Impungushe endizayo Ingabe izilwane ezincelisayo ezihambahamba ezindaweni ezinkulu zase-Australia zidla izimbali nezithelo zomdabu, zisabalalisa imbewu futhi zithumela impova kwizitshalo zomdabu. Izimpungushe ezindizayo azihlangene nezimpungushe, kodwa ziyiqembu lamalulwane anamakhanda afana nezimpungushe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Impungushe endizayo
Izimpungushe ezindizayo (ezibizwa nangokuthi amalulwane ezithelo) zingamalungu eqembu elikhulu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezibizwa ngokuthi amalulwane. Amalulwane yiwo kuphela iqembu lezilwane ezincelisayo ezikwazi ukundiza isikhathi eside.
Izimpungushe ezindala zezithelo zomhlaba (umndeni Pteropodidae) zihlala ngamaqembu amakhulu futhi zidla izithelo. Ngakho-ke, ziyizinambuzane ezingaba khona futhi azikwazi ukungeniswa e-United States. Cishe njengawo wonke amalulwane ezithelo eziseMhlabeni Omdala, izimpungushe ezindizayo zisebenzisa umbono wokuzulazula, hhayi ukufundwa.
Ividiyo: Flying Fox
Phakathi kwama-pteropodids adume kakhulu impungushe endizayo (Pteropus), etholakala eziqhingini ezishisayo ezisuka eMadagascar ziye e-Australia nase-Indonesia. Bangamalulwane amakhulu kunawo wonke. Amanye amalungu amancane kakhulu oMndeni adla impova kanye nompe ovela ezihlahleni zezithelo.
Izimpungushe ezindizayo ezinolimi olude (Macroglossus) zinekhanda nomzimba ubude obucishe bube ngu-6-7 cm (2.4-2.8 inches) namaphiko angaba ngu-25 cm (10 inches). Umbala uyehluka phakathi kwama-pteropodid; ezinye zibomvu noma ziphuzi, ezinye zinemigqa noma zinamabala, ngaphandle kwamalulwane (iRousettus).
Amalungu Omndeni wase-Asia afaka phakathi izimpungushe ezindizayo ezinamakhala nezithelo zezimpungushe ezindizayo ezindizayo (Cynopterus). Amalungu omndeni wase-Afrika afaka phakathi i-epaulette flying fox (i-Epomophorus), okungamaduna anezinhlayiya zezinwele eziphaphathekile emahlombe, kanye nezimpungushe ezinamakhanda ezithelo ezindizayo (Hypsignathus monstrosus), enempumulo enkulu ebuthuntu nezindebe ezilengayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi impungushe endizayo
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpungushe ezindizayo:
- impungushe emnyama endizayo;
- impungushe enekhanda elimpunga;
- impungushe encane ebomvu ebomvu.
Impungushe emnyama endizayo (Pteropus alecto) icishe ibe mnyama ngokuphelele ngombala onekhola elincane elibomvu eligqwalile kanye ne-glaze elula esiliva mpunga esiswini. Zinesisindo esimaphakathi sama-gramu ayi-710 futhi zingenye yezinhlobo ezinkulu zamalulwane emhlabeni. Amaphiko azo angaba ngaphezu kwemitha elilodwa.
Impungushe enekhanda elimpunga (Pteropus poliocephalus) ibonakala kalula ngokugqwala kwayo okubomvu, okubomvu, ikhanda elimpunga nemilenze enoboya. Uyisilwane esincelisayo esikhona futhi uyimpungushe ezindizayo enkulu kunazo zonke e-Australia. Abantu abadala banamaphiko aphakathi nendawo afinyelela kumitha elilodwa futhi bangaba nesisindo esingafinyelela kukhilogremu elilodwa.
Futhi yizinhlobo ezisengozini enkulu ngoba incintisana nabantu ngendawo yokuhlala yasogwini enkulu ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga yeQueensland, eNew South Wales kanye nogwini lwaseVictoria. Impungushe enekhanda elimpunga iwukuphela kohlobo lwempungushe endizayo ekhona ngokuphelele eSouth Australia futhi iyinhlobo yezwe esengozini yokuqothuka.
Impungushe encane ebomvu ebomvu (i-Pteropus scapulatus) enesisindo esingu-300-600 amagremu iyimpungushe encane kunazo zonke e-Australia futhi inejazi elinsundu ngokubomvu. Izimpungushe ezincane ezibomvu ezindizayo ngokuvamile zindiza zijule kakhulu kunezinye.
Ihlala kuphi impungushe?
