Intulo - i-amphibian, eyayisaba kakhulu abantu ezikhathini zasendulo, baqamba izinganekwane ngayo, bahlonishwa futhi babizwa ngamakhono omlingo. Lokhu bekungenxa yokubukeka nokuziphatha kwentulo. Isikhathi eside, abantu babekholelwa ukuthi isilwane asishisi emlilweni, ngoba naso sinomlilo. Ngempela, ekuhumusheni kusuka olimini lwamaPheresiya asendulo, intulo isho "ukushisa ngaphakathi."
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Intulo
Ekubukeni kwabo, ama-salamanders afana kakhulu nezibankwa, kepha izazi zezilwane zibabele ezigabeni ezahlukahlukene: izibankwa zihlukaniswa njengezilwane ezihuquzelayo, futhi ama-salamanders ahlukaniswa njengezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini, uhlobo lwama-salamanders.
Enkambisweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwaqhubeka izigidi zeminyaka, wonke amalungu ohlobo lwahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu amathathu:
- ama-salamanders wangempela (Salamandridae);
- ama-salamanders angenawo amaphaphu (Plethodontidae);
- ama-salamanders-afihlekile ama-gabers (Сryрtobrаnсhidаe).
Umehluko kuwo womathathu amaqembu asohlelweni lokuphefumula, oluhlelwe ngezindlela ezihluke ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, ukuphefumula kokuqala ngosizo lwamaphaphu, okwesibili ngosizo lwamafinyila nesikhumba, kanti okwesithathu ngosizo lwezinhlungu ezifihliwe.
Ividiyo: Intulo
Umzimba wama-salamanders uvulekile, uphenduka kahle umsila. Ama-Amphibians ahluka ngosayizi kusuka kumasentimitha ama-5 kuye kwayi-180. Ububanzi bombala wabo buhluke kakhulu kuye ngohlobo lwendawo nendawo yokuhlala: ophuzi, omnyama, obomvu, umnqumo, oluhlaza, onsomi onsomi. Ingemuva nezinhlangothi zezilwane kungambozwa ngamabala amakhulu namancane, imivimbo yemibala ehlukahlukene.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-salamanders amancane kunawo wonke emhlabeni yi-Eurycea quadridigitat emfushane enobude bomzimba obufinyelela kuma-89 mm, kanye ne-Desmognathus wrighti encane kakhulu enomzimba wobude obufinyelela kuma-50 mm. Futhi ngeIntulo enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, u-Andrias davidianus, ohlala eChina, ufinyelela kubude obuyi-180 cm.
Imilenze yama-salamanders ayifushane futhi anesiqu. Kuneminwe emi-4 emilenzeni yangaphambili, kanye nemilenze yangemuva emi-5 Akukho zinzipho eminweni. Ikhanda liyisicaba, lifana nekhanda lexoxo elinamaqhuqhuva futhi imvamisa amehlo amnyama anamajwabu amehlo agudlukayo.
Esikhunjeni sezilwane kunezindlala ezikhethekile (i-parotitis) ezikhiqiza ubuthi. Ubuthi kuma-salamanders imvamisa abubulali, kepha uma uzama ukuwudla, ungakhubaza umhlaseli isikhashana, futhi umbangele nokudlikizela. AmaSalamanders ahlala cishe yonke indawo lapho isimo sezulu sifudumele futhi sinomswakama, kepha izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zingatholakala eNyakatho Melika.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intulo
Wonke ama-salamanders afana kakhulu ngokubukeka kwawo: anomzimba onqenqemeni onesikhumba esishelelayo esishelelayo, umsila omude ngokwedlulele, hhayi izitho ezithuthuke kakhulu ezingenazinzipho, ikhanda elincane elinamehlo amnyama aqhakazile namajwabu amehlo ahambayo, okukuvumela ukuthi uhlole indawo ezungezile ngaphandle kokuguqula ikhanda lakho. Imihlathi yezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ayithuthukisiwe kahle, ngoba ayijwayeleki nhlobo ukudla ukudla okunzima. Ngenxa yokungakhululeki kwazo, izilwane zizizwa zikhululekile kakhulu emanzini kunasemhlabeni.
