-zoo ngaseTurin. Ngo-2000, kwakukhona ngababili abangama-26 nabantu abangaba yikhulu. Ngo-2003, ukuzalanisa kwabonwa kwenye indawo kuleyo ndawo, mhlawumbe kuze kufike ku-25-30 ngazimbili, kanti amanye amabhangqa amaningana atholakala kwikoloni lesithathu ngo-2004.
Ividiyo: Ibis Engcwele
Entshonalanga yeFrance, ngemuva kokungeniswa kwezinyoni ezingama-20 zivela eKenya, ikoloni lokuzalela lasungulwa ngokushesha eBranferu Zoological Garden eningizimu yeBrittany. Ngo-1990, kwakunemibhangqwana engu-150 e-zoo. Abasakhulayo basala ukuthi bandize ngokukhululeka futhi basheshe basuka ngaphandle kwe-zoo, ikakhulukazi behambela amaxhaphozi aseduze, kanye nokuzula amakhulu amakhilomitha ogwini lwe-Atlantic.
Ukuzalelwa kwezilwane zasendle kwaqashelwa okokuqala ngonyaka we-1993 eGolf du Morbihan, e-25 km ukusuka lapho kuhamba khona, naseLac de Grand-Liu, 70 km. Ukuzala akuzange kwenzeke eBranfer Zoo kusukela ngo-1997. Kamuva amakoloni aqhamuka ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ngasogwini lwaseFrance Atlantic: emaxhaphozini eBrier (kufika eziwombeni eziyi-100), eGulf of Morbihan nasesiqhingini sasolwandle esiseduze (kufika izidleke eziyi-100) nezinye izidleke eziningi kuze kufike ku-350 km eningizimu yeBranferes emaxhaphozini aseBrauga nase-Arcachon ...
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ikholoni elikhulu kunawo wonke lama-ibise angcwele latholakala ngo-2004 esiqhingini sokuzakhela esisemlanjeni woMfula iLoire; ngo-2005 okungenani lalingamabhangqa angama-820.
Inani labantu baseFrance i-Atlantic lalingaphezu nje kokuzalanisa ngazimbili kuka-1000 kanye nabantu ababalelwa ku-3000 ngo-2004-2005. Ngo-2007 kwakukhona amapheya angaba ngu-1400-1800 anabantu abangaphezu kuka-5000. Ukukhethwa kwahlolwa ngo-2007 futhi kwenziwa ngezinga elikhulu kusukela ngo-2008. Kulo nyaka, kubulewe izinyoni ezingama-3 000, kwasala izinyoni ezingama-2 500 ngoFebhuwari 2009.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Indlela ibis engcwele ebukeka ngayo
I-ibis engcwele inobude obungu-65-89 cm, ubude bempiko obungu-112-124 cm, futhi isisindo sayo cishe siyi-1500 g. Kusuka emashini ahlanzekile kuya kokungcolile, izimpaphe ezimhlophe zimboza ingxenye enkulu yomzimba wama-ibise angcwele. Izimpaphe ezinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mnyama zenza uhlaka oluwela phezu komsila omfushane, oyisikwele namaphiko avaliwe. Izimpaphe zezindiza zimhlophe ngamathiphu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka amnyama.
Ama-ibise angcwele anezintamo ezinde nezimpandla, amakhanda amnyama mpofu. Amehlo ansundu ngendandatho yomzimba ebomvu ebomvu, futhi uqhwaku lude, lugobile lubheke phansi futhi lunamakhala aqhekekile. Isikhumba esibomvu sinqunu siyabonakala esifubeni. Ama-paw amnyama ngombala obomvu. Ama-ibise angcwele awanakho ukushintshashintsha kwesizini noma ukufiphala kocansi, ngaphandle kokuthi abesilisa bakhulu kancane kunabesifazane.
Abantu abasha banamakhanda anezimpaphe nezintamo, okucwebezela okumhlophe ngemithambo emnyama. Izimpaphe zazo ezi-scapular zinombala oluhlaza okotshani futhi zinomnyama omningi ekuhlanganisweni kwazo okuyinhloko. Abafenda banemivimbo emnyama. Umsila umhlophe unamakhona ansundu.
Ama-ibis angcwele asinda kahle eNyakatho Yurophu lapho ubusika bungebuhlungu kakhulu. Kukhombisa ukuzivumelanisa okucacile nezindawo zokuhlala ezahlukahlukene kusuka ogwini lolwandle kuya ezindaweni zezolimo nezasemadolobheni nasezinhlobonhlobo zokudla, zombili ezindaweni zemvelo nezingaphandle.