Isithombe: Impungushe yelulwane
Izimpungushe ezindizayo zingasebenzisa izinhlobo eziningi zendawo ezihlinzeka ngokudla, ikakhulukazi amahlathi e-eucalyptus. Ngezihlahla ezifanele zezimbali nezithela izithelo, amalulwane azondizela emadolobheni amakhulu namancane, kufaka phakathi izifunda zamabhizinisi, ngaphandle kokungabaza.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpungushe ezindizayo ziyizilwane zomphakathi, zakha izidleke ezinkulu, kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane eziningi. Lezi yizindawo ezinomsindo kakhulu nephunga, lapho omakhelwane behlala bexabana ngezindawo zabo ezincane.
Amaqembu amakhulu ka-28cm amade, adla izithelo anezimpungushe ezindiza ezinekhanda elimpunga akusekho okukhangayo okungajwayelekile emadolobheni amaningana ase-Australia, kufaka phakathi iMelbourne. Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, ukunwetshwa kwemithombo emisha yokudla emadolobheni kanye nokwakhiwa kwamalulwane ezindlini zamapulazi kwenze amadolobha aba yizindawo zokuhlala zawo eziphambili. Lokhu kufuduka kube yisibusiso esixubene nezimpungushe ezindizayo, ezibhekana nezinsongo ezivela kwingqalasizinda yasedolobheni njengamanethi nezingcingo ezihlabayo, kanye nokuhlukunyezwa kwabahlali.
Impungushe emnyama endizayo ivamile ezifundeni ezisogwini nasogwini enyakatho ye-Australia ukusuka eShark Bay eNtshonalanga Australia kuya eLismore eNew South Wales. Kutholakale naseNew Guinea nase-Indonesia. Indawo yokuhlala yendabuko yempungushe enekhanda elimpunga ingamakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka ogwini olusempumalanga ye-Australia, ukusuka eBundaberg eQueensland kuya eMelbourne eVictoria. Ngo-2010, kwatholakala izimpungushe ezindiza ezinempunga eziningi ezihlala kulezi zindawo zendabuko; amanye atholakele ekujuleni kwezwe, ngokwesibonelo, e-Orange, naseningizimu-ntshonalanga ekude, ngokwesibonelo, e-Adelaide.
Izimpungushe ezincane ezibomvu ezindizayo yizinhlobo ezivame kakhulu e-Australia. Zihlanganisa izindawo eziningi zokuhlala enyakatho nasempumalanga ye-Australia, kufaka phakathi iQueensland, iNorthern Territory, iWestern Australia, iNew South Wales neVictoria.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona impungushe. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi silwane sezithelo sidlani.
Idla ini impungushe?
Isithombe: Impungushe enkulu endizayo
Izimpungushe ezindizayo zivame ukubhekwa njengezilokazane ngabalimi bezithelo. Kodwa-ke, iqiniso ukuthi bakhetha imvelo yabo yokudla umpe nempova ezihlahleni zomdabu eziqhakaza izimbali ikakhulukazi ama-eucalyptus namakhiwane, yize izithelo nezithelo zakhona kudliwa futhi. Lapho kuhlanzwa amahlathi, izimpungushe ezindizayo zilahlekelwa umthombo wazo wokudla bese ziphoqeleka ukuba zisebenzise ezinye izindlela ezifana nensimu yezithelo.
Izimpungushe ezindiza ezimpunga zingabazingeli basebusuku bezitshalo eziqhakazayo nezithelayo. Bakuthola lokhu kudla besebenzisa umuzwa oqinile wephunga namehlo amakhulu, alungele ukubona imibala ebusuku. Izimpungushe ezindizayo zibuya njalo ebusuku kuzisetshenziswa ezifanayo zize ziphele. Ukudla kwabo kuhlukahlukene, bangadla izinsalela zohlaza lwasendaweni kanye nasemadolobheni. Bangasebenzisa futhi izinsizakusebenza ezintsha, kufaka phakathi izithelo zezihlahla ezitshaliwe, ikakhulukazi lapho izinsiza zabo zokudla ezikhethiwe zilinganiselwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzimpungushe ezindiza ezimpunga zithanda ukudla ngaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-20 ukusuka lapho zihlala khona, kodwa futhi zingahamba amakhilomitha angama-50 zifuna ukudla.
Izimpungushe ezindizayo zilusizo empilweni yezimila njengoba zisabalalisa imbewu futhi zimpova izitshalo zomdabu. Abaphenyi bacabanga ukuthi ukufuduka kwezimpungushe ezindizayo kungahle kuhlobene nokushoda kokudla, ukugeleza kukanectar, noma ukuguquguquka kwesizini.