AmaSalamanders, ngokungafani nezihlobo zawo eziseduze kakhulu - izibankwa, nawo athakazelisa kakhulu ngemibala ehlukahlukene ngokoqobo yonke imibala yothingo. Njengenjwayelo emvelweni, ngemuva kokubukeka okukhanyayo nokubabazekayo kuyingozi - ushevu ongashisa uze ubulale. Zonke izinhlobo zama-salamanders zinobuthi ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye, kepha yinye kuphela inhlobo yalezi zilwane enoshevu obulalayo - i-Fire Salamander.
Ezinganekwaneni nasezinganekwaneni zasendulo, intulo ibilokhu inikezwe indima yenceku yamabutho amnyama. Lokhu kubandlulula kwakukhona ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokubukeka okungajwayelekile, futhi nangenxa yokuthi kungenzeka, uma kuba yingozi, kuveze imfihlo enobuthi esikhunjeni, engadala ukusha okukhulu kwesikhumba (kubantu), futhi ikhubaze noma ibulale (isilwane esincane).
Manje uyazi ukuthi i-salamand inobuthi noma cha. Ake sibone ukuthi ihlala kuphi le amphibiya.
Uhlala kuphi intulo?
Isithombe: Intulo eRussia
Indawo yokuhlala yama-salamanders ibanzi impela. Ukufingqa, bahlala cishe yonke indawo, kuwo wonke amazwekazi, lapho isimo sezulu esifudumele, esipholile futhi esinomswakama ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibucayi emazingeni okushisa esizini, emini nasebusuku. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zingabonakala eNyakatho Melika.
Ama-alpine salamanders, yiqiniso, ahlala e-Alps (empumalanga nasenkabeni yezintaba), futhi angatholakala ebangeni elingafika kumamitha ayi-1000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Futhi, ama-salamanders ajwayelekile eSwitzerland, e-Austria, e-Italy, eSlovenia, eCroatia,> eBosnia, eSerbia, eMontenegro, eHerzegovina, eningizimu yeFrance, eJalimane naseLiechtenstein.
Kunezinhlobo ezihlala endaweni elinganiselwe kakhulu. Isibonelo, intambo yaseLanza, ihlala kuphela engxenyeni esentshonalanga ye-Alps, empeleni emngceleni we-Italy neFrance, esigodini saseChisone (e-Italy), ezigodini zemifula iPo, iGil, iGermanasca, iPellice.
Izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zama-salamanders zitholakala eNtshonalanga ye-Asia nakuyo yonke indawo eseMpumalanga Ephakathi - kusuka e-Iran kuye eTurkey.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaCarpathia ayikhaya lomunye wezintambisi ezinoshevu kakhulu - intulo emnyama yaseAlpine. Ubuthi besilwane, obufihlwa esikhunjeni ngezindlala ezikhethekile, kubangela ukusha okukhulu kakhulu esikhunjeni nasezilwaneni ezinamafinyila, ezingapholi isikhathi eside kakhulu.
Yini edliwa intulo?
Isithombe: Intulo emnyama
Okudliwa ngama-salamand kuncike kakhulu endaweni abahlala kuyo. Isibonelo, ama-amphibian amancane ahlala emhlabeni wokuzingela izimpukane, omiyane, izimvemvane, izicabucabu, ama-cicadas, izikelemu zomhlaba, ama-slugs. Ama-salamanders amakhulu akhetha ukuzingela izibankwa ezincane, ama-newt, amaxoxo. Izilwane ezihlala emzimbeni wamanzi zibamba ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, izinhlanzi ezincane, gazinga.
Lapho izimo zezulu zivuma, ama-amphibians angazingela unyaka wonke. Isikhathi somsebenzi omkhulu kakhulu salamanders siwela ebusuku. Ebumnyameni, bayaphuma lapho bacashe khona ukuze bahambe futhi bazingele, futhi lokhu bangakwenza kusukela kusihlwa kuze kuse.
