Unogwaja wasolwandle Isilwane esikhulu esincelisayo esiphiniwe, esingeso somndeni wezimpawu zamambala. Izindwangu zasolwandle ziyizilwane eziqinile kakhulu njengoba zihlala ezimweni ezinzima zaseFar North, zitholakala ogwini lwaseNyakatho, e-Atlantic nasePacific Ocean. Lezi zilwane zathola igama lazo ngokwesaba kwazo nangendlela engajwayelekile yokuhamba emhlabeni. I-Erignathus barbatus iyinhlobo ejwayelekile, yize lezi zilwane zizingelwa njalo, ngoba inyama, amanoni nesikhumba sesilwane kunenani elikhulu, uhlobo aludingi ukuvikelwa okukhethekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: uphawu lwentshebe
Unogwaja wasolwandle noma njengoba lesi silwane saziwa kakhulu ngophawu lwentshebe siyisilwane esiphiniwe esisesigabeni sezilwane ezincelisayo, ukuhleleka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye, umndeni wezimpawu zangempela. Uhlobo lwe-Erignathus luhlobo lwe-hare hare. Le nhlobo yachazwa okokuqala ngusosayensi waseJalimane uJohann Christian Polycarp ngo-1777. Ngaphambilini, ososayensi babecabanga ama-pinnipeds njengeqembu elizimele lePinnipedia.
Ividiyo: Ulwandle unogwaja
Ama-pinniped wesimanje avela ezilwaneni ze-oda le-Desmostylia ebiphila ngesikhathi se-Desmostylian kusukela e-Oligocene yasekuqaleni kuya ngasekupheleni kweMiocene. Umndeni wezimvu zamanzi wangempela unezinhlobo eziyi-19 kanye nemikhakha eyi-13. Muva nje ngo-2009, ososayensi benze incazelo yokhokho besigxivizo uPuijila darwini, onobudala bemivubukulo yakhe buyiminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-24-20. Izinsalela zitholakale ogwini lwaseGreenland. Izidleke zasolwandle yizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba wophawu lwentshebe cishe ngamamitha angu-2-2.5. Isisindo somuntu omdala ebusika singafinyelela kuma-360 kg.
Uphawu lwentshebe lunomzimba omkhulu, omkhulu. Inhloko incane ngosayizi futhi inesimo esiyindilinga. Isilwane sinemihlathi enamandla ukuze sidabule isisulu, kepha amazinyo esilwane mancane futhi ayawohloka ngokushesha. Umbala wezinwele ezinentshebe uluhlaza-mpunga. Unogwaja wasolwandle waba negama lawo ngendlela engajwayelekile yokuthi izimvu zamanzi zihambe emhlabeni ngokugxuma. Ngaphandle kobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izilwane zinamahloni kakhulu futhi zizama ukufihla emehlweni abukhali.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani unogwaja wasolwandle
I-Lakhtak yisilwane esikhulu kakhulu esinomzimba omkhulu we-oblong, ikhanda elincane eliyindilinga namaphiko esikhundleni semilenze. Usayizi womuntu omdala ungamamitha ayi-2-2.5 ubude. Isisindo sowesilisa omdala sifinyelela kuma-360 kg. Isisindo somzimba siyehluka kakhulu kuye ngesizini nekhwalithi yempilo. Ububanzi be-axillary bungamasentimitha angama-150-160. Abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane. Ngaphandle, izilwane zibukeka zixakile, yize zisemanzini zingahamba ngokushesha ngokwanele futhi zibhukude kamnandi kakhulu.
Ikhanda lesilwane liyindilinga, amehlo mancane. Amehlo amnyama ngombala. Imihlathi yesilwane inamandla amakhulu futhi inamandla, kepha amazinyo mancane futhi ayawohloka ngokushesha. Abantu abadala nabantu abadala abanamazinyo cishe, ngoba bayawohloka kusenesikhathi futhi bawe. Isiqu somlomo sinamadevu amade futhi azacile, anesibopho somuzwa wokuthinta. Uphawu lwentshebe alunazo izindlebe; lolu hlobo lunezindlebe zangaphakathi kuphela.
