Isikhonyane ingenye yezinambuzane eziyingozi kakhulu emnothweni wezwe. Izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo nezasendle zisabalele emhlabeni wonke. Kudala endulo, ukuhlaselwa yisikhonyane akuqedi isivuno kuphela, kepha kungaholela endlaleni yabantu bonke. Umuntu onesizungu akanabungozi ngokuphelele, kepha lapho engena ezinhlwini zomhlambi, ubhubhisa kalula zonke izitshalo ezisendleleni yakhe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikhonyane
Isikhonyane yisinambuzane esijabulayo somndeni weqiniso wesikhonyane. Lesi yisinambuzane esikhulu se-arthropod, esiyilungu le-Orthoptera ye-suborder-short-tie, sikhula size sibe sikhulu impela sisuka ku-1 cm siye ku-6 cm. Abanye abantu ezimweni ezingavamile bafinyelela ku-14 cm ubude. Abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa. Isikhonyane sibukeka kakhulu njengentethe. Umbala wesikhonyane usebenza njengesifihla futhi ungahluka ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo.
Ividiyo: Isikhonyane
Igama "isikhonyane" elihunyushwe lisuselwa ku-Turkic lisho "ophuzi". Isikhonyane yisinambuzane esingathobekile futhi esiyingozi esitholakala kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwe-permafrost. Isimo sezulu esibuhlungu asifanele impilo yesinambuzane. Isikhonyane sithanda ukufudumala nokukhanya kwelanga. Isikhathi sokuphila sesikhonyane sisukela ezinyangeni eziyisishiyagalombili kuye eminyakeni emibili, kanti lesi sinambuzane singaba ngezigaba ezahlukene zempilo: isigaba sodwa nesigaba sokuhlangana.
Izigaba zehluka kakhulu komunye nomunye futhi azithinti umbala wezinambuzane kuphela, kepha nokuziphatha kwazo. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkumbi, kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni eziyishumi, eziyingozi kakhulu ezase-Asia futhi ezifudukayo. Isikhonyane sidla imifino kuphela futhi sidla noma yisiphi isitshalo esiluhlaza.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngenxa yokuzihlikihla komunye nomunye, izimpiko zesikhonyane ezindizayo zenza umsindo onjenge-creak. Lapho umhlambi omkhulu wezinambuzane undiza, kwakheka umsindo ofana nokuduma okunamandla, okuzwakala ebangeni elide. Abanye abantu benza lo msindo njengokuduma kwezulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhonyane
Isikhonyane sinomzimba ohlangene nemilenze eyisithupha ngokwemvelo, emibili yayo, okuyimilenze yangaphambili, ibuthakathaka. I-posterior eyodwa yinde kuneyesibili futhi iphindwe kaningi kunamandla. Ngokwemvelo, kunabantu abanobude bomzimba obufinyelela amasentimitha ayishumi nanhlanu. Imvamisa, ubude bomzimba busuka kumasentimitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-7.Isikhonyane naso sinekhanda elikhulu elinamehlo aphimile.
Izimpiko ziyabonakala futhi cishe azibonakali lapho zigoqiwe futhi zimbozwe nge-elytra eqinile emibili. Izinkumbi zingomunye wabamele basendulo be-oda le-Orthoptera. Kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili zazo emhlabeni jikelele. Umbala wesikhonyane uncike kuphela endaweni lapho uhlala khona futhi wakha khona. Ngakho-ke, izibonelo ezivele ngasikhathi sinye kusuka kowesifazane ofanayo zingaba imibala ehluke ngokuphelele, inqobo nje uma zikhuliswe ezimeni ezihlukile.
Ukuvela kwesikhonyane kuncike kakhulu esigabeni sokwakheka kwaso. Umbala owodwa i-suit e-green-yellow noma ye-walnut sifihle. Ngasikhathi sinye, umthunzi uncike ngokuphelele esifundeni sokuhlala kwalesi sinambuzane. Lapho ukwakheka komhlambi kwenzeka, wonke amalungu awo ayafana. Akukho mehluko phakathi kwabantu, kufaka phakathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili. Izinkumbi zingahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-200 ngosuku. Ezinye izinhlobo zesikhonyane zifana kakhulu nezintethe. Ngakho-ke, lapho uthi nhlá, kunzima ukubona inkathazo kubantu abanjalo. Iphutha lingabiza, ikakhulukazi kubakhiqizi bezolimo.
