Okuhlabayo - inyoni yokuhlelwa kwabantu abadlulayo, umndeni wezinkanyezi ezivela kuhlobo lwezinkanyezi. Igama le-Latin binomial - Sturnus vulgaris, linikezwe nguKarl Linney.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Starling
Umndeni wezinkanyezi, iSturnidae, yiqembu elikhulu elinezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene. Iningi labo lihlala e-Eurasia nase-Afrika. Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zinyoni zavela zasabalala emhlabeni wonke zivela ezwenikazi i-Afrika. Okusondelene kakhulu nezinhlobo ezivamile inkanyezi engenagama. Lezi zinhlobo zasinda e-Ice Age esifundeni sase-Iberia. Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zenkanyezi evamile zingaphansi kwe-Middle Pleistocene.
Inkanyezi ejwayelekile inezinhlobo ezingaphansi kweshumi nambili. Ezinye ziyehluka ngokungafani ngobukhulu noma ngokuhlukahluka kombala, ukuma kwezwe. Amanye ama-subspecies athathwa njengokushintshwa kusuka komunye kuya komunye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokufuduka, izinkanyezi zindiza ngesivinini esingaba amakhilomitha angama-70-75 ngehora bese zimboza amabanga afinyelela kumakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziyi-1-1.5.
Lezi zinyoni ezinomsindo ziyacula futhi zenze imisindo ehlukahlukene unyaka wonke. Incazelo yazo ingahluka, ngaphandle kwezingoma, lokhu kungukumemeza kosongo, ukuhlaselwa, ukubizelwa noma ukuhlangana okujwayelekile, ukukhala okwethusayo. Izinkanyezi zibanga umsindo omkhulu lapho ziphakelana noma zixabana, zihlale nje zikhulume zodwa. Ukukhathazeka kwabo njalo kunzima ukukulahla. Emadolobheni, bazama ukuthatha noma yiziphi izindawo ezifihlekile kumabhaloni, ngaphansi kwamawindi, kuma-attics, ukudala izinkinga ezithile kubantu. Ngesikhathi sendiza emhlambini omkhulu, amaphiko abo akhipha umsindo onempempe ongazwakala kusuka emashumini ambalwa wamamitha kude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Inkanyezi ehamba noma igijima phansi, futhi ayinyakazi ngokugxuma.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-Starling bird
Ama-Starlings angahlukaniswa kalula kwamanye ama-passerines aphakathi nendawo afana ne-blackbirds noma ama-funnel. Banomsila omfishane, uqhwaku olucijile, okuyindilinga, i-compact silhouette, imilenze eqinile ebomvu. Lapho indiza, amaphiko abukhali. Umbala wezimpaphe ubukeka umnyama ukude, kepha uma ubhekisisa, ungabona ukugcwala kwe-iridescent kwe-violet, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuluhlaza okotshani, okunsomi nomlotha omhlophe wentaba. Inani lezimpaphe ezimhlophe liyanda ebusika.
Ividiyo: Starling
Entanyeni yamaduna, izimpaphe zikhululeke futhi ziyagcwala, kwabesifazane izimpaphe ezinemikhawulo ebukhali zilingana ngokuqinile. Izidladla zibomvu ngokubomvu, ziqinile, izinzwane ziqinile, zinde ngezinzipho eziqinile. Uqhwaku lubukhali, lunsundu ngokumnyama, ehlobo luphenduka luphuzi kwabesifazane, kwabesilisa luphuzi ngokwengxenye ngesisekelo esilihlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Izimpiko zezinyoni zinobude obuphakathi nendawo ngokugcina okuyindilinga noma okukhonjiwe. Iris yamehlo kwabesilisa ihlale imnyama, futhi kwabesifazane iba mpunga.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ebusika, amathiphu ezimpaphe ayaguga, kuthi amabala amhlophe abe mancane, izinyoni uqobo zibe mnyama.
Amapharamitha we-Starling:
- ubude - 20 - 23 cm;
- amaphiko - 30 - 43 cm;
- isisindo - 60 - 100 g;
- umsila ubude - 6.5 cm;
- ubude bomlomo - 2 - 3 cm;
- ubude bezidladla - 2.5 - 3 cm;
- ubude be-chord ubude - 11-14 cm.
Izinyoni molt kanye ngonyaka, ekupheleni kwehlobo, ngemuva kwenkathi yokuzalanisa, kungalesi sikhathi lapho kuvela khona izimpaphe ezimhlophe eziningi. Ngesikhathi sezindiza, izinyoni zishaya amaphiko azo ngokushesha noma zikhuphuke isikhathi esifushane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuphakama. Zisuka endaweni zihamba nomhlambi wonke, ngesikhathi sendiza zakha isisindo esiphelele noma umugqa.
