Isikhova seBarn - igatsha elidala kakhulu le-oda lezikhova, elingabonwa ekunotheni nasezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezinsalela. Ukubukeka okungajwayelekile kwehlukanisa inyoni kwezinye izikhova. Ungakuqinisekisa lokhu ngokubheka ubuso besikhova sesibaya. Ingafaniswa nesifihla-buso, ubuso benkawu, noma inhliziyo. Le nyoni inezidlaliso eziningi eziboniswa kubuciko besintu. Isikhova sesibaya sihlala eduze kwabantu futhi asesabi umakhelwane, okuvumela ukuthi ugcine lesi silwanyana ekhaya.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikhova seBarn
Isikhova sesinqolobane sichazwe okokuqala ngo-1769 ngudokotela waseTyrolean nodokotela wemvelo uDkt Skopoli. Wanika le nyoni igama elithi Strix alba. Njengoba kuchazwa izinhlobo eziningi zezikhova, igama lohlobo lweStrix lalisetshenziselwa izikhova zomndeni kuphela, iStrigidae, kanti isikhova sasesibayeni saziwa njengoTyto alba. Igama ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "isikhova esimhlophe", elihunyushwe lisuselwa esiGrekini sasendulo. Le nyoni yaziwa ngamagama amaningi ajwayelekile, abhekisele ekubukekeni kwayo ngokomzimba, imisindo eyenzayo, indawo ehlala kuyo, noma ukuhamba kwayo okwesabekayo nokuthula.
Ividiyo: Isikhova seBarn
Ngokuya ngemininingwane ye-DNA evela e-American grey barn owl (T. furcata) kanye neCuracao barn owl (T. bargei) ziye zamukelwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile. Kuphakanyiswe nokuthi uT. A. I-delicatula ikhonjwe njengohlobo oluhlukile olwaziwa njenge-barn owl esempumalanga. Kodwa-ke, i-International Ornithological Committee iyakungabaza lokhu futhi ithi ukwehlukaniswa kukaTyto delicatula noT. Alba "kungadinga ukubhekwa kabusha."
Amanye ama-subspecies angafakwanga kwesinye isikhathi athathwa ososayensi njengezinhlobo ezihlukile, kepha lokhu kufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokubheka okuqhubekayo. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA ye-mitochondrial kukhombisa ukwahlukana kube yizinhlobo ezimbili, i-Old World alba neNew World furcata, kepha lolu cwaningo aluzange lubandakanye i-T. i-delicatula, nayo ekhonjwe njengenhlobo ehlukile. Kutholakale inani elikhulu lokwehlukahluka kofuzo phakathi kwe-Indonesian T. stertens namanye amalungu e-oda alba.
Isikhova sesibaya sande kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zesikhova. Ama-subspecies amaningi ahlongozwe eminyakeni edlule, kepha amanye kubhekwe ukuthi ancike phakathi kwabantu abahlukahlukene. Amafomu esiqhingi mancane kakhulu, ngokungafani nawezwekazi, futhi ezimweni zehlathi, izimpaphe zimnyama kakhulu, amaphiko amafushane kunalawo atholakala emadlelweni avulekile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhova sesibaya
Isikhova esibayeni sinesikhova sokukhanya esiphakathi nendawo esinamaphiko avulekile nomsila omfushane oyisikwele. Ama-subspecies anokuhluka okuphawulekayo kubude bomzimba anebanga eligcwele lama-29 kuye kuma-44 cm kuzo zonke izinhlobo. Iphiko lamaphiko lisukela ku-68 kuye ku-105 cm. Isisindo somzimba womuntu omdala naso sihluka kusuka ku-224 kuye ku-710 g.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengomthetho, izikhova ezihlala eziqhingini ezincane zincane futhi zilula, mhlawumbe ngoba zincike kakhulu ekudlekeni kwezinambuzane futhi zidinga ukulawulwa kalula. Kodwa-ke, izinhlobo zezinqolobane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezivela eCuba naseJamaica nazo zimelela isiqhingi.