Ngakho-ke, kufanele kubhekwe izimpawu ezenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa isikhonyane entethe:
- umzimba wesikhonyane mude kunowensimbi;
- isifonyo sesikhonyane siwunxande, nesentethe sinabisiwe;
- izimpondo zesikhonyane zimfishane maqondana nekhanda lazo;
- imilenze yangaphambili yesikhonyane ithuthukile kancane kunaleyo yangemuva;
- izintethe bangabalandeli bokuphola kwakusihlwa, ngakho-ke baphila impilo esebenzayo kusihlwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinkumbi ziyakuthanda ukukhanya kwemini, ngakho-ke ziyasebenza ngesikhathi sasemini;
- izintethe azikaze zihlangane ngemihlambi, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, isikhonyane sitholakala kakhulu ezihlotsheni zazo.
Zihlalaphi izinkumbi?
Isithombe: Inkumbi eRussia
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinkumbi futhi cishe ezingamakhulu ayisithupha zazo zihlala eRussia. Ikakhulu ezifundeni zayo eziseningizimu. Isikhonyane sihlala e-Asia, eNyakatho Afrika, eYurophu. Kukhona nezinhlobo ezihlala emingceleni yeSahara, e-Indo-Malay Archipelago, eNew Zealand, Kazakhstan, eSiberia naseMadagascar. Ukuhlalwa okukhulu kwabantu abakhona eMfuleni i-Amu Darya, eDagestan.
Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezihlala ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, kepha amanani azo aphansi kakhulu. Isikhonyane sithanda isimo sezulu esomile nesishisayo futhi sihlala ezifundeni ezinezimo zezulu ezifanayo. Isikhonyane sesizinze cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba, ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Ngeke nje asinde endaweni eneqhwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izinkumbi aziveli eNyakatho Melika. Ukuhlasela kwakhe kokugcina lapha kwaba ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Ngemuva kwempumelelo yokulwa nalezi zinambuzane, akuzange kubonakale sikhonyane kule ndawo.
Namuhla izinkumbi zihlala kuzo zonke izingxenye zezulu zeplanethi. Njengoba ikhetha isimo sezulu esifudumele, kulula ukuyithola ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo. Ngakho konke lokhu, izinkumbi nazo ziyisakhamuzi saseNtshonalanga Siberia. Izimo ezithile zokunethezeka zilungele uhlobo ngalunye lwesikhonyane. Ngenkathi olunye uhlobo lwezinambuzane luthanda ukuhlala emahlathini aseduze nemizimba yamanzi, olunye uhlobo luthanda izindawo eziwugwadule emhlabathini onamadwala ogcwele izimila ezingavamile.
Manje uyazi lapho isikhonyane sitholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sidlani.
Zidlani izinkumbi?
Isithombe: Isikhonyane sezinambuzane
Isikhonyane sinomhlathi onamandla amakhulu, esivumela ukuba simunce noma yikuphi ukudla okuthambile nokuqinile ekudleni kwaso. Isakhiwo sesikhala somlomo asivumeli isinambuzane ukuthi sidle umpe noma sitshale isiphu. Uhlafuna izitshalo kuphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, noma iziphi izitshalo zilungele umsoco wakhe.
Ukondla izinkumbi kuncike esigabeni sayo. Abantu abanesizungu bondla ngokulinganisela futhi ababangeli monakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni. Isifiso sesikhonyane esinjalo siyivumela ukuthi ingadli ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sekhilogremu yemifino kukho konke ukuphila kwayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho izinkumbi ziba yingxenye yomhlambi, inkanuko yazo ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Inambuzane emhlambini iphoqeleka ukuthi njalo idle inani elikhulu lokudla ukuze iphile. Uma izinkumbi zingagcwalisi njalo amandla azo futhi zibuyise ubungqabavu, khona-ke zijeziselwe ukubulawa ukoma nokuntuleka kwamaprotheni.
Izinkumbi, eziyingxenye yalesi sihlava, zibhubhisa yonke imifino ebazungezile, kuyilapho zingadla kuze kufike kuhhafu wekhilogremu wobukhulu obuluhlaza ngosuku. Uma ukudla kuphelelwa yisikhathi, lesi sinambuzane siphenduka isidlakela futhi singaqala ukushwabadela izihlobo zaso. Ukudla kwesikhonyane kuxhomeke ngqo ezingeni lokushisa, uma kuba phezulu, kulapho kudliwa imifino eminingi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ibubu lesikhonyane lidla yonke into ngaphandle kwensimbi, amatshe nezinto zokwenziwa. Ukudla okuthandwa yilesi sinambuzane uhlaza lomhlanga.