Uboya besigxivizo sentshebe buncane. Umbala womuntu omdala umhlophe-mpunga. Ngemuva, ijazi limnyama. Ngaphambili kwesifonyo nasemehlweni wamehlo, umbala wejazi uphuzi. Ukukhula okuncane kwalolu hlobo kunombala onsundu onsundu, ohlukile kwabanye abameleli balo mndeni. Ezinye izimpawu zizalwa zinejazi elimhlophe elihlanzekile. Akukho mehluko ngombala phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane. Abantu abadala bacishe babe mhlophe ngombala. Izimpiko zangaphambili zitholakala cishe entanyeni, kuyilapho intamo uqobo lwayo ingekho. Ikhanda elincane liya ngqo emzimbeni. Amahares asolwandle enza imisindo ephakeme kakhulu efana nokubhonga kwebhere, ikakhulukazi uma kunengozi. Ngesikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana, abesilisa bashaya ikhwela ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Entwasahlobo, abesilisa bacula izingoma ngamaphimbo abo amakhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Kumuntu, le ngoma ifana nempempe ende, edonselekile. Imisindo ingaba melodic futhi high, noma kungaba buthuntu. Eyesilisa iheha abesifazane ngezingoma zayo, kuthi abesifazane abayeke ukondla amawundlu ngobisi lwabo basabele kulolu bizo.
Isikhathi sokuphila sabesilisa sicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-25, abesifazane baphila isikhathi eside kakhulu, kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30-32. Imbangela enkulu yokufa ukutheleleka nge-helminth nokubola kwamazinyo.
Uhlala kuphi unogwaja wasolwandle?
Isithombe: Seal sea hare
Amahares asolwandle ahlala ogwini loLwandle i-Arctic nasezilwandle i-Arctic, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamanzi angajulile. Amahares asolwandle angatholakala ogwini loLwandle iKara, iWhite, iBarents kanye neLaptev, emanzini aseSpitsbergen eziqhingini zaseNew Siberian. Kutholakala nasentshonalanga yoLwandle lwase-East Siberian. Kunabantu abaningi bezimpawu zezintshebe ezihlukanisiwe. Ngakho-ke, inani labantu basePacific kanye ne-Atlantic liyaziwa.
Ama-subspecies asePacific ahlala engxenyeni esempumalanga yoLwandle i-East Siberian. Indawo yokuhlala yalolu hlobo ifinyelela naseCape Barrow. AmaLakhtaks ahlala ogwini loLwandle iBarents nase-Adyghe Gulf. Ama-subspecies ase-Atlantic ahlala ogwini olusenyakatho yeNorway, ngasogwini lwaseGreenland naseCanada Arctic Archipelago. Kwesinye isikhathi kunezindawo ezincane zezimvu zamanzi ezinentshebe eduze kwaseNyakatho Pole.
Ngokwemvelo yazo, izilwane ezinentshebe ziyizilwane ezihlala phansi futhi azenzi ukufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile ngokuzikhethela kwazo, noma kunjalo, zivame ukuthwalwa ngamabanga amade ngokukhukhuleka kwamaqhwa. Kwesinye isikhathi izimvu zamanzi ezinentshebe zingahamba amabanga amade zifuna ukudla. Ngenkathi efudumele, lezi zilwane zihlangana kuma-rookeries eduze nogu oluphansi. I-Rookery ingafinyelela kubantu abayikhulu. Ebusika, izimvu zamanzi ezinentshebe ziya eqhweni futhi zihlala lapho ngamaqembu amancane abantu abaningana. Futhi abanye abantu bahlala emhlabeni ebusika, bangamba imigodi eqhweni ngegebe olwandle.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona unogwaja wasolwandle noma uphawu lwentshebe. Ake sibone ukuthi badlani.
Idla ini unogwaja wasolwandle?
Isithombe: Lakhtak, noma ulwandle hare
Izilwandle zasolwandle yizinto eziphilayo ezijwayelekile. Ziphila ngokudla izilwane ezihlala ngaphansi kolwandle nasengxenyeni engezansi ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-55-60. Yize lezi zilwane zingehlela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-145. Ngesikhathi sokuzingela ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100 ingahlala imizuzu engama-20, kepha ohambweni kungenzeka ukuthi ihlale ekujuleni okungajulile okungafika kumamitha angama-60-70. Kulokhu kujula, izilwane zizizwa zikhululekile, ngakho-ke lezi zilwane cishe azitholakali olwandle olujulile kakhulu. Bangakwazi ukufika ezindaweni ezinjalo lapho kukhukhuleka khona ama-ice floes.
Ukudla kwezimpawu zezintshebe kufaka phakathi:
- ama-gastropods;
- cephalopods;
- islanic scallop;
- i-macoma calcarea;
- polychaetes;
- inhlanzi (smelt, herring, cod, ngesinye isikhathi isigubhu, i-gerbil ne-omul);
- izinkalankala;
- imfanzi;
- ama-echiurids;
- ama-crustaceans afana ne-crab yeqhwa, nabanye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, unogwaja wasolwandle angahlala ngaphansi kwamanzi kuze kube yimizuzu engama-20 ekujuleni okukhulu.
Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zibamba izinhlanzi emanzini. Izilwane ezidla ezinye ziphakamisa izinkalankala, izimfanzi nemollusk kusuka ezansi kulesi silwane ngamaphiko azo abanzi anezinzipho ezinde. Izindwangu zasolwandle zikwazi ukumba inhlabathi yasolwandle ukuze zidle ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs acasha kuwo. Ngenxa yemihlathi yazo eqinile, izidleke ezinentshebe zingadla kalula amagobolondo aqinile ama-crustaceans. Uma ukudla kuyindlala endaweni yazo, izilwane zingathutha amabanga amade ziyofuna ukudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Unogwaja wasolwandle omnyama
Izilwandle zasolwandle zizolile kakhulu futhi ziyizilwane ezivilaphayo. Bayacotha, kepha futhi abanandawo yokuphuthuma. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokuzingela, lezi zilwane azinandawo yokuphuthuma, ngoba inyamazane yazo ngeke isuke kuzo. Emhlabeni bangama-clumsy kakhulu ngenxa yesici somzimba wabo, kepha emanzini banomusa impela. Izilwandle zasolwandle zithanda ukuchitha isikhathi zodwa, azixhumani, kepha ngasikhathi sinye azinalo ulaka. Emhlambini wezihlobo ezinobungane, azikaze zibe khona izingxabano, ngisho nangesikhathi sokuzala.
Izidleke zasolwandle azihlukanisi indawo futhi azincintisi abesifazane. Ukuphela kwento lezi zilwane ezingayithandi ukuqina, ngakho-ke zizama ukutholakala kude kakhulu nomakhelwane kuma-rookeries. Lezi zilwane zinamahloni kakhulu, futhi zinokuthile okufanele zikwesabe, ngoba izilwane eziningi ezizingelayo ziyazizingela, ngakho-ke, uma kungenzeka, lapho zilele eduze kwamanzi, izilwane zenza lokho nje, ukuze zibone ingozi yokuntywila ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamanzi futhi zicashe ekulandeleni. Ekwindla, lezi zilwane zihambela ezintabeni zeqhwa emindenini emincane noma zodwa. Ezintabeni zeqhwa, izimvu zamanzi zihamba nje emabangeni amade.
Izinsalela ezinentshebe zinomzwelo othuthukiswe kakhulu womzali. Umama unakekela inzalo isikhathi eside, kamuva izimvu zamanzi ezincane zilandela umama isikhathi eside. Kepha imindeni yezimvu zamanzi ayakhi umbhangqwana owakhelwe ukukhiqiza kuphela izinsuku ezimbalwa, ngemuva kokukhwelana bahlukana.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Uphawu lwentshebe
Izinsikazi ezisencane zikulungele ukukhwelwa zineminyaka engama-4-6, abesilisa bavuthwa ngemuva kwesikhashana; bakulungele ukuzala beneminyaka engama-5-7. Isikhathi sokukhwelana salezi zilwane siqala ngo-Ephreli. Ukuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana kungabonakala ngezingoma ezihlukile kakhulu zangaphansi kwamanzi zabesilisa. Abesilisa abakulungele ukuqhubeka nohlobo bashicilela izingoma ezinomsindo ngaphansi kwamanzi, okufana nokushaya ikhwela kubiza abesifazane. Ngaphandle kokuthula kwayo, kunzima ukuthola iziqu ezimbili zentshebe, ngenxa yokuthi izimpawu zezintshebe azixhumani neze. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka eqhweni.
Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha cishe izinyanga eziyi-11. Kulokhu, ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala kunokubambezeleka kokufakwa nokuthuthukiswa kweqanda. Lokhu kujwayelekile kuwo wonke amaphini. Ngaphandle kwesigaba se-latency, ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-9. Ngesikhathi semidlwane, abesifazane abakha amaqoqo, kepha imidlwane futhi banakekele inzalo yodwa.
Cishe ngemuva konyaka wokukhulelwa, insikazi izala izinyane elilodwa kuphela. Usayizi wewundlu ekuzalweni ungamasentimitha ayi-120-130. Isisindo sisuka kuma-25 kuye kuma-35 kg. I-molt yokuqala ivela ku-cub esibelethweni. Kuzalwa uphawu lwentshebe olunombala onsundu ngokumpunga. Emasontweni amabili izelwe, izinyane liyakwazi ukubhukuda. Umama usuthisa ithole ngobisi phakathi nenyanga yokuqala, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi amawundlu ashintshela ekudleni okujwayelekile. Emasontweni ambalwa ngemuva kokuphela kokondla, insikazi isilungele ukukhwelwa okulandelayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ubisi olukhishwa ngesikhathi sokudla lunamafutha kakhulu futhi lunomsoco. Okuqukethwe kobisi cishe kungama-60%, ingane ingaphuza kuze kufike kumalitha ayi-8 obisi lwebele ngosuku olulodwa.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zentshebe
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani unogwaja wasolwandle
Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zentshebe yilezi:
- Amabhere amhlophe;
- imikhomo yokubulala;
- ama-helminths ama-parasitic kanye ne-tapeworms.