Isimo somsila yikhono lokwehlukanisa isikhova sesinqolobane nesikhova esijwayelekile emoyeni. Ezinye izinto ezihlukile yiphethini yendiza enganyakazi kanye nemilenze elenga uphaphe. Ubuso obumhloshana obumise okwenhliziyo namehlo amnyama angaxhumeki anika le nyoni endizayo ukubukeka kwayo okuhlukile, njengesifihla-buso esicwebezelayo esinombala omkhulu wamehlo amnyama. Ikhanda likhulu futhi liyindilinga, ngaphandle kwezindlebe.
Izikhova zeBarn zinamaphiko ayindilinga nomsila omfushane ombozwe izimpaphe ezimhlophe noma ezinsundu ezikhanyayo ezansi. Ingemuva nekhanda lale nyoni kunsundu ngokukhanyayo nezindawo ezimnyama nezimhlophe ezishintshanayo. Ngaphansi kunombala omhlophe ngokumpunga. Ukuvela kwalezi zikhova akujwayelekile kakhulu. Abaqaphi bezinyoni banezinhlobo eziyi-16, kanti iTyto alba inezinhlobo ezingama-35, ezihlukaniswa ngokuya ngosayizi nombala. Ngokwesilinganiso, phakathi kwabantu abafanayo, abesilisa banamabala ambalwa ngezansi, futhi bakhulu kunabesifazane. Amachwane ambozwe okumhlophe phansi, kodwa isimo sobuso esibonakalayo siyabonakala ngokushesha ngemuva kokuchamisela.
Uhlala kuphi umkhovu wesibaya?
Isithombe: Owl isibaya isikhova
Isikhova esiyinqolobane yinyoni yomhlaba esakazeke kakhulu, esabalele kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Ububanzi bayo buhlanganisa yonke iYurophu (ngaphandle kweFennoscandia neMalta), kusukela eningizimu yeSpain kuya eningizimu yeSweden nasempumalanga yeRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ububanzi buhlala kakhulu e-Afrika, ezwekazini laseNdiya, ezinye zeziqhingi zasePacific, lapho balethwa khona ukulwa namagundane, kanye neMelika, i-Asia, ne-Australia. Izinyoni zihlala phansi futhi abantu abaningi, sebezinze endaweni ethile, bahlala lapho, noma ngabe izindawo eziseduze zokuphakelwa zingasekho.
Isikhova esivamile (T. alba) - sinobubanzi obubanzi. Ihlala eYurophu, nase-Afrika, e-Asia, eNew Guinea, e-Australia naseMelika, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezisenyakatho ze-Alaska neCanada.
Nikezela:
- isikhova esibhekene nomlotha (T. glaucops) - sigcwele eHaiti;
- ICape barn owl (T. capensis) - etholakala maphakathi naseNingizimu Afrika;
- izinhlobonhlobo zaseMadagascar zitholakala eMadagascar;
- uhla lokumnyama onsundu (T. nigrobrunnea) kanye ne-Australia (T. novaehollandiae) ihlanganisa iNew Guinea nengxenye ye-Australia;
- T. multipunctata yisimo esikhona e-Australia;
- igolide lesikhova segolide (T. aurantia) - sigcwele cishe cishe. New Britain;
- T. manusi - cishe. IManus;
- T. nigrobrunnea - cishe. USula;
- T. sororcula - cishe. ITanimbar;
- ISulawesian (T. rosenbergii) neMinakhas (T. inexpectata) bahlala eSulawesi.
Izikhova zeBarn zihlala ezindaweni eziningi kusuka emaphandleni kuya emadolobheni. Zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni eziphansi ezindaweni ezivulekile ezifana nezindawo ezinotshani, izingwadule, amaxhaphozi nezinsimu zezolimo. Zidinga izindawo zokwakha izidleke njengezihlahla eziyize, imigodi emadwaleni nasemabhange emifula, emigedeni, izipikili zesonto, amashedi, njll.
