Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzees) - yaduma ngomsebenzi wezocansi ongajwayelekile owawusetshenziswa yi-primate njengendlela yokuxhumana eqenjini. Lezi zilwane azinolaka kangako, ngokungafani nezimfene, futhi zizama ukuxazulula izimo eziqubukayo ezingqubuzanayo ngosizo lwezocansi, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe izingxabano, noma kube ukubuyisana ngemuva kwengxabano nokususa imizwa enqwabelene. AmaBonobos aya ocansini ukwakha izibopho zomphakathi. Uma unemibuzo ngalezi zilwane, hlola lokhu okuthunyelwe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bonobo
Izinsalela zezinhlobo zePan paniscus azichazanga kuze kube ngu-2005. Isibalo sabantu bezimfene esikhona eNtshonalanga naseCentral Africa asihambisani nemivubukulo enkulu yezinsalela zasendulo eMpumalanga Afrika. Kodwa-ke, kubikwa izinsalela zamathambo ezivela eKenya namuhla
Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi abantu kanye namalungu omndeni wakwaPan babekhona e-East African Rift Valley ngesikhathi seMiddle Pleistocene. Ngokuka-A. Zichlman, ubukhulu bomzimba bama-bonobos bufana kakhulu nobukhulu be-Australopithecus, futhi isazi sebhayoloji esihamba phambili semvelo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uD. Griffith uphakamise ukuthi ama-bonobos angaba yisibonelo esiphilayo sokhokho bethu abakude nabantu.
Ividiyo: Bonobo
Yize kunegama elinye igama elithi "pygmy chimpanzee," ama-bonobos awenziwanga kancane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-chimpanzee ejwayelekile, ngaphandle kwekhanda lawo. Lesi silwane sibizwa ngo-Ernst Schwartz, owahlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ngemuva kokubuka ugebhezi lwebhonobos ngaphambili olwalubhalwe kabi, olwaluluncane kunozakwabo bechimpanzee.
Igama elithi "bonobos" laqala ukubonakala ngo-1954 ngenkathi u-Edward Paul Tratz no-Heinz Heck bephakamisa ukuthi kube yigama elisha nelihlukile lamajikijolo e-chimpanzee. Leli gama kukholakala ukuthi libhalwe kabi ebhokisini lezokuthutha lisuka edolobheni laseBolobo emfuleni iCongo, eduze nalapho kwaqoqwa khona ama-bonobos okuqala ngawo-1920.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-bonobo
AmaBonobos ayizinkawu ezingaba izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zobukhulu bomuntu onezinwele ezimnyama ezimboze umzimba wazo. Izinwele zivame ukwedlula lezo zezimfene ezivamile, futhi lokhu kubonakala kakhulu ezihlathini, ezinganazinwele ku-P. troglodytes. Izingxenye zomzimba ezingamboziwe ngoboya (okusho maphakathi kobuso, izingalo, imilenze) zinombala omnyama kukho konke ukuphila. Lokhu kuqhathaniswa nemfene ejwayelekile, enesikhumba esikhanyayo, ikakhulukazi lapho isencane.
AmaBonobos ahamba ngemilenze emibili kaningi kunezimfene. Zinemilenze emide, ikakhulukazi ngemuva, uma kuqhathaniswa nezimfene ezivamile. I-dimorphism yezocansi ikhona futhi abesilisa bacishe babe ngama-30% okusinda kusuka kuma-37 kuye kuma-61 kg, ngokwesilinganiso sama-45 kg, nakwabesifazane kusuka ku-27 kuye ku-38 kg, ngokwesilinganiso esingu-33.2 kg. Kodwa-ke ama-bonobos anciphise okwezocansi kunamanye ama-primates amaningi. Isilinganiso sobude obungu-119 cm besilisa no-111 cm kwabesifazane. Amandla ogebhezi angamamitha ayi-cubic 350.