Ihlala kuphi ibis engcwele?
Isithombe: Izinyoni ezingcwele
Ama-ibise angcwele ahlala ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, yize ejwayele ukutholakala eseduze nemifula, imifudlana nezindawo ezisogwini. Ububanzi bazo bemvelo busukela ezindaweni ezishisayo kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo, kepha zitholakala ezindaweni ezipholile, lapho zimelwe khona. Ama-ibise angcwele avame ukwakha izidleke eziqhingini zasolwandle ezinamadwala futhi azivumelanise nempilo emadolobheni nasemaphandleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Ibis ayizinhlobo zasendulo, izinsalela zawo ezineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-60 ubudala.
I-ibis engcwele itholakala kakhulu emapaki ezilwane emhlabeni wonke; kokunye, izinyoni zivunyelwe ukundiza ngokukhululeka, zingaya ngaphandle kwe-zoo bese zakha abantu basendle.
Abantu bokuqala basendle babonwa ngawo-1970 empumalanga yeSpain nango-1990 entshonalanga yeFrance; muva nje, ziye zabonwa eningizimu yeFrance, enyakatho ye-Italy, eTaiwan, eNetherlands nasempumalanga ye-United States. EFrance, laba bantu ngokushesha baba baningi (izinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-5 000 entshonalanga yeFrance) futhi basakazeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningana, bakha amakoloni amasha.
Yize imithelela yabantu bezilwane zasendle ingakahlaziywa kuzo zonke izindawo ezethulwe, ucwaningo entshonalanga naseningizimu yeFrance lukhombisa imiphumela ebulalayo yale nyoni (ikakhulukazi ukubhujiswa kwama-tern, izindwandwe, amatshwele kanye nokubanjwa kwama-amphibian). Eminye imithelela iyabonakala, njengokucekelwa phansi kwezitshalo ezindaweni zokuzalela, noma ukusola, ngokwesibonelo, ngokwanda kwezifo - ama-ibise ajwayele ukuvakashela izindawo zokulahla imfucumfucu kanye nemigodi eshelelayo ukubamba izibungu zezinambuzane, abese edlulela emadlelweni noma emapulazini ezinkukhu.
Manje uyazi lapho kutholakala khona ibis engcwele yase-Afrika. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Adlani ama-ibis angcwele?
Isithombe: Izinyoni ezingcwele ezindizayo
Ama-ibise angcwele adla ikakhulukazi emihlambini usuku lonke, enqamula emathafeni angajulile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, zingadla emhlabathini oseduze kwamanzi. Bangandiza amakhilomitha ayi-10 baye endaweni yokudla.
Ngokuyinhloko, ama-ibises angcwele adla izinambuzane, ama-arachnids, ama-annelids, ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs. Futhi badla amaxoxo, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, inhlanzi, izinyoni ezincane, amaqanda kanye nesidumbu. Ezindaweni ezilinywe kakhulu, zaziwa ngokudla udoti womuntu. Lokhu kubonakala eFrance lapho iba yizilokazane eziyingozi.
Ama-ibise angcwele anethuba uma kuziwa ekukhetheni kokudla. Zithanda izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla (isib. Izinambuzane, ama-molluscs, ama-crayfish) lapho zidla ezindaweni ezinotshani nasemathafeni, kodwa futhi zidla inyamazane enkulu uma itholakala, kufaka phakathi izinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila ezweni, amaqanda nezinyoni ezincane. Abanye abantu bangase basebenze njengezilwane ezidliwayo ezikoloni zasolwandle.
Ngakho-ke, ukudla kwama-ibises angcwele yile:
- izinyoni;
- izilwane ezincelisayo;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- ezihuquzelayo;
- inhlanzi;
- amaqanda;
- isidumbu;
- izinambuzane;
- ama-arthropods asemhlabeni;
- izimbaza;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- izibungu zasemanzini noma zasolwandle;
- Ama-crustaceans asemanzini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ibis engcwele yase-Afrika
Ama-ibise angcwele ngezikhathi ezithile akha ngazimbili bomfazi oyedwa esidlekeni emakoloni amakhulu esidleke. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, amaqembu amakhulu abesilisa akhetha indawo yokuhlala futhi akhe izindawo ezibhangqiwe. Kulezi zindawo, abesilisa bame ngamaphiko abo phansi bese belula onxande.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ezizayo, abesifazane bafika endaweni yokwakha izidleke kanye nenani elikhulu labesilisa. Abesilisa abasanda kufika bafika ezindaweni ezihlinziwe zabesilisa futhi bancintisane ngendawo. Abesilisa abalwa bangashayana ngemilomo yabo nange-screech. Abesifazane bakhetha owesilisa abazokhwelana futhi bakhe ngababili.