Ngemuva kwenhlupho yesikhonyane ezindaweni eziluhlaza, kuhlala umhlabathi ongenalutho.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inkumbi enkulu
Ukuvelela kwesikhonyane kubonakala ngokuthi sikwazi ukuzimela sodwa kanye nemihlambi emikhulu. Lapho isikhonyane sihlala sodwa, asinaso isifiso esikhulu sokudla futhi sihamba kancane. Akuyona ingozi futhi akubangeli umonakalo omkhulu. Ngokushesha nje lapho ukudla sekuphelile, isikhonyane sizama ukubeka amaqanda amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, lapho abantu abathanda ukuhlangana bazoqandula khona kamuva, okungahamba futhi kuhambise amabanga amade.
Inzalo iyoba nkulu kunabazali bayo, amaphiko ayo azoba namandla kakhulu, okusho ukuthi angahamba amabanga amade. Ezixukwini, izinkumbi zihamba kakhulu futhi zinamandla amangalisayo. Imihlambi ingalinganiselwa engxenyeni yesigidi. Ukuze kuqale ukuqandulwa kwabantu abafunda isikole, kufanele kushode izinto eziphilayo kanye nama-amino acid entethe, futhi isizathu salokhu kungaba unyaka owomile nokuntuleka kokudla.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Imilenze yangemuva eyenziwe kahle yalesi sinambuzane iyayivumela ukuthi ihambe ngokugxuma okukodwa ibanga elide, ubude bayo obudlula ubukhulu bomzimba wesikhonyane ngamashumi izikhathi. Umhlambi wezinkumbi onyawo ungahamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-20 ngezikhathi zasemini.
Isixuku sezinkumbi uhlelo oluhlelekile oluhamba ngenhloso ekuphenduleni ikhwelo lokwesaba nendlala. Umuntu omdala uyakwazi ukuhamba, agxume futhi andize. Kodwa-ke, indlela ephumelela kunazo zonke yokuhambahamba indiza. Umoya omuhle usiza isikhonyane ukuba sihambe ngokushesha okukhulu, ulondoloze amandla aso.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isikhonyane esikhulu
Isikhonyane sizalela amaqanda siphinde sizalane ngokocansi. Ukuheha insikazi kuye, owesilisa usebenzisa i-hormone ethize (ekhiqizwa owesilisa lapho enyakaza ngamaphiko akhe), kuthi nowesifazane, akhethe owesilisa ngokwephunga alithandayo. Ngemuva kokuthola owesilisa, uzama ukusondela kuye ngangokunokwenzeka. Owesilisa uthinta kancane umlingani wakhe izikhathi ezimbalwa ngezimpondo zakhe, abese enamathela kowesifazane bese ezama ukufaka iphilisi elikhethekile elinesidoda ngemuva esiswini sakhe.
Le yinqubo ekhandlekayo futhi edla isikhathi, ngakho-ke isikhathi sokulinganisa cishe amahora angama-13, kepha kungenzeka ngokushesha. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi ingcwaba i-ovipositor enhlabathini enomswakama, iyimboze ngoketshezi olukhethekile olunamagwebu, okuthi, ngemuva kokuqina, luphenduke lube lukhukhunathi oluqinile. Inani elijwayelekile lamaqanda ku-clutch elilodwa lisuka kumaqanda angama-60 kuye kwangama-80. Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, insikazi yenza amaqhuqhuva asukela kwayisithupha kuye kwayi-12, ngokwesilinganiso alingana namakhulu amane amaqanda. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, izibungu ezimhlophe zivela emaqandeni ngasikhathi sinye, okuthi ngemuva kokuzalwa ziqale ukudla futhi zikhule ngenkuthalo.
Ukuze uphume ku-capsule, izibungu zidinga isikhathi esiningi nomzamo. Lapho nje izibungu zichanyuselwa, ziyancibilika bese ziyadedela izitho. Isibungu sesikhonyane sifana kakhulu nomuntu omdala, sincane kakhulu futhi asinamaphiko. Ngemuva kokuthola izigaba eziningana zokukhula, lesi sibungu, ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35 - 40, siba yisikhonyane esidala, ngenkathi sidlula ama-molts amahlanu.