AmaBonobos ngokuvamile abhekwa njenganomusa kakhulu kunemfene evamile. Kodwa-ke, izimfene ezinkulu zesilisa zidlula noma yimaphi ama-bonobos ngesisindo. Lapho lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zimi ngezinyawo zazo, zilingana ngokulingana. AmaBonobos anekhanda elincanyana uma kuqhathaniswa nezimfene futhi anamashiya amancanyana.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayoIzici zomzimba zenza ama-bonobos afane nabantu kunezimfene ezijwayelekile. Le nyani nayo inezici zobuso ezingazodwana, ukuze umuntu oyedwa abukeke ehluke kakhulu komunye. Lesi sici senzelwe ukubonwa kobuso ekubonaneni komphakathi.
Unobuso obumnyama obunezindebe ezibomvana, izindlebe ezincane, amakhala amakhulu, nezinwele ezinde ezihlukanisiwe. Kwabesifazane, isifuba sincane kancane, ngokungafani nezinye izinkawu, yize kungenjalo ngokusobala njengakubantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-bonobos anomzimba omncane, amahlombe amancane, intamo ezacile nemilenze emide, okukuhlukanisa kakhulu nezimfene ezejwayelekile.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inkawu yebanobo ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi.
Ahlala kuphi ama-bonobos?
Isithombe: AmaBonobos e-Afrika
AmaBonobos ahlala ehlathini lemvula lase-Afrika elisenkabeni yeCongo (phambilini eyayiyiZaire). Indawo yokuhlala ama-bonobos iseCongo Basin. Le ndawo iseningizimu ye-arc eyakhiwe uMfula iCongo (phambilini owawunguMfula iZaire) nezindawo zayo eziphezulu kanye noMfula iLualaba, enyakatho yoMfula iKazai. ECongo Basin, ama-bonobos ahlala ezinhlotsheni eziningana zezimila. Indawo ngokuvamile ihlukaniswa njengehlathi lemvula.
Kodwa-ke, ezolimo zasendaweni nezindawo ezibuyile kusuka kwezolimo zaya ehlathini ("intsha" kanye "nehlathi lesibili esekhulile") kuhlanganisiwe. Ukwakheka kwezinhlobo, ukuphakama nobuningi bezihlahla kwehlukile njalo, kepha konke kusetshenziswa kakhulu ngamabhonasi. Ngaphezu kwamahlathi, zitholakala emahlathini amaxhaphozi, ezitshalweni ezivuleka ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi, nazo ezisetshenziswa yilenkawu.
Ukondla kwenzeka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zendawo yokuhlala, kanti ama-bonobos ayolala ezindaweni ezilele amahlathi. Abanye abantu be-bonobos bangakhetha ukulala ezihlahleni ezincane (15 kuya ku-30), ikakhulukazi emahlathini anezimila zesibili. Abantu beBonobos batholakele kusuka ku-14 kuye ku-29 km². Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhombisa idatha yokubuka futhi akuyona umzamo wokukhombisa usayizi webanga lasekhaya lanoma yiliphi iqembu elithile.
Adla ini ama-bonobos?
Isithombe: Monkey Bonobo
Izithelo zakha iningi lokudla kwe-P. paniscus, yize ama-bonobos afaka nokudla okunhlobonhlobo ekudleni kwabo. Izingxenye zezitshalo ezisetshenzisiwe zifaka izithelo, amantongomane, iziqu, amahlumela, i-pith, amaqabunga, izimpande, izilimo eziyizigaxa nezimbali. Amakhowe nawo kwesinye isikhathi adliwa yilezi zinkawu. Ama-invertebrate akha ingxenye encane yokudla futhi afaka umuhlwa, izibungu, nezikelemu. AmaBonobos aziwa ngokudla inyama ngezikhathi ezingavamile. Baye babona ngqo amagundane adlayo (i-Anomalurus), ama-duikers asehlathini (C. dorsalis), ama-duikers abhekene nobumnyama (C. nigrifrons), namalulwane (i-Eidolon).
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-bonobos kwakhiwa kusuka:
- izilwane ezincelisayo;
- amaqanda;
- izinambuzane;
- izikelemu zomhlaba;
- amaqabunga;
- izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa;
- ukukhonkotha noma iziqu;
- imbewu;
- okusanhlamvu;
- amantongomane;
- izithelo nezimbali;
- ukhunta.