Ihlala kuphi inkanyezi?
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani inkanyezi
Lezi zinyoni zitholakala eYurophu eningizimu ye-40 ° N. sh., eNyakatho Afrika, eSyria, e-Iran, e-Iraq, eNepal, eNdiya, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeChina. Abanye basuka ezifundeni ezinesimo sezulu esibi, lapho kungagcini nje ukuthi iqhwa liwumise umhlaba, kepha futhi nezinkinga zokudla ebusika. Ekwindla, lapho imihlambi yabantu bokufika ifika ivela enyakatho nasempumalanga yeYurophu, izakhamuzi zasendaweni ezisuka enkabeni nasentshonalanga yeYurophu ziya ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu.
Lezi zinyoni zikhethe amadlelo namadolobha, lapho zihlala khona ezakhiweni zokwenziwa, ezihlahleni. Konke okungabanikeza indawo yokuhlala kanye nekhaya: amabhizinisi ezolimo nawamapulazi, amasimu, amahlathi aminyene, izingadi, amahlathi angenazimbotshana, amabhande asemahlathini, amachibi asogwini, ugu olunamadwala, zonke lezi zindawo zingaba yisiphephelo sezinyoni. Bagwema amahlathi aminyene, yize bezivumelanisa kalula namathafa ahlukahlukene asuka ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi aye ezimfundeni eziphakeme zezintaba.
Ukusuka enyakatho, indawo yokwabiwa iqala ukusuka e-Iceland naseKola Peninsula, kuya eningizimu, imingcele idlula endaweni yaseSpain, France, Italy, Northern Greece. NgeTurkey, imingcele eseningizimu yebanga inweba inyakatho ye-Iraq ne-Iran, idlule e-Afghanistan, ePakistan nasenyakatho yeNdiya. Umugqa osempumalanga wokuhlala ufinyelela eBaikal, kuthi osentshonalanga abambe ama-Azores.
Lezi zinhlobo zaziswa endaweni yaseNyakatho Melika, eningizimu ye-Afrika, e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Lapho, ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo okuphezulu ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, yanda ngokushesha futhi manje ithatha izindawo ezinkulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Eminyakeni yama-90 yekhulu le-XIX, amakhophi ayi-100 akhishwa eCentral Park eNew York. Kwaphela iminyaka eyikhulu, inzalo yezinyoni ezisasele eyodwa nohhafu yahlala, kusuka ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeCanada kuya ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeMexico naseFlorida.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyoni enezinkanyezi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Kudlani inkanyezi?
Isithombe: Starling eRussia
Imenyu yezinyoni ezindala ihlukile, zingama-omnivorous, kepha izinambuzane ziyingxenye enkulu yayo. Ngokuvamile lezi izinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo.
Ukudla kuqukethe:
- ojekamanzi;
- amabhu;
- izicabucabu;
- izimpukane;
- izintethe;
- mayfly;
- iminyovu;
- izinyosi;
- izintuthwane;
- Zhukov.
Izinyoni zidla zombili izinambuzane ezindala nezibungu zazo. Bangakwazi ukukhipha izikelemu, izikelemu, kanye neziphungumangathi ezinambuzane emhlabathini. Badla iminenke, ama-slugs, izibankwa ezincane, izilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini. Zingabhubhisa izidleke zezinye izinyoni ngokudla amaqanda. Ama-starlings adla noma yiziphi izithelo, amajikijolo, okusanhlamvu, imbewu yezitshalo, imfucuza yokudla. Yize lezi zinyoni zingagayezi ukudla ngezinga eliphezulu le-sucrose, zisebenzisa ngenjabulo amagilebhisi, ama-cherry, ama-mulberry futhi zingasibhubhisa ngokuphelele isivuno ngokundizela ezihlahleni emhlambini wonke.
Lezi zinyoni zinenqolobane yazo ngezindlela eziningana zokubamba izinambuzane. Esinye sazo lapho zonke zindiza ndawonye, zibamba ama-midge emoyeni. Kulokhu, izinyoni zisebenzisa inqubo yokuhamba njalo, okungukuthi, abantu abavela "emsileni" womhlambi, bavame ukuthatha indawo ngaphambili. Uma iqoqo likhudlwana, izinyoni zisondelana kakhulu. Buqamama, isithombe sefu elimnyama elihambayo futhi elijikelezayo liyakhiwa. Enye indlela ukudla izinambuzane ezisuka phansi. Le nyoni ikhafula ubuso bomhlaba ngokungathi iyawuphenya, ize izithele phezu kwesinambuzane.