Yini edliwa yisikhova sesibaya?
Isithombe: I-Barn owl endizeni
Ziyizilwane ezidla ebusuku ezikhetha izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Izikhova zeBarn ziqala ukuzingela zodwa ngemuva kokushona kwelanga. Ukuthola ilitshe elihambayo, bakhulisa umbono obucayi kakhulu wokukhanya okuphansi. Kodwa-ke, lapho izingela ebumnyameni obuphelele, isikhova sincika ekuzweni okujulile ukuze sibambe isisulu saso. Izikhova zeBarn yizinyoni ezinembe kakhulu lapho zifuna inyamazane ngomsindo. Esinye isici esisiza ekuzingeleni okuphumelelayo izimpaphe zazo ezinoboya, ezisiza ukuthulisa umsindo lapho zihamba.
Isikhova singasondela esikhungweni saso cishe singanakwa. Izikhova zeBarn zihlasela isisulu sazo ngezindiza eziphansi (amamitha ayi-1.5-5.5 ngaphezu komhlaba), zibambe inyamazane yazo ngemilenze yazo zishaye ngemuva kogebhezi ngomlomo wazo. Ngemuva kwalokho aqeda yonke inyamazane. Izikhova zeBarn zigcina ukudla, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yokuzalanisa.
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwenqolobane kuqukethe:
- izibhamu;
- amagundane;
- voles;
- amagundane;
- hares;
- onogwaja;
- i-muskrat;
- izinyoni ezincane.
Isibaya isikhova sizingela, sihamba kancane sihlola umhlaba. Angasebenzisa amagatsha, uthango, noma amanye amapulatifomu wokubuka ukuskena indawo. Le nyoni inezimpiko ezinde, ezibanzi, eziyivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuhamba futhi ijike kakhulu. Imilenze nezinzwane zakhe zinde futhi zizacile. Lokhu kusiza ukuklama phakathi kwamahlamvu aminyene noma ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi isikhova esithile sidla i-voes eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ubusuku ngabunye, okulingana cishe namaphesenti angamashumi amabili nantathu wesisindo somzimba wale nyoni.
Izisulu ezincane zidwengulwa zibe yizicucu futhi zidliwe ngokuphelele, kanti inyamazane enkulu, engaphezu kuka-100 g, iyaqedwa futhi izingxenye ezingadliwayo ziyalahlwa. Esifundeni, imikhiqizo engenamagundane isetshenziswa ngokuya ngokutholakala. Eziqhingini ezicebile ngezinyoni, ukudla kwesibaya kungafaka phakathi izinyoni eziyi-15-20%.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isikhova seBarn
Izikhova zeBarn zihlala ziphapheme ebusuku, zithembele ekuzweni okujulile ebumnyameni ngokuphelele. Ziyasebenza ngaphambi nje kokushona kwelanga, futhi kwesinye isikhathi ziyabonwa emini lapho zisuka endaweni ethile yobusuku ziye kwenye. Kwesinye isikhathi bayakwazi ukuzingela emini uma ubusuku obudlule bebumanzi nokwenza ukuzingela kube nzima.
Izikhova zeBarn akuzona izinyoni zomhlaba ikakhulukazi, kepha zinebanga elithile lasekhaya lapho zidla khona. Kwabesilisa abaseScotland, lena indawo enendawo engaba amakhilomitha ayi-1 ukusuka endaweni yokwakha izidleke. Ububanzi besifazane buyafana kakhulu nobomlingani. Ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, abesilisa nabesifazane bavame ukulala ngokwehlukana. Umuntu ngamunye unezindawo ezingaba zintathu zokucasha emini, nalapho eya khona isikhashana ebusuku.
Lezi zindawo zifaka:
- imigodi yezihlahla;
- imifantu emadwaleni;
- izakhiwo ezilahliwe;
- oshimula;
- izitaki zotshani, njll.