Izithelo zakha ama-57% wokudla kwama-bonobos, kodwa amaqabunga, uju, amaqanda, inyama encane enomgogodla, nama-invertebrate nawo ayangezwa. Kwezinye izimo, ama-bonobos angadla izinkawu ezisezingeni eliphansi. Abanye ababukele lezi zinkawu bathi ama-bonobos nawo asebenzisa ubuzimuzimu ekuthunjweni, yize lokhu kuphikiswa abanye ososayensi. Yize kunjalo, okungenani iqiniso elilodwa eliqinisekisiwe lokudla abantu endle yethole elifile lachazwa ngo-2008.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
AmaBonobos yizilwane zomphakathi ezihamba futhi zidle ngamaqembu ahlanganisiwe abesilisa + abesifazane + amawundlu ezingane. Njengomthetho, ngamaqembu asuka kubantu abathathu kuya kwabayisithupha, kepha kungaba khona kuze kufike kwabangu-10. Bahlangana ngamaqembu amakhulu eduze kwemithombo yokudla eningi, kepha bahlukanise babe bancane njengoba behamba. Le modeli ifana namandla we-fission-fusion wezimfene, ngosayizi weqembu ovame ukukhawulelwa ukutholakala kokudla okuthile.
Ama-bonobos wesilisa anesakhiwo esibuthakathaka esiphakeme. Bahlala eqoqweni labo lokuzalwa impilo yonke, kuyilapho abesifazane beshiya ebusheni bayojoyina elinye iqembu. Ukwanda kokubusa kwama-bonobos wesilisa kuhambisana nokuba khona kukamama eqenjini. Ukubusa kubonakala ngokuvela kwezinsongo futhi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuthola ukufinyelela kokudla. Izinsongo eziningi aziqondakali (izindlela "zokungena" zihlehla ngaphandle kokuphonsela inselelo). Abesifazane asebekhulile bathola isimo senhlalo njengoba izingane zabo ziba namandla. Ama-bonobos agile ezihlahleni, akhuphuka noma ajike futhi agxume phakathi kwamagatsha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi useholidini, ukunakekelana kuyinto ejwayelekile. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane, noma kwesinye isikhathi kube phakathi kwabesifazane ababili. Lokhu akuhunyushwa ngokuthi ukubingelela, ukushela, noma ukukhululeka kwengcindezi, kepha kunalokho njengokusondelana noma umsebenzi wokwakha iqembu.
Ukugxila okuyinhloko kocwaningo kuma-bonobos kuzungeze ukusetshenziswa kwabo kokuziphatha ngokocansi kumongo ongakhiqizi.
Lokhu kungaziphathi kahle kufaka:
- ukuxhumana phakathi kowesifazane nowesifazane;
- indoda nendoda;
- isikhathi eside sokulingiswa kokulingiswa kwentsha nentsha.
Ososayensi babhale imvamisa yale ndlela yokuziphatha phakathi kwamalungu eqembu ngalinye. Lokhu kuziphatha kuyabonakala kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi lapho bengena eqenjini elisha ngemuva kokushiya eledlule, nasezindaweni zokudla lapho kunenqwaba yokudla. Ukuziphatha okunjalo kwezocansi kungaba yindlela yokuxoxa nokuphoqelela ukwehluka kwesimo kwabesifazane nabesilisa.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Baby Bonobos
Abesifazane beBonobos bangaphatha noma yimuphi owesilisa eqenjini ngaphandle kwamadodana. Zisekushiseni, ezimakwe yi-edema emakiwe yezicubu zomzimba, ezihlala ezinsukwini eziyi-10 kuye kwezingu-20. Ama -ates agxila ngesikhathi sokuvuvukala okuphezulu. Ukuzala kwenzeka unyaka wonke. Insikazi ingakwazi ukuqhubeka nezimpawu zangaphandle ze-estrus kungakapheli unyaka ngemuva kokubeletha. Ngaphambi kwaleso sikhathi, ukuqhudelana kungaphinde kuqale, yize kungeke kuholele ekukhulelweni, okukhombisa ukuthi owesifazane akakhulelwa.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uyaqhubeka nokuncelisa izingane zakhe kuze kulunyulwe lapho eseneminyaka engama-4 ubudala. Isikhathi sokuzalwa esimaphakathi siyiminyaka engu-4.6. Ukwehliswa kunganciphisa i-ovulation, kepha hhayi izimpawu zangaphandle ze-estrus. Njengoba kungekho cwaningo oluthathe isikhathi eside kunesikhathi sebhonobos sokuphila, inani lenzalo yowesifazane ngamunye alaziwa. Lezi cishe yizizukulwane ezine.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ayikho iphethini ecacile yokukhetha umlingani: abesifazane banakekela abesilisa abaningi eqenjini ngesikhathi se-estrus, ngaphandle kwamadodana abo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubuyise ngokuvamile abaziwa kubo bobabili abalingani.