Izinkanyezi nazo ziyakwazi ukukhulisa izimbobo, zikhulise amapaseji akhiwe yizinambuzane, ngaleyo ndlela zikhiphe izikelemu nezibungu ezahlukahlukene. Futhi, lezi zinyoni, lapho zibona isinambuzane esikhasa, zingazungeza ukusibamba. Abakwazi ukubamba izinambuzane hhayi kuphela otshanini nakwezinye izitshalo, kodwa futhi bakwazi ukuhlela ukuzihlelela "igumbi lokudlela" ngemuva kwezinkomo eziklabayo, ezondla ngama-parasites ezilwane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Njengoba nje izinkanyezi zandisa izindinyana zezinambuzane ezisemhlabathini, zisebenzisa uqhwaku lwazo olucijile ukugqobhoza izikhwama ngodoti, bese zikhulisa imbobo, zivule umlomo, bese zikhipha udoti wokudla ezikhwameni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Starling emvelweni
Ama-Starlings ahlala ngamaqoqo amakhulu, izinombolo zawo zingahluka ngezinombolo ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi, le yimhlambi emikhulu kakhulu, ngenkathi indiza ibukeka njengendawo eminyene, okuthi, njengoba ihamba, kungaba yizivumelwano noma ziyanda. Lokhu kwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza komholi ocacile; ngalinye lamalungu ephakethe angashintsha indlela yokuhamba, athonye omakhelwane bakhe. Imihlambi enjalo ivikela izinyoni ezidla inyama njengondlunkulu noma okhekhwane be-peregrine.
Kwamanye amadolobha namapaki amahlathi, izixuku ezinkulu kangaka zezinyoni zakha imihlambi emikhulu yabantu abafinyelela esigidini nesigamu, okuyinhlekelele yangempela, ngoba imfucumfucu evela emhlanjini onjalo inganqwabelana ize ifinyelele kumasentimitha angama-30. Lokhu kuhlushwa kuyingozi futhi kubangela ukufa kwezitshalo nezihlahla. Imihlambi emikhulu ingabonwa ngoMashi esiqhingini saseJutland nasemaphethelweni ogwadule eningizimu yeDenmark. Ngesikhathi sendiza, zibukeka njengesixuku sezinyosi, abantu bendawo babiza amaqoqo anjalo ngelanga elimnyama.
Izimo ezinjalo ziyabonwa ngaphambi kokuba izinyoni ezivela eScandinavia ziqale ukufudukela ezindaweni ezihlala ehlobo maphakathi no-Ephreli. Imihlambi efanayo, kepha ngesamba sabantu abayizinkulungwane ezi-5-50, bakheka ebusika eGreat Britain ekupheleni kosuku. Inkanyezi engenza imisindo ehlukahlukene nezingoma, le nyoni ingumlingisi omuhle kakhulu. Izinkanyezi ziphinda umsindo ngisho nangemva kokulalela okukodwa. Lapho inyoni indala, inabana ukuthi iyinhlanganisela enkulu yayo. Abesilisa banekhono kakhulu ekuculeni futhi bakwenza kaningi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinkanyezi zezinsikazi zikhetha ozakwethu ngezingoma ezahlukahlukene, okungukuthi, ezinolwazi oluningi.
Ukwenziwa kwezwi kunezinhlobo ezine zemiculo eguqulela kolunye ngaphandle kolunye ikhefu. Bangalingisa ukucula kwezinye izinyoni, imisindo yezimoto, ukungqongqoza kwensimbi, ukukhala. Ukulandelana komsindo ngakunye kuphindaphindwa kaningana, bese isethi entsha izwakala. Kukhona ukuchofoza okuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwabo. Ezinye izinyoni zinerekhodi lezingoma eziyishumi nambili nokuchofoza okungafani okuyishumi nanhlanu. Ukwanda okukhulu kokuzwakalayo kubonakala ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, lapho owesilisa ezama ukuheha umlingani wakhe ngokucula kwakhe, kanye nokwethusa abanye abafake izicelo abasendaweni yakhe, yize ukucula kwabo nokumemeza kwabo kuzwakala noma ngasiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Chickling chick
Izinkanyezi zinendawo efanelekayo yokwakha isidleke, umgodi, abesilisa bayazifuna bese beqala ukudiliza izingxenye ezomile neziluhlaza zezitshalo lapho. Imvamisa zigcina amakhambi anephunga elimnandi, mhlawumbe ukuheha abesifazane noma ukuxosha izinambuzane eziyimifino. Benza izikhala, bebeka ezintweni zokwakha ngesikhathi lapho kuvela umlingani. Sonke lesi sikhathi, abesilisa bacula izingoma, baphapha izimpaphe entanyeni, bezama ukuheha insikazi. Ngemuva kokudalwa kombhangqwana, bayaqhubeka nokwakha isidleke ndawonye. Izidleke zenziwa emigodini yezihlahla, ezindlini zezinyoni zokufakelwa, ezigodini ezingenalutho, emigodini yamabhilidi, emifantwini yamatshe. Isidleke uqobo lwaso sakhiwe ngotshani obomile, amahlumela. Ingaphakathi ligcwele izimpaphe, uboya, phansi. Ukwakhiwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezinhlanu.