Lezi zilwane, ezidla izithelo, izimbali, umpe nezimpande, zingukhiye ekufakeni impova ezitshalweni nasekuhlakazeni imbewu. Eqinisweni, zingandiza amabanga amade - ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-60 ngobusuku obubodwa - zilethe izithelo (nembewu) nazo futhi ziqoqe nembewu ngenkathi indiza. Izithelo mancane amathuba okuthi ziphile ngaphandle kokuthi imbewu yazo ikwazi ukuhamba ibanga elanele kusuka ezitshalweni zikanina, ngakho-ke izimpungushe ezindizayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasabalala.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Impungushe endizayo eMaldives
Izimpungushe ezindizayo ziya ngokuya ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ziyofuna ukudla nendawo yokuhlala ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo yazo yemvelo. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kungaba yinkinga kubantu bendawo ngenxa yokukhathazeka ngempilo nenhlalakahle yenkambi yezimpungushe ezindizayo.
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zasempumalanga enkulu ye-Australia, izimpungushe ezindiza ezinekhanda elimpunga noma amalulwane ezithelo, zivame ukubonwa kusihlwa, zishiya izindawo zazo zokulala ngobusuku ngamaqembu amakhulu futhi zilibangise ezindaweni ezizithandayo zokudla. Njengoba impungushe enekhanda elimpunga ibalwa njengeyisengozini eNew South Wales, kudingeka imvume yokuhambisa izimpungushe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iphunga elikhulu elihlotshaniswa nezimpungushe ezindizayo yilelo lezimpungushe ezindizayo zesilisa ezisetshenziselwa ukumaka indawo yazo. Ngenkathi leli phunga lingacasula kwabanye abantu, alibeki ingozi empilweni.
Umsindo ungaba yinkinga lapho izindawo zokulala zezimpungushe ezindizayo ziseduze nezindawo zokuhlala, zebhizinisi noma zesikole. Lapho izimpungushe ezindizayo zicindezelekile noma zesaba, zenza umsindo omkhulu kakhulu. Amakoloni ajwayele ukuba nomsindo kakhulu uma ephazanyiswa ngabantu futhi athule lapho eshiywe yedwa.
Izimpungushe ezindizayo ziyasebenza ebusuku lapho zindiza amabanga amade zifuna ukudla. Uma ikhaya lakho lisendleleni yokundiza yezimpungushe ezindizayo, ubulembu bungaba nomthelela kuwo. Imfucumfucu evela ezilwaneni eziningi, kuhlanganise nezimpungushe ezindizayo, ingagcina isophahleni lwendlu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Impungushe endizayo indiza
Izimpungushe ezindizayo azizali ngokushesha. Izimpungushe zesifazane ezindizayo ziyazala zineminyaka emibili noma emithathu, futhi imvamisa ziba nengane eyodwa kuphela ngonyaka. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukubuyisa inani labantu uma kunesibhicongo. Izinkambi zamalulwane ziyizindawo ezibucayi zokukhwelana, ukuzalwa nokukhuliswa kwezilwane ezisencane. Izimpungushe ezindiza ezimpunga ziyakwazi ukukhwelana unyaka wonke, kepha ukukhulelwa kuvame ukwenzeka phakathi kukaMashi noMeyi, lapho abesilisa bekhula.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha, kanti abesifazane bazala izinyane elilodwa phakathi kukaSepthemba noNovemba. Ingane inamathela esiswini sikanina futhi ibanjwa amasonto amathathu kuya kwamahlanu, bese ishiywa ebusuku ekamu labantwana bamalulwane. Omama babuyela ekamu kungekudala ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, bathola izinyane labo besebenzisa amasiginali ahlukile nephunga, bese bencelisa. Omama bagoqa amaphiko abo ngokuzungeza amawundlu ukuze babavikele emini nasemazingeni okushisa abandayo.
Amawundlu alunyulwa obisini lwebele ngemuva kwezinyanga ezinhlanu, futhi ngemuva kokuzijwayeza ukundiza ezungeze ikamu, andiza ebusuku nabantu abadala ukuyodla izimbali nezithelo. Abancane bafunda ukundiza cishe ezinyangeni ezimbili bese bekwazi ukuzimela ngokuphelele ngemuva kwenyanga ezayo. Abasha abazimele bathambekele ezingozini futhi amazinga okufa aphezulu ngesikhathi seminyaka emibili yokuqala yokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpungushe ezindizayo
Isithombe: Impungushe emnyama endizayo
Ziningi izilwane ezidla ezinye ezingadala izinkinga zezimpungushe ezindizayo. Ubukhulu bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene bunomthelela ezinhlotsheni zezinkinga abangase babhekane nazo nabazingeli abahlukene. Ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezindizayo zithola impungushe endizayo ukudla okumnandi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izikhova noklebe. Izikhova zivame ukubonakala zithatha amalulwane ngesikhathi sezindiza. Zingahamba zinganakwa, kuthi lapho kudlula izimpungushe ezindizayo, zidliwe ngaphandle kwesixwayiso.