AmaBonobos yizilwane ezincelisayo zomphakathi, eziphila cishe iminyaka eyi-15 ngaphambi kokufinyelela ezingeni eligcwele labantu abadala. Ngalesi sikhathi, umama uhlinzeka ngemithwalo yemfanelo enkulu yokuba ngumzali, yize abesilisa benganikela ngokungaqondile (ngokwesibonelo, ukuxwayisa ingozi yeqembu, ukwabelana ngokudla, nokusiza ukuvikela izingane).
Izingane zeBonobo zizalwa zingenakuzisiza. Zincike ebisini lwebele futhi zibambelele kunina izinyanga ezimbalwa. Ukulunyulwa kuyinqubo ehamba kancane evame ukuqala eneminyaka engu-4. Kuyo yonke inqubo yokulunyulwa, omama bavame ukugcina ukudla kwezingane zabo, okubavumela ukuthi babheke inqubo yokudla kanye nokukhetha kokudla.
Njengabantu abadala, ama-bonobos wesilisa ngokuvamile ahlala eqenjini lawo lomphakathi futhi ahlanganyele nomama babo kule minyaka esele. Izizukulwane zesifazane ziyashiya iqembu lazo, ngakho-ke azihlali zixhumana nomama lapho sezikhulile.
Izitha zemvelo zebhonobos
Isithombe: Chimpanzee Bonobos
Okuwukuphela kwezilwane ezinokwethenjelwa neziyingozi zamabhonobo ngabantu. Yize kungekho emthethweni ukuzizingela, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kusadlangile ebangeni labo eliningi. Abantu bazingela izimfene ukuze bathole ukudla. Kubuye kucatshangwe ukuthi izingwe nezinyoni ezidla izimfene ezivamile zingadla ama-bonobos. Akunabufakazi obuqondile bokudliwa kwalezi zilwane ngezinye izilwane, yize kukhona ezinye izidalwa okungenzeka ukuthi zingabangenela ukungeniswa kwama-bonabos ngezikhathi ezithile, ikakhulukazi izingane.
Izilwane ezidume kakhulu zifaka:
- izingwe (P. pardus);
- izinhlwathi (P. Sabae);
- ukulwa nezinkozi (P. bellicosus);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
Lezi zilwane, njengezimfene ezivamile, zinezifo eziningi ezithinta abantu, njenge-polio. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-bonobos athwala ama-parasites ahlukahlukene njenge-helminths yamathumbu, ama-flukes nama-schistosomes.