Lezi zinyoni zinomfazi oyedwa; imindeni yesithembu ayivamile kakhulu. Njengoba izinkanyezi zikhetha ukuhlala emakoloni amakhulu, izidleke zingatholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Emindenini yesithembu, abesilisa bakhwelana nomlingani wesibili, kuyilapho owokuqala efukamela amaqanda. Ukuzala esidlekeni sesibili kuphansi kunasekuqaleni. Isikhathi sokuzalisa sisentwasahlobo nasehlobo. Owesifazane ubeka i-clutch izinsuku ezimbalwa. Ngokuvamile lawa angamaqanda amahlanu aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Usayizi wazo ungu-2.6 - 3.4 cm ubude, 2 - 2.2 cm ububanzi.Amaqanda aqandusela amasonto amabili, bobabili abazali benza lokhu, kepha owesifazane uhlala esidlekeni ebusuku. Amachwane avela ngaphandle kwezimpaphe futhi engaboni, ngemuva kwesonto ahlala phansi, kuthi ngosuku lwesishiyagalolunye abone. Esontweni lokuqala, abazali bahlala besusa ubulongwe esidlekeni ukuze umswakama ungathinti isimo samaphuphu angenayo i-thermoregulation enhle.
Amachwane asesikhoselweni izinsuku ezingama-20, sonke lesi sikhathi ondliwa ngabazali bobabili, noma ngabe izingane seziphumile endlini, abazali bayaqhubeka nokuzondla cishe amasonto amabili. Enyakatho yebanga, kuvele isizukulwane esisodwa ngesizini ngayinye, ezindaweni eziningi eziseningizimu - ezimbili noma ezintathu. Emhlambini, abesifazane abashiywa bengenayo i-pair bangabeka amaqanda ezidlekeni zabanye abantu. Amachwane asemakoloni angathuthela ezidlekeni ezingomakhelwane, axoshe ezinye izingane kuwo. Cishe amaphesenti angamashumi amabili amaphuphu asinda ebudaleni lapho ekwazi ukuzala. Isikhathi sokuphila senyoni emvelweni yiminyaka emithathu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokuphila esiqoshwe isikhathi eside senkanyezi sasicishe sibe yiminyaka engama-23.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkanyezi
Isithombe: Grey Starling
Izitha eziyinhloko zezinkanyezi yizinyoni ezidla inyama, yize lezi zidlulayo zisebenzisa amaqhinga endiza asebenzayo emihlambini. Indlela yabo nokuhamba kwendiza yabo akufani nokundiza kwezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Kepha noma kunjalo, izilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye ziyingozi kubo, yilezi:
- udlebe olusenyakatho;
- I-Eurasian Sparrowhawk;
- i-peregrine falcon;
- umdlalo wokuzilibazisa;
- isibeletho;
- ukhozi;
- unogwaja;
- isikhova esincane;
- isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde;
- isikhova esimnyama;
- isibaya isikhova.
ENyakatho Melika, izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-20 zoKlebe, oheshe, izikhova ziyingozi ezinkwenkwezini ezivamile, kepha ngaphezu kwazo zonke izinkinga zingalindelwa ku-merlin kanye ne-peregrine falcon. Ezinye izinyoni zichitha amaqanda noma amatshwele ezinkanyezi futhi zithathe isikhundla esidlekeni. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezivela emndenini we-marten, ama-raccoon, ama-squirrels, namakati angadla amaqanda futhi azingele amatshwele.
Izimuncagazi zibeka izinkinga zezinkanyezi. Ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi cishe bonke abamele isampula elenziwe ngabaqaphi bezinyoni babenamazeze, imikhaza, nezintwala. Ama-95% atheleleke ngama-parasites angaphakathi - izikelemu. Amazeze ezinkukhu kanye namazeze ondlunkulu aphaphathekile nawo aphazamisa kakhulu izinyoni ezidlekeni, kodwa izinkanyezi ngokwazo ngokwengxenye yizo ezisola lokhu. Ukuthwebula izidleke zabanye abantu, bazithola ngesethi ephelele yokuqukethwe, kufaka phakathi izimuncagazi. Lapho inyoni ifile, izimuncagazi ezimunca igazi zishiya umnikazi wazo ayofuna enye.