Njengoba isikhathi sokuzalela sisondela, izinyoni zibuyela endaweni yesidleke esikhethiwe ebusuku. Izikhova zeBarn zinezimpaphe ezindaweni ezivulekile, njengomhlaba wezolimo noma amadlelo anezindawo ezithile zehlathi, ezindaweni eziphansi kwamamitha ayi-2000. Lesi sikhova sikhetha ukuzingela emaphethelweni ehlathi noma ngemichilo yotshani obukhulu eduze kwedlelo.
Njengezikhova eziningi, isikhova esibhakabhakeni sintanta buthule, sinemibhoshongo emincane emaphethelweni aholayo ezimpaphe nebhande elifana nezinwele emaphethelweni okulandela umkhondo elisiza ukunqamula imisinga yomoya, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise isiphithiphithi nomsindo ohambisana nawo. Ukuziphatha kwezinyoni nokuncamelayo kwemvelo kungahluka kancane ngisho nakwizinsikazi ezingomakhelwane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Iphuphu le-owl Barn
Izikhova zaseBarn ziyizinyoni ezizodwa, yize kunemibiko yesithembu. Amabili ahlala ndawonye uma nje bobabili abantu besaphila. Ukuqomisana kuqala ngokubonisa izindiza ngabesilisa, ezisekelwa ngomsindo nokujaha kwabesifazane. Eyeduna nayo izondiza emoyeni phambi kowesifazane ohlezi imizuzwana embalwa.
Ukuhlangana kwenzeka njalo emizuzwini embalwa ngenkathi kuseshwa isidleke. Bobabili abesilisa bacasulana phambi komunye nomunye ukuze benze ucansi. Indoda iyakhuphuka insikazi, iyibambe entanyeni futhi ibhalansi ngamaphiko ayo asakazekile. Ukuqhutshwa kwamakhophi kuyaqhubeka ngemvamisa enciphayo kuyo yonke indawo ekufukameleni nasekukhuliseni.
Izikhova zeBarn zizala kanye ngonyaka. Bangakwazi ukuzala cishe nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, ngokuya ngokudla. Iningi labantu liqala ukuzala lisenonyaka owodwa. Ngenxa yesikhathi esifushane sezinqolobane (isilinganiso seminyaka emi-2), iningi labantu lizala kanye noma kabili kuphela. Njengomthetho, izikhova zesibaya zikhulisa izinyane elilodwa ngonyaka, yize amanye amabhangqa ekhula aze afike kwamathathu ngonyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abesifazane besikhova seBarn bashiya isidleke ngesikhathi sokufukamela kuphela isikhathi esifushane nangezikhawu ezinde. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa usuthisa insikazi efukamelayo. Uhlala esidlekeni kuze kube amaphuphu anezinsuku ezingaba ngu-25 ubudala. Eziduna ziletha ukudla esidlekeni sezinsikazi namachwane, kepha yinsikazi kuphela eyondla amaphuphu, iqale ihlephule ukudla kube yizicucu ezincane.
Izikhova zeBarn zivame ukusebenzisa isidleke esidala esithatha amashumi eminyaka esikhundleni sokwakha esisha. Owesifazane uvame ukubeka isidleke ngamagundane agayiwe. Ubeka amaqanda ama-2 kuye kwayi-18 (imvamisa i-4 kuye ku-7) ngesilinganiso seqanda elilodwa njalo ezinsukwini ezi-2-3. Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-29 kuya kwezingama-34. Amachwane achanyuselwa futhi adle ezinsikazi ngemuva kokuchamisela. Zishiya isidleke ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-50-70 zichanyuselwe, kodwa zibuyele esidlekeni ziyolala khona. Bazimela ngokuphelele kubazali babo ngemuva kwamasonto ama-3-5 beqale ukundiza.
Manje uyazi ukuthi amaphuphu ezinqolobane abukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi isikhova sihlala kanjani endle.