Izitha zemvelo zesikhonyane
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhonyane
Imvelo ibekwa ngendlela yokuthi izinkumbi nazo zingukudla kwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yenani laso lokudla okunomsoco, ngoba liqukethe amaprotheni amaningi, amafutha ne-phosphorus. Isitha esiyinhloko salesi sinambuzane yizinyoni. Izinyoni azidli abantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi ziqothula amaqanda azo ngokuzikhipha emhlabathini. Ngokunjalo, amaqanda ezinkumbi abulala izingulube, ama-moles kanye nama-shrew. Izicabucabu azikudeleli ukudla okunjalo.
Ama-mantis akhulekayo nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezondla izinambuzane ezincane nazo zizingela izinkumbi. Isikhonyane sidliwa ngabantu abaningi abahlukene njengamadube, izindlulamithi nezinyamazane, kanye nezindlovu namabhubesi. Izilwane eziningi ezifuywayo nazo zizothanda ukwelashwa okumnandi kwesikhonyane. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi isikhonyane ngokwaso asiphikisani nokudla omunye umuntu, esimweni lapho kungekho okunye ukudla okusele.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Abantu babuye badle izinkumbi, zombili ziphekiwe (zithosiwe futhi zibilisiwe) futhi ziluhlaza. Kwizinkumbi, ezomiswe ngaphambili yimisebe yelanga bese zigayiselwa othulini, kwenziwa ufulawa, ofakwa obisini noma emafutheni lapho ubhakwa.
Kunezinambuzane eziningana ezibulala nezinkumbi:
- amabhamuza nesikhunta kubhubhisa amaqanda ezinkumbi;
- izimpukane ezi-viviparous nezibungu ezinwele zithinta umzimba wesikhonyane ngaphakathi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ukuhlasela Kwezinkumbi
Indawo yesikhonyane ihlukaniswe yaba yilezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- indawo lapho izinkumbi zivela njalo ngezigaba ezahlukene nakuzo zonke izigaba zokuthuthuka kwazo. Kuvela ezindaweni ezinjalo lapho izinambuzane zisakazeka khona eceleni komngcele. Indawo enjalo ibizwa ngokuthi isidleke.
- indawo lapho izinkumbi zingafiki khona njalo futhi zizalela khona. Lesi sinambuzane singasebenza iminyaka eminingana.
- indawo lapho isinambuzane sindiza khona, kepha asikwazi ukulungisa amaqanda;
- Izikhukhula zemifula namachibi, agcwele umhlanga, zivame ukuba yizindawo zesikhonyane.
Izimo ezithandekayo zangaphandle, kufaka phakathi isimo sezulu, zithinta ngqo ubukhulu besikhonyane. Ngesikhashana nje, leli qulu lesikhonyane liyakhula futhi lihambe amabanga amade. Umhlambi uvame ukuthwalwa umoya. Ukukhula kwesibalo sezinambuzane kwanda ikakhulukazi ngokuguquka kwesikhonyane kusuka esigabeni sodwa kuya esigabeni sengxenye yomhlambi. Lapho umuntu ethinta kakhudlwana, ebonakala futhi ethintana nezihlobo zakhe emhlambini, isigaba sokuguquka sivela kaningi.
Ososayensi bakwazile ukuthola ukuthi izivivinyo ezenza isikhonyane zisuke kwesinye isigaba ziye kwesinye, zidala ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kwe-serotonin ezinhlizweni zezinambuzane. Lokhu kutholakala kuzosiza kakhulu ekwakhiweni komuthi ozosetshenziswa ukulawula isibalo sesikhonyane. Isikhonyane sizalwa kabusha kaningi cishe njalo eminyakeni eyishumi. Ngaleso sikhathi, umhlambi omkhulu uhlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha angama-300 kuye kwayi-1000 futhi ngasikhathi sinye ungangena endaweni engafika kumahektha angama-2000 womhlabathi.
Isikhonyane yisinambuzane esiyingozi esingadala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Isikhonyane esisodwa asibeki ingozi ezindaweni eziluhlaza, kepha lapho sihlangana nomhlambi wezihlobo zaso, siqala ngokuqothula yonke imifino ezungezile. Isixuku sezinkumbi asihambisani nokudla kwaso, cishe yonke into esiyitholayo iba ukudla kwaso.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: unyaka we-02.08.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/28/2019 ngo-11: 33