Izimpukane ezindizayo nezimpukane ezibizwa ngokuthi i-saprophage fly zidla izimpaphe zomphathi wazo. Umbala obomvu ocwebezelayo, ohamba emzimbeni womninikhaya usuke emthanjeni uye emaphashini, ubanga ukuminyana. Ama-Starlings angenye yezinyoni ezikhubazeke kakhulu, njengoba zihlala zisebenzisa izindawo zazo ezindala zokwakha izidleke, noma zihlala emakhaya abantu abakhubazekile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-Starling bird
Lezi zinhlobo ezidlulayo zihlala cishe kuyo yonke iYurophu, ngaphandle kwe-Arctic, futhi zisatshalaliswa entshonalanga ye-Asia. Kwezinye izifunda, ufika kuphela ngesikhathi sasehlobo, kwezinye, uhlala unomphela ngaphandle kokufuduka kwesizini. Ama-Starlings afakwa futhi ahlaliswa yonke indawo eNyakatho Melika, manje atholakala eChile, ePeru, e-Uruguay naseBrazil, aseNingizimu Afrika futhi atholakala eFiji Islands. Bangeniswa futhi bahlala yonke indawo e-Australia naseNew Guinea. EYurophu, inani lamabhangqa angama-28.8 - 52.4 million ngazimbili, okulingana cishe nabantu abadala abayizigidi ezingama-57.7 - 105. Kukholakala ukuthi cishe u-55% wabantu sebonke balezi zinyoni bahlala eYurophu, kepha lesi yisilinganiso esibi kakhulu esidinga ukuqinisekiswa. Ngokusho kweminye imininingwane, eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yama-2000, inani lezinkanyezi emhlabeni wonke lifinyelele kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-300, ngenkathi lihlala endaweni ecishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-8.87 km2.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19, izinkanyezi zalethwa e-Australia ukulawula izinambuzane, futhi kwakukholakala nokuthi ukuba khona kwazo kwakubalulekile ekupholiseni ifilakisi. Zonke izimo zokuphila zenzelwe izinyoni, kwalungiswa izindawo zokufakelwa zokwakha izidleke, izinyoni ezazisebenzisa. Ngama-20s wekhulu elidlule, baphindaphindeka kahle futhi baqala ukungena ezindaweni ezinkulu eNew South Wales, eVictoria naseQueensland. USkvortsov wakhishwa esigabeni sezinyoni eziwusizo kudala futhi waqala ukulwa nokusabalala kwazo. Izimo zezwe nezesimo sezulu zivimbele lolu hlobo ekuhlaleni kwezinye izifundazwe. Futhi, izindlela zokulawula eziqinile kanye nokubhujiswa okuqhubekayo kwezinkanyezi kunciphise inani labantu e-Australia eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-55.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-Starlings afakiwe "ohlwini olumnyama" lwezilwane eziyi-100, ukufuduselwa kwazo emazweni amasha kwaba nemiphumela emibi.
Ukwanda okubonakalayo kwamanani kule minyaka eyikhulu nengxenye edlule nokwandiswa kwendawo okuhlala kuyo, ukuguquguquka okulula kwalezi zinyoni ezimweni ezahlukahlukene kwavumela i-International Union for the Conservation of Animals ukuthi inikeze lolu hlobo ohlwini lwezinto ezingakhathazeki kangako.Imikhuba ejulile yezolimo eYurophu, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kubangele ukwehla kwenani lezinkanyezi enyakatho yeRussia, amazwe esifunda saseBaltic, eSweden naseFinland. E-UK, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule yekhulu elidlule, inani lalezi zinyoni lehle ngo-80%, yize kukhona ukwanda kwezinye izifunda, ngokwesibonelo, eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isibalo sezinambuzane amachwane amasha adla kuzo sehlile, ngakho-ke izinga lokusinda kwazo lehlile. Abantu abadala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bangadla ngokudla kwezitshalo.
Okuhlabayo - inyoni ewusizo kwezolimo, ebandakanyeka ekubhujisweni kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, ingazala kalula, ivumelane nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene. Ngokuqongelela okukhulu, isisekelo sefolishi ngesimo sezinambuzane asisanele ngokwanele, izimpaphe ziba yisinambuzane, zibhubhise isivuno sezitshalo zezolimo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/30/2019 ngo-20: 03