Ukuze babambe inyamazane yabo, baqala ukuyibuka isikhathi eside, eside ngaphandle kokunyakaza, ngenxa yamehlo aqhamukayo nezinkophe ezihambayo. Babamba inyamazane yentulo, belahla ulimi lwabo olude nolunamathelayo. Uma isilwane sikwazile ukungazisoli inyamazane, cishe ngeke isindiswe.
Bebambe isisulu sabo ngokunyakaza okubukhali, basincika kuso ngomzimba wabo wonke bese bezama ukusigwinya siphelele, ngaphandle kokuhlafuna. Ngemuva kwakho konke, imihlathi nomlomo wentulo akulungiswa nhlobo ukuhlafunwa. Ngezilwane ezincane (izinambuzane, ama-slugs) konke kuvela kalula, ngesisulu esikhulu (izibankwa, amaxoxo), isilwane kufanele sizame ngokuphelele. Kepha-ke intulo izizwa igcwele izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Intulo ye-Orange
AmaSalamanders ahamba kancane, futhi ngokuvamile, ngokuyisisekelo, ahamba kancane kakhulu, futhi ngokuya ngokuya ahlala endaweni eyodwa, ngobuvila ehlola indawo ezungezile. Izilwane zisebenza kakhulu ebusuku, futhi emini zizama ukucasha emigodini elahliwe, iziphunzi ezindala, otshanini obuminyene, ezinqwabeni zamabhulashi abolile, okugwema ilanga eliqondile.
AmaSalamanders nawo azingela futhi azalele ebusuku. Kufanele okungenani kube khona amanzi amaningi eduze kwendawo abahlala kuyo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-salamanders awanakuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi, futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhumba sawo siphelelwe amanzi ngokushesha.
Uma ama-salamanders engahlali ezindaweni ezishisayo, khona-ke kusukela maphakathi nekwindla aqala isikhathi sasebusika, okuthi, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ingahlala cishe kuze kube maphakathi nentwasahlobo. Ikhaya ngalesi sikhathi kubo yimigodi ejulile elahliwe noma izinqwaba ezinkulu zamaqabunga awile. AmaSalamanders angahlala ebusika noma eyedwa, okuyinto ejwayelekile kubo, noma ngamaqembu abantu abaningana.
Endle, ama-salamanders anezitha eziningi, ngakho-ke, ukuze abaleke, izilwane zikhipha imfihlo enobuthi ekhubaza imihlathi yezilwane ezizingelayo. Uma lokhu kungasizi, bangaze bashiye izitho noma umsila emazinyweni noma kuzinzipho zabo, ezizokhula emuva kwesikhashana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amaqanda entulo
Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-salamanders angaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, kepha isikhathi sabo sokuphila sincike ezinhlotsheni ezithile nasendaweni yokuhlala. Izinhlobo ezincane zalezi zilwane zivuthwa ngokocansi zineminyaka emithathu, bese kuthi ezinkulu zibe neminyaka emihlanu ubudala.
Ama-salamanders afihliwe abekela amaqanda, futhi ama-salamanders wangempela angaba yi-viviparous ne-ovoviviparous. Ama-Amphibian angazala unyaka wonke, kepha inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wokukhwelana lenzeka ezinyangeni zasentwasahlobo.
Lapho intulo yowesilisa isilungele ukukhwelana, indlala ekhethekile egcwele ama-spermatophores - amaseli okuzala abesilisa - iyavuvukala. Ujabule kakhulu futhi inhloso enkulu yempilo yakhe ngalesi sikhathi ukuthola owesifazane futhi afeze umsebenzi wokuzala. Uma kunabafakizicelo abaningana bokunakwa kwabesifazane, khona-ke abesilisa bangalwa.
Ama-spermatophore abesilisa akhipha ngqo emhlabathini, kanti abesifazane bayamunca nge-cloaca. Emanzini, ukuvundiswa kwenzeka ngendlela ehlukile: abesifazane bazalela amaqanda, abesilisa bawanisele nge-spermatophore.