Izilwane eziyinhloko zezimpungushe ezindizayo:
- izikhova;
- oklebe;
- izinyoka;
- izicabucabu;
- i-mink;
- ama-raccoons.
Izinyoka ziyisilwane esivamile sezimpungushe ezindizayo ezidla izithelo. Izinyoka zingazihlanganisa kalula nezihlahla nezitshalo lapho izithelo ezinjalo zikhula khona. Lezi zinyoka zingaba ngosayizi ukusuka kokuncane kuya kokukhulu ngokwanele. Zijwayele ukuba yinkinga enkulu ezindaweni ezifudumele. Ezindaweni lapho kwakhiwa khona izimpungushe ezindizayo, kuvame ukuba nezinkinga eziningi ngokubonakala kwezinyoka.
Kwezinye izindawo, ama-raccoon nama-weasel akhonjwe njengezilwane ezidla izimpungushe ezindizayo. Zivame ukucasha ezindaweni ezilala izimpungushe. Bayabalinda lapho bengena noma bephuma kule ndawo. Izicabucabu ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-tarantula nazo zingabulala izinhlobo ezincane zezimpungushe ezindizayo. Ama-mink abuye akhonjwe njengezilwane ezidla izimpungushe ezindizayo kwezinye izindawo.
Kwezinye izindawo lapho izimpungushe ezindizayo zihlala ezihlahleni, kube nemibiko yokubanjwa ngamakati afuywayo. Imvamisa azizidli izimpungushe ezindizayo, kepha zingazibulala futhi zidlale nazo. Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi bathole ukuthi banezimpungushe ezindizayo ngemuva kokuba ikati labo libabuyise ekhaya noma babonwa bedlala nelinye ngaphandle.
Umzingeli omkhulu wezimpungushe ezindizayo ngabantu. Iningi labantu liyabesaba futhi libabheka njengamagundane ayingozi. Iqiniso lokuthi ikoloni lezimpungushe ezindizayo lingakhula ngokushesha kungesinye isizathu sokukhathazeka. Ingozi yokusabalalisa noma yisiphi isifo kumalulwane nayo iyabakhathaza abantu. Bezwa ngamarabi nezinye izinkinga zempilo ezingaba khona. Abantu futhi bakhathazeka ngemiphumela yokuchama komchamo wezimpungushe nendle, ngakho-ke bavame ukusetha izingibe zezimpungushe ezindizayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kubukeka sengathi impungushe endizayo
Kunezinhlobo ezingama-65 zezimpungushe ezindizayo emhlabeni, futhi cishe uhhafu wazo usengozini. Izimpungushe ezindizayo zibhekana nezinsongo ekulahlekelweni kwendawo yokuhlala nokuzingela ngobuningi ukuzingela kwabo inyama noma ukuzingela kwezemidlalo. Lesi simo asisihle emvelweni yesiqhingi futhi, ekugcineni, kubantu abahlala lapho. Abalimi abaningi bezithelo bakholelwa nokuthi izimpungushe ezindizayo zimbi ngoba izilwane ezincelisayo zidla izithelo zazo; ngakho-ke, ohulumeni abaningana bayakuvumela ukubulawa kwabantu ngobuningi kwezimpungushe ezindizayo. Ngo-2015 nango-2016, esiqhingini sase-Indian Ocean iMauritius, uhulumeni wabulala izimpungushe ezindizayo ezingaphezu kuka-40 000 emkhankasweni wokuqothula abantu abaningi, yize uhlobo lwendabuko, iPteropus niger, lubhekwa njengolusengozini yokuqothulwa.
Ngaphandle kwedolobha, abathuthukisi basusa izitshalo izimpungushe ezindizayo ezidla kuzo njengoba izindawo zasemakhaya ziya ngokuya ziguqulwa zibe yizindawo zamapulazi nezindlu, noma zincishiselwe i-wood pulp. Uma ukuqedwa kuqhubeka, inani labantu lizoba nezinketho ezimbalwa futhi ezimbalwa zokudla, okwenza ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala kube usongo olukhulu ezinhlotsheni.