Izitha zemvelo zesikhova sesibaya
Isithombe: Inyoni ye-Barn owl
Izikhova zeBarn zinezilwane ezimbalwa ezidla ezinye. Izikhathi ezithile izinyoka zibamba amaphuphu. Kukhona nobunye ubufakazi bokuthi isikhova esinezimpondo kwesinye isikhathi sidla abantu abadala. Ama-subspecies we-Barn owl entshonalanga yePalaearctic mancane kakhulu kunaseNyakatho Melika. Lezi zinhlayiya ngezinye izikhathi zizingelwa izinkozi zegolide, ama-kites abomvu, amanqe, ama-peregrine falcons, ama-falcons, izikhova zokhozi.
Ebhekene nomhlaseli, izikhova zesibaya zivula amaphiko azo futhi ziwatshekise ukuze indawo yawo engemuva iqondiswe kulowo ongena ngaphakathi. Bese benikina amakhanda emuva naphambili. Lokhu kukhonjiswa kosongo kuhambisana nezikhalazo kanye nezikweletu, ezinikezwa ngamehlo eqhuqha. Uma lo ongenayo eqhubeka nokuhlasela, isikhova siwa ngomhlane simkhahlele.
Izilwane ezidla ezinye:
- ama-ferrets;
- izinyoka;
- izinkozi zegolide;
- ama-kites abomvu;
- oklebe basenyakatho;
- ama-buzzard ajwayelekile;
- ama-peregrine falcons;
- Ukhozi lwaseMedithera;
- izikhova;
- i-opossum;
- isikhova esimpunga;
- izinkozi;
- isikhova sentombi.
I-Siruhs isingathwa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane. Amazeze akhona ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke. Zibuye zihlaselwe yizintwala kanye nezimpaphe, ezidluliselwa zisuka enyonini ziye ezinyoni ngokuxhumana ngqo. Izimpukane ezimunca igazi njenge-Ornithomyia avicularia zihlala zikhona futhi zihamba phakathi kwezimpaphe. Izimuncagazi zangaphakathi zifaka phakathi iFluke Strigea strigis, iParuternia candelabraria tapeworms, izinhlobo eziningana zemisundu eyizinambuzane, nameva avela kuhlobo iCentrorhynchus. Lezi zinambuzane zamathumbu zitholakala lapho izinyoni zidla isisulu esinegciwane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhova sesibaya
Lezi zinhlobo zinemikhuba yokuzinza yabantu ezinzile eminyakeni engama-40 edlule eMelika. Isimo sabantu eYurophu sibhekwa njengokushintshashintsha. Namuhla, abantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa kuma-111,000-230,000 ngazimbili, okulingana nabantu abangama-222,000-460,000 abavuthiwe. IYurophu ilinganiselwa cishe ku-5% wobubanzi bomhlaba jikelele, ngakho-ke isilinganiso sokuqala sabantu bomhlaba singabantu abayi-4,400,000-9,200,000 abavuthiwe, yize kudingeka ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe kwalesi silinganiso.
Emapulazini anamuhla, azisekho izakhiwo zepulazi ezanele zokwakha izidleke, futhi indawo yokulima ayisakwazi ukuba namagundane anele ukondla izikhova ezimbili. Isibalo sezikhova, nokho, sehla kuphela ezindaweni ezithile, hhayi kulo lonke uhla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezingaphansi ezihlukile ezinabantu baseziqhingini ezincane zisengozini ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwazo okulinganiselwe.
Isikhova seBarn iphendula ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemikhuba yezolimo eguqukayo. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoni, awagcini amafutha omzimba amaningi njengendawo yokugcina isimo sezulu esibi sasebusika. Ngenxa yalokhu, izikhova eziningi zifa esimweni sezulu esibandayo noma zibuthaka kakhulu ukuzala entwasahlobo elandelayo. Izibulala-zinambuzane nazo zibe nomthelela ekwehleni kwalolu hlobo. Ngezizathu ezingaziwa, izikhova zesibaya zihlupheka kakhulu ngemiphumela yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kunezinye izinhlobo zezikhova. Lezi zinambuzane zivame ukubhekana nokunciphisa igobolondo leqanda.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/30/2019 ngo-20: 27