Amaqanda avundisiwe azinamathisela ezinhlangeni ze-algae noma ezimpandeni zawo. Ezinhlotsheni ezi-viviparous, izibungu zikhula ngaphakathi kwesibeletho kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-10-12. Kuma-salamanders asemanzini, ama-juveniles aqanduselwa emaqandeni ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili ezinama-gill akhiwe ngokuphelele. Ngokubukeka, izibungu zikhumbuza ngofeleba ngandlela thile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kuma-salamanders e-viviparous, kumaqanda avundisiwe angama-30-60, kuzalwa kuphela amawundlu ama-2-3, kanti amanye amaqanda angukudla kwenzalo yesikhathi esizayo.
Izibungu zesalamander zihlala futhi zondle emanzini cishe izinyanga ezintathu, ziguqula kancane kancane futhi zithole ukubukeka kwabantu abadala. Ngaphambi kokuphela kwe-metamorphosis, ama-salamanders amancane akhasa kakhulu ezansi kwamachibi futhi avame ukuvela, azame ukuphefumula umoya. Abantu abasha abanabo ukuxhumana nabazali babo, futhi lapho beqeda ukuguqulwa kwesimo, baqala impilo yabo yokuzimela.
Izitha zemvelo zama-salamanders
Isithombe: Intulo ngokwemvelo
Ngokwemvelo, ama-salamanders, ngenxa yokuhamba kancane kwawo nombala ogqamile ohlukile, anezitha eziningi, ngoba kulula ukuzibona. Izinyoka eziyingozi kunazo zonke zazo, kanye nezinyoka ezinkulu ezinesihlungu futhi ezingenabuthi.
Kungcono nokuthi bangaziboni izinyoni ezinkulu - oheshe, oklebe, izinkozi, izikhova. Izinyoni ngokuvamile azizigwinyi izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ziphila - lokhu kugcwele, ngoba ungathola ingxenye ehloniphekile yobuthi. Imvamisa izinyoni zithatha ama-salamanders ngezinzipho zazo bese ziwabulala, ziwaphonsa zisuka phezulu ematsheni, bese ziqala ukudla, ngaphandle kokuthi akekho ohudule inyamazane, eyenzeka kaningi.
Futhi, izingulube zasendle, ama-martens nezimpungushe aziphikisani nokudla ama-salamanders. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingulube zasendle ezikwazi ukuzizingela ngempumelelo enkulu, ngoba lezi zilwane zinomlomo omkhulu ngokwanele, ozivumela ukuba zigwinye ngokushesha isisulu, ngenkathi singakabi naso isikhathi sokululama futhi sikhiphe ubuthi esikhunjeni. Mayelana nalokhu, izimpungushe nama-marten banesikhathi esinzima kakhulu - isisulu singaba nesikhathi sokukhubaza imihlathi yaso ngoshevu noma size siphume, sishiye isidladla noma umsila emazinyweni aso.
Endaweni yasemanzini, ama-salamanders nawo anezitha eziningi. Noma iyiphi inhlanzi enkulu edlayo - i-catfish, i-perch noma i-pike ingadla izilwane, kepha kaningi izibungu zazo. Izinhlanzi ezincane azinandaba nokudla amaqanda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani intulo
Ngenxa yokwehluka kwayo, ukwehlukahlukana nendawo enkulu yokuhlala, izazi zezilwane ziye zathola izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo zezinhlobo zokudla nezinsizakalo ze-salamanders. Phambilini, izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa eziyinhloko zama-salamanders zahlonzwa, kepha ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamakhemikhali wezinto zofuzo lukhombisile ukuthi zine kuphela.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-salamanders:
- Intulo kaMaghreb (Salamandra algira Bedriaga), itholakale futhi yachazwa ngo-1883 e-Afrika;
- Intulo yaseCorsican (Salamandra corsica Savi), echazwe ngo-1838 esiqhingini saseCorsica;
- i-salamander yase-Central Asia (iSalamandra infraimmaculata Martens), echazwe ngo-1885 eNtshonalanga ye-Asia futhi inezinhlobo ezi-3 (ezinama-subspecies ama-3);
- intulo enamachashaza (iSalamandra salamandra) echazwe ngo-1758 futhi ehlala eYurophu nengxenye yaseYurophu ye-USSR yangaphambili, enezinhlobo eziyishumi nambili.