Ukushisa komhlaba kubeka ingcindezi kubantu bezimpungushe ezindizayo. Ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu, izimpungushe ezindizayo zingafa ngenxa yengcindezi yokushisa, okuyisimo abasikhombisa ngokuhlangana ndawonye futhi ngokundiza kancane ngeziqu zemithi ngobuningi obucwathile. Uma kunogagasi lokushisa entwasahlobo futhi izingane zisencike ngokuphelele konina, kungabulala inzalo cishe unyaka.
Uhlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuqapha i-Flying Fox ephethwe yimpunga e-Australia luqale ngomhlaka 14 kuNhlolanja 2013 futhi lwenziwa njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu. Lesi isibalo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezimpungushe ezindiza ezinekhanda elimpunga ezake zenziwa kulo lonke uhla lukazwelonke lohlobo oluthile. Inhloso yalokhu kubalwa kwabantu ukuhlinzeka ngokuqapha okuthembekile kwesibalo samanje sezimpungushe ezindizayo ngo-2013 nokulandela umkhondo wesimo sabantu ngokuzayo.
Ukundiza iFox Fox Guard
Isithombe: Impungushe endizayo evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ezinye izinhlobo zezimpungushe ezindizayo, isibonelo, iMariana, imidondoshiya, iMauritian, izimpungushe ezindizayo zaseComoria, zifakiwe kwiRed Book. Isimo esibucayi sezimpungushe ezindizayo ezisesiqhingini emhlabeni wonke sidinga amasu okulondolozwa asebenza ngempumelelo, asekelwe kwisayensi ukuvimbela ukulahleka okuqhubekayo kokuhlukahluka nokusebenza kwezinhlobo.
Ukusiza izimpungushe ezindizayo, ungazitshala izihlahla zokudla egcekeni lakho. Ngokwenza lokhu, uzoheha lezi zilwane ezincelisayo ziye engadini yakho kuze kube amasonto amane ngenkathi zondla izimbali noma izithelo zesihlahla. Izihlahla ezidliwayo izimpungushe zifaka phakathi iminduze ebanzi, i-bankxia serrata nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezihlahla zikagamthilini. Vikela izihlahla zakho zezithelo ngaphandle kokulimaza izimpungushe ezindizayo.Ungazami ukuvikela isihlahla sezithelo ezimpungwini ezindizayo ngokuphonsa inetha kuso. Amakhulu empungushe ezindizayo nezinye izilwane zomdabu ziyalimala noma zibulawe unyaka nonyaka ngokuzigaxa ocingweni oluxegayo. Esikhundleni salokho, namathisela inetha kuhlaka olwakhelwe inhloso bese ulula njenge-trampoline. Ngenye indlela, ungafaka indwangu yomthunzi phezu kwesihlahla sezithelo.
Ungalokothi usebenzise izinto zokwenziwa zenayiloni ezincanyana ezingalimaza izinyoni nezinye izilwane, kanye nezimpungushe ezindizayo, kodwa sebenzisa i-mesh eqinile eboshwe enezimbobo ezingama-40 mm ububanzi noma ngaphansi. Qiniseka ukuthi inetha limhlophe, hhayi eliluhlaza, ukuze izilwane zikubone futhi zikugweme. Noma iyiphi impungushe endizayo etholakala yodwa emini ingaba senkingeni. Angalimala, agule, noma abe yintandane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpungushe ezindizayo ezisenkingeni phakathi ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba noJanuwari zingaba abesifazane futhi zibe namazinyane. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwenza ngokushesha lapho ubona isilwane.
Ungasithinti isilwane ngokwakho, ngoba kuthatha ukuqeqeshwa nesipiliyoni ukubhekana nempungushe endizayo elimele. Uma isilwane siphansi, ungasimboza ngekhadibhodi ukuvimbela ukunyakaza ngenkathi ulinde umhlengi ukuthi afike. Isilwane esilengiswe phansi akufanele siphazanyiswe futhi noma yiziphi izilwane ezifuywayo kanye / noma izingane kufanele zigcinwe kude kuze kutakulwe impungushe endizayo.
Impungushe endizayo luhlobo oluvikelwe futhi, uma lushiywe lodwa, alubeki bungozi kubantu futhi akunakulimaza ingadi yakho. Cishe uhhafu wezithelo ezindizayo zezimpungushe zisengozini njengamanje. Izimpungushe ezindizayo zibhekana nezinsongo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nezinhlobo ezihlaselayo, kepha okuyinhloko ukuzingela abantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/04/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/28/2019 ngo-21: 29