AmaBonobos nezimfene ezivamile yizihlobo eziseduze zamaHomo sapiens. Kungumthombo wolwazi obaluleke kakhulu ocwaningweni ngemvelaphi yabantu kanye nezifo. AmaBonobos athandwa ngabantu futhi angasiza ekulondolozeni indawo yawo yokuhlala. Inani lezithelo ezidliwe yilezi zilwane lisikisela ukuthi zingadlala indima ebalulekile ekusabalaliseni imbewu yezinhlobo zezitshalo ezidliwayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Anjani ama-bonobos
Ubuningi obulinganiselwa busukela kubantu abangama-29 500 kuya kwabangu-50 000. Isibalo sabantu be-bonobos kukholakala ukuthi sehle kakhulu kule minyaka engama-30 edlule, yize ucwaningo olunembile bekulukhuni ukulenza enkabeni yeCongo. Izinsongo ezinkulu kubantu be-bonobos zibandakanya ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala nokuzingela inyama, lapho umsebenzi wokudubula ukhula kakhulu ngesikhathi seMpi Yokuqala neyesibili yaseCongo ngenxa yokuba khona kwamasosha ahlomile ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude ezifana naseSalonga National Park. Lokhu kuyingxenye yokuthambekela okubanzi kokuqothulwa kwalezi zinkawu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngo-1995, ukukhathazeka ngokuncipha kwamanani ama-bonobos endle kwaholela ekushicilelweni kwe-Conservation Action Plan. Lokhu ukuqoqwa kwemininingwane yabantu kanye nokuhlonza imisebenzi eseqhulwini yokulondolozwa kwamabhonasi.
Namuhla, ababambiqhaza baxoxa ngezinsongo zama-bolobos ezindaweni eziningi zesayensi nezemvelo. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-WWF, i-African Wildlife Fund nezinye zizama ukugxila engcupheni eyeqile yalolu hlobo. Abanye bahlongoza ukwakha indawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo engxenyeni ezinze kakhulu ye-Afrika noma esiqhingini esisendaweni efana ne-Indonesia futhi bathuthele ingxenye yabantu lapho. Ukuqwashiswa kwabantu bendawo kukhula njalo. Kusungulwe amaqembu eminikelo ahlukahlukene kwi-Intanethi ukusiza ukugcina i-bonabo.
Bonabo unogada
Isithombe: Bonobo ovela kwiRed Book
AmaBonobos asengozini ngokusho kweRed Book. Izinqubo ze-IUCN zifuna ukwehliswa kwama-50% noma ngaphezulu kwezizukulwane ezintathu, zombili ngokusebenzisa ukuxhashazwa nokubhujiswa kwendawo. IBonobos ibhekene "nengozi enkulu kakhulu yokuqothulwa endle kungekudala." Impi yombango nemiphumela yayo kuvimbela imizamo yokuyilondoloza. Ukuhlolwa kwenani labantu kwehluka kakhulu njengoba ukungqubuzana kukhawulela amandla abacwaningi okusebenza esifundeni.
Njengoba indawo yokuhlala yama-bonobos itholakala esidlangalaleni, impumelelo enkulu yemizamo yokongiwa kwemvelo isencike ekubambeni iqhaza kwabahlali bendawo abamelana nokwakhiwa kwamapaki kazwelonke njengoba lokhu kususa imiphakathi yabomdabu emakhaya ayo asehlathini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Azikho izindawo zokuhlala abantu eSalonga National Park, okuwukuphela kwepaki kazwelonke ehlala ama-bonobos, futhi ucwaningo lwango-2010 lukhombisa ukuthi ama-bonobos, izindlovu zasehlathini zase-Afrika nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zizingelwe kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kunezindawo lapho ama-bonobos esachuma khona ngaphandle kwemingcele ngenxa yezinkolelo nokuvinjelwa kwabantu bomdabu ekubulaleni ama-bonobos.
Ngo-2002, iqembu lokongiwa kwemvelo Bonobo iqalise iphrojekthi yeBonobo Peace Forest, isekelwa yiGlobal Conservation Fund ye-International Conservation Society ngokubambisana nezikhungo zikazwelonke, ama-NGO asendaweni kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni. Iphrojekthi ye-Peace Forest isebenza nemiphakathi yasendaweni ukwakha iqoqo elixhunyiwe lezindawo zomphakathi, eziphethwe ngabantu bendawo nabomdabu.Le modeli, esetshenziswe ikakhulukazi ngezinhlangano ze-DRC kanye nemiphakathi yasendaweni, isize ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano zokuvikela ngaphezu kwe-100,000 km² yendawo yokuhlala yamabhonasi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/03/2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/28/2019 ngo-11: 54