Amabhere we-polar athathwa njengezitha eziyingozi kakhulu zezimpawu zamadevu. Uma ibhere libamba uphawu lwentshebe ngokungalindelekile, lesi silwane cishe asinandlela yokuphunyuka. Amabhere we-polar ahlala endaweni eyodwa nehares, ngakho-ke lezi zilwane zinamahloni kakhulu futhi zizama ukungabonwa ngamabhere. Imikhomo ebulalayo ivame ukuhlasela lezi zilwane. Imikhomo ebulalayo iyazi ukuthi izimvu zamanzi ziphezu kweqhwa futhi ziyabhukuda ngaphansi kwayo zizama ukuyiphendula. Kwesinye isikhathi bagxumela umzimba wabo wonke ku-ice floe bese iyajika. Imikhomo ebulalayo isisindo cishe samathani ayi-10, futhi imvamisa iyakwazi ukuhlasela izimvu zamanzi ezinentshebe.
Ukutheleleka nge-helminths kanye ne-tapeworms yiyona imbangela enkulu yokufa kwezimpawu zezintshevu. Lezi zinambuzane zihlala emathunjini esilwane futhi zidala ukugaya ukudla. Ingxenye yezakhamzimba ithathwa ngama-parasites, uma kukhona okuningi emzimbeni wesilwane, unogwaja wasolwandle uyafa ngenxa yokukhathala. Kodwa isitha esinobuqili nesiyingozi kunazo zonke kulezi zilwane ezinkulu ngumuntu. Isikhumba sezimpawu zentshebe sibaluleke kakhulu, sinamandla amakhulu, akuvumela ukuthi wakhe isikebhe, amabhande, amahanisi wezinyamazane kuso.
Futhi phakathi kwabantu basenyakatho, izicathulo zezicathulo zenziwa ngesikhumba sezimpawu zentshebe. Inyama yesilwane inomsoco futhi iyinambitha, amanoni namaphiko nawo ayadliwa. Iningi lezakhamizi zaseChukotka lizingela lezi zilwane. Ukuzingela amayunithi kuvunyelwe, ukuzingela izimpawu zezintshevu ezivela emikhunjini ezweni lethu akuvunyelwe. Ukuzingela akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ulwandle unogwaja, uphawu lwentshebe
Ngenxa yokufuduka okuvamile kanye nendlela yokuphila, inani lezimpawu zamadevu kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yakamuva, kunabantu abangaba ngu-400,000 emhlabeni. Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphandle kokuzingelwa okunonya kwabantu basenyakatho ngalezi zilwane, inani labantu bezinhlobo okwamanje alisongelwanga. U-Erignathus barbatus unesimo Sokukhathazeka Okuncane. Ukuzingela izimvu zamanzi ezinentshebe akuvumelekile ezweni lethu kusuka emikhunjini. Ukuzisebenzisela wena, ukuzingela kuvunyelwe ngamanani amancane. OLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, ukuzingela akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ngenxa yokuthi izindawo zokukhishwa kwemikhono zisebenza lapho.
Amahares asolwandle angumkhiqizo wendabuko wokudla kwabakhileyo eNyakatho Ekude. Futhi ukuzingela lezi zilwane kwenziwa unyaka wonke, cishe akunakwenzeka ukulandela inani labantu ababulewe, ngoba ukuzingela kwenziwa ezindaweni zasendle ezinesimo sezulu esibi. Ingxenye yemvelo ingadala ingozi enkulu kubantu.
Ukungcola kwamanzi, ukubanjwa ngokweqile kwezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo kwenza izilwane zilambe, futhi baphoqeleka ukuthi bafune izindawo ezintsha zokudla. Lezi zilwane zisindiswa iqiniso lokuthi iningi lezindawo ezihlala izilwane ziyizindawo ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, lapho kunabantu abambalwa noma bengekho nhlobo. Amahares asolwandle ajwayelene kahle nezimo ezinzima zemvelo futhi angahlala ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kubantu, ngokujwayelekile, ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olusongela abantu.
Unogwaja wasolwandle isilwane esinokuthula nesizolile esidla kuphela ukudla kwasolwandle. Lezi zilwane zihlobana ngokuthula nezihlobo zazo futhi zihlala ngokuthula, kepha azikhulumi kangako. Izinhlanzi zasolwandle zihamba njalo, futhi zivame ukukwenza ziphikisana nentando yazo. Ukubhukuda ezintabeni zeqhwa elikhukhulekayo eNyakatho Ekude, yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo esikwazi ukwenza lokhu? Nakekela imvelo, masiqaphele lezi zilwane futhi sizame ukugcina inani lezimpawu zamadevu ukuze izizukulwane ezizayo zizithande.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/30/2019 ngo-23: 03