Kuwo wonke ama-subspecies aziwayo, i-Fire Salamander yiyona efundwa kakhulu.
Ubuthi bezinhlobo eziningi zama-salamanders buthathwa njengongabulali abantu, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye buyingozi kakhulu, ngoba bungadala ukusha okukhulu uma kutholakala esikhunjeni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuyinto engathandeki kakhulu ukuthatha ama-salamanders esandleni sakho. Ngokuvamile, ama-salamanders akuzona izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu. Phela, abalokothi bahlasele abantu ngokwabo, ngoba abanazinzipho ezicijile noma amazinyo alokhu.
Unogada wentulo
Isithombe: Intulo evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Izinhlobo eziningi zama-salamanders zibalwe ku-Red Book ngaphansi kwezimo: "izinhlobo ezisengozini" noma "izinhlobo ezisengcupheni yokushabalala". Inani labo lihlala lincipha ngenxa yentuthuko yezimboni nezolimo, ukubuyiswa komhlaba, ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ukuncipha okuhlala njalo kwendawo yabo. Kunezindawo ezimbalwa nezimbalwa ezilungele impilo yalezi zilwane emizimbeni yomhlaba nasemanzini.
Abantu abakhathazekile ngale nkinga emazweni ahlukene benza imizamo eminingi yokulondoloza zonke lezi zinhlobo ngokwakha izinqolobane nezinkulisa ezikhethekile.
Ezinhlotsheni ezihlala endaweni yaseYurophu, izinhlobo zomlilo noma intulo enamabala ivikelwe yi- "Berne Convention for the Protection of Rare Species and Their Habitats in Europe". Futhi, lolu hlobo lubhalwe kuRed Book of Ukraine ngaphansi kwesimo "sezinhlobo ezisengozini". Ngesikhathi seSoviet, izinhlobo zazivikelwa yiRed Book yase-USSR. Namuhla, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokufaka intulo enamabala eRed Book yaseRussia.
I-salamander enamabala ihlala eYurophu (maphakathi naseningizimu) kusuka eNhlonhlweni ye-Iberia kuya eJalimane, ePoland, eBalkan. E-Ukraine, lezi zinhlobo zihlala esifundeni saseCarpathia (empumalanga), ezingaphansi kakhulu ezitholakala ezigodini zemifula yeLviv, iTranscarpathian, iChernivtsi, i-Ivano-Frankivsk, kanye naseCarpathian National Park naseCarpathian Reserve.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-salamander enamabala ikhiqiza uhlobo oluyingqayizivele lwesihlungu olungatholakali kwenye indawo kunoma yisiphi isilwane. Inegama elikhethekile - i-samandarin, eleqembu lama-steroidal alkaloids futhi lisebenza njenge-neurotoxin. Ngesikhathi kwenziwa ucwaningo, kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu walobu buthi akusikho ukuvikelwa ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kodwa umthelela onamandla kakhulu wokulwa nokubulala amagciwane, osiza ukugcina isikhumba sesilwane sihlanzekile futhi sinempilo. Njengoba intulo iphefumula ngesikhumba, impilo nokuhlanzeka kwesikhumba kubaluleke kakhulu esilwaneni.
Intulo kuhola indlela yokuphila efihliwe. Lesi sici senza kube nzima kakhulu ukutadisha impilo nemikhuba yabo. Ngenxa yokuthi kuncane okwaziwayo ngama-salamanders, babenenkinga ezinsukwini zakudala. Abantu babesaba izilwane futhi basha emlilweni. Ama-salamanders, azama ukugwema isiphetho sawo, ngokwesaba agxume aphuma emlilweni abaleka. Ngakho-ke le nganekwane yazalwa ukuthi bangacisha umlilo ngoshevu wabo futhi, njengoba kunjalo, bazalwe kabusha.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/04/2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 28.09.2019 ngo-12: 04