Lapho nje sekwenziwe umbhangqwana, uya endaweni eseduze yokwakha izidleke ekhethwe insikazi. Ukuziphatha kokulwa kungaqhubeka endaweni yokwakha izidleke phakathi kwabantu abasondelene bobulili obubodwa. I-Ibis izoma ngamaphiko avulekile futhi yehlise ikhanda ngomlomo ovulekile kubhekiswe kwabanye abantu. Abantu abasondelene kakhulu bangathatha indawo efanayo, kepha ngoqhwaku olukhomba phezulu, cishe luthinta njengoba luzwakala.
Ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwamabhangqa, insikazi isondela kowesilisa futhi, uma ingaxoshwa, iyashayisana futhi ikhothame izintamo zayo zeluliwe ziye phambili nasemhlabathini. Ngemuva kwalokho, bacabanga ukuma njalo futhi bahlanganisa izintamo zabo nemilomo. Lokhu kungahle kuhambisane nokukhothama okuningi noma ukuzithuthukisa okuningi. Lo mbhangqwana bese usungula indawo yesidleke lapho kwenzeka khona ukuqhudelana. Ngesikhathi sokushayisana, izinsikazi zigcwala ukuze abesilisa bababophele, kuba owesilisa angabamba uqhwaku lwensikazi alunyakazise ngapha nangapha. Ngemuva kokulingiswa, lo mbhangqwana uphinde uthathe isikhundla sokuma futhi ucindezele ngenkuthalo ngokumelene nendawo yokwakha izidleke.
Ama-ibise angcwele akha amakoloni amakhulu ngenkathi yokwakha isidleke. Baphinde bathutheleke bayofuna ukudla nendawo yokuhlala, ngamaqembu abikwe ukuthi ahlala abantu abangafika ku-300. Bazifunela izindawo ezinkulu futhi bangenza ukufuduka kwesizini baye ezindaweni zokudla nezokuzalela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ibis Engcwele
Ama-ibises angcwele azala minyaka yonke ezindaweni ezinkulu zokwakha izidleke. E-Afrika, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka ngoMashi kuya ku-Agasti, e-Iraq kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda ayi-1 kuye kwayi-5 (ngokwesilinganiso esi-2), afukamela izinsuku ezingaba ngu-28. Amaqanda amile okweqanda noma ayindilinga kancane, anolaka ngokuthungwa, amhlophe qwa anombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi kwesinye isikhathi anezindawo ezibomvu ezimnyama. Amaqanda aqala ngosayizi ukusuka kuma-43 kuye kuma-63 mm. I-Fledging yenzeka ezinsukwini ezingama-35-40 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, futhi izingane zizimela ngemuva nje kokuba zibalekile.
Ukufukamela kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-21 kuye kuma-29, iningi labesifazane nabesilisa lifukamela cishe izinsuku ezingama-28, kushintshana okungenani kanye njalo emahoreni angama-24. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, omunye wabazali uhlala ekhona esidlekeni izinsuku zokuqala eziyi-7-10. Amachwane anikezwa ukudla izikhathi eziningi ngosuku ngokushintshana ngabazali bobabili. Amajuba ashiya izidleke emavikini ama-2-3 bese akha amaqembu eduze koloni. Ngemuva kokushiya isidleke, abazali babondla kanye ngosuku. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithatha izinsuku ezingama-35 kuye kwezingu-40, futhi abantu bashiya ikoloni ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-44-48 ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa.
Ngemuva kokuchamisela, abazali bakhomba kuphela futhi bondle izingane zabo. Lapho abazali bebuya ukuzokondla izingane zabo, bashaya ucingo kafushane. Inzalo iyalibona izwi lobuzali futhi ingagijima, igxume noma indizele kumzali ithole ukudla. Uma enye intsha isondela kubazali bayo, izoxoshwa. Lapho inzalo ifunda ukundiza, ingazungeza ikoloni kuze kube yilapho umzali ebuya ukuzolondla, noma aze amjahe umzali ngaphambi kokondla.
Izitha zemvelo zama-ibise angcwele
Isithombe: Indlela ibis engcwele ebukeka ngayo
Kunemibiko eminingana yokudliwa kwama-ibises angcwele. Lapho sezikhulile, lezi zinyoni zinkulu kakhulu futhi zethusa izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye. Ama-ibises amancane angcwele agadwe ngokucophelela ngabazali bawo, kepha angadliwa yizilwane ezinkulu.
Abadli bama-ibise angcwele bambalwa, phakathi kwabo:
- amagundane (Rattus norvegicus) adla izingane noma amaqanda, abonwa koloni lwaseMedithera;
- gulls uLarus argentatus noLarus michahellis.
Kodwa-ke, ukugcwala kwendawo kwezidleke emakholoni ama-ibis kunciphisa kakhulu ukuzala, okwenzeka ikakhulukazi lapho iningi labantu abadala lishiya ikoloni. Ukudla ezindaweni zokungcebeleka nakho akuvamile ngoba ungqimba lukakaka emhlabathini lubeka umkhawulo ebukhoneni bezimpungushe ze-Vulpes vulpes nangenxa yokuthi izinyoni azitholakali kakhulu ezilwaneni ezisemhlabeni lapho zihleli.
Ama-ibise angcwele awanawo umthelela oqondile kubantu, kepha lapho ekhona, lezi zinyoni zingaba yisicefe noma inyamazane yalezo zinhlobo zezinyoni ezisongelwayo noma ezivikelwe.
Eningizimu yeFrance, ama-ibise angcwele ayebhekwa ngaphambi kwezidleke zikakhokho waseGibhithe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba inani lazo landa, ama-ibis aqala ukuncintisana ngezindawo zokuzalela nge-egret enkulu ne-egret encane, futhi asusa ngazimbili izinhlobo zombili zezinhlobo ezivela koloni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinyoni ezingcwele
Ama-ibise angcwele awabhekwa njengengozi ebangeni lawo lomdabu. Ziye zaba yinkinga yokongiwa kwemvelo eYurophu, lapho kubikwa ukuthi zondla ngezinhlobo zomdabu ezisengozini kanye nokungena ezindaweni zezinhlobo zemvelo. Lokhu kube yinkinga kwabalondolozi bemvelo baseYurophu abazama ukuvikela izinhlobo zomdabu ezisengozini. Ama-ibis angcwele awabhalisiwe njengezilwane ezingafuneki kwi-Global Invasive Species Database (eqenjini le-IUCN Invasive Species Team) kodwa abhalwe ohlwini lwe-DAISIE.
I-ibis engcwele yase-Afrika ingenye yezinhlobo zezilwane okusebenza kuzo iSivumelwano Sokulondolozwa Kwezinyoni Zasemanzini zase-Afrika-zase-Europe (AEWA). Ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane konke kuholele ekuqothulweni kwezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane. Okwamanje ayikho imizamo noma amacebo okonga ama-ibise angcwele, kepha ukuthambekela kwabantu kuyancipha, ikakhulu ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokuqoqwa kwamaqanda ngabantu bendawo.
Ama-ibise angcwele ayizinyoni ezihamba phambili ezibalulekile e-Afrika, esebenzisa izilwane eziningi ezahlukahlukene futhi alawule inani lazo. EYurophu, isimo sabo sokuguquguquka senze ama-ibises angcwele abe uhlobo oluhlaselayo, kwesinye isikhathi adla izinyoni ezingavamile. Ama-ibis angcwele ahamba emhlabeni olimekayo, esiza izindwandwe nabanye ukuqeda izinambuzane endaweni. Ngenxa yendima yabo ekulawuleni izinambuzane zezitshalo, zibaluleke kakhulu kubalimi. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo kusongela izinyoni ezindaweni eziningi.
Ibis Engcwele Iyinyoni enhle ezulazulayo etholakala endle ngasogwini nasezixhaphozini kulo lonke elase-Afrika, e-Afrika eseningizimu yeSahara naseMadagascar. Kufakwa emapaki ezilwane emhlabeni wonke; kokunye, izinyoni zivunyelwe ukundiza ngokukhululeka, zingaya ngaphandle kwe-zoo zenze abantu basendle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.08.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/28/2019 ngo-23: 02
