UGadfly - isinambuzane esikhulu sezimpukane, lapho ungezwa khona izindaba eziningi ezingakholeki, ikakhulukazi ngokulunywa kwazo okubuhlungu nezibungu, ezingafakwanga emzimbeni wesisulu. Kunemibono eminingi eyiphutha ngemikhuba, indlela yokuphila yalezi zinambuzane, futhi okusemqoka ukuthi lezi zimpukane ezinkulu zimunca igazi. Eqinisweni, abantu abadala abancancisi igazi - kabondli nhlobo phakathi nesikhathi sonke sokuphila kwabo, kepha noma kunjalo bangenza okubi kakhulu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Gadfly
Izimpungushe zingezomndeni wama-dipterans, ama-arthropods ama-parasitic, ahlobene nemvelo nokuhlala kwabantu, okungukuthi, yizimpukane ze-synanthropic. Zonke zibekela amaqanda azo enyameni ephilayo. Okwamanje, kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-170 ezihlukene zezibawu, kanti ezinye zazo ziyakwazi ukulimaza impilo yabantu ngisho nokumbulala. Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zalezi zimpukane zitholakale e-United States ezindaweni ezineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-50 ubudala, ezazisukela e-Eocene.
Ividiyo: UGadfly
Izinhlobo eziyingozi kakhulu zezibawu:
- I-American cutaneous;
- i-equine noma isisu;
- i-bovine subcutaneous gadfly;
- umgodi noma i-nasopharyngeal ovine gadfly.
Zonke ziyehluka esikhundleni se-parasitism, indlela yokwethula amaqanda azo emzimbeni wesilwane esincelisayo, nohlobo lokuvula umlomo. Uhlobo ngalunye luthanda ukusebenzisa isilwane esithile ukondla inzalo yaso. Okuyingozi kakhulu kubantu ifomula nesisu esiswini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuze angenwe yilezi zimuncagazi, umuntu kwesinye isikhathi udinga nje ukudla ukudla ebusweni amaqanda e-gadfly awe phezu kwawo. Ngaphakathi komzimba, izibungu ziqala ukukhula ngamandla, zidla inyamazane yazo, futhi umuntu uphucwe amandla abalulekile. Ukufuduka kwesibungu emzimbeni kubangela izinqubo zokugula ezingadala izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zempilo, kuvame ukubakhona kokufa komuntu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-gadfly
Ngaphandle kwenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezibawu, zonke zinezici ezifanayo ekwakhekeni komzimba wazo nokubukeka okufanayo:
- ubude bomzimba wabo busuka ku-1.5 kuye ku-3 cm, kuya ngohlobo;
- izinsimbi zomlomo azikho noma ziyancipha, futhi lapho kuhlolisiswa, imihlathi efana nesonto ingabonakala ekhanda;
- isiqu esinama-villi amaningi;
- amehlo amakhulu ngokuchichima kwemibala eminingi;
- umzimba uyindilinga, ubanzi ngokwanele;
- i-gadfly inemilenze engu-6, imilenze yangaphambili imfishane ngaphesheya kwezingemuva;
- Izimpiko ezinemeshini ekhazimulayo ziyaguquguquka, zinde kancane kunomzimba.
Ngokuya ngohlobo lwendawo nendawo yokuhlala, umbala wezimpukane ezinamagciwane zingahluka. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, ukutholakala kwemivimbo emnyama esawolintshi emzimbeni othambile kakhulu kuyisici. Enyakatho, lezi zinambuzane zinombala ozolile, ongaqondile we-nondescript: mpunga omnyama, onsundu, imibala ehlukahlukene eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imvamisa izimpukane zididaniswa nezimpukane zehhashi, kepha uma ucwaninga ngokucophelela ukubukeka kwalezi zimpukane, khona-ke umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinambuzane ubaluleke kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi ezizayo zincela igazi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpungushe ziyakwazi ukundiza ngejubane elifinyelela ku-120 km ngehora, okufana nejubane lejekamanzi.
Isibungu se-gadfly siyi-vermiform, sifinyelela kubude obungu-2-3 cm. Umzimba awukho mhlophe, uhlukaniswe waba izingxenye ezihlukene. Uhamba ngosizo lwama-hooks akhethekile.
Uhlala kuphi i-gadfly?
Isithombe: I-gadfly yezinambuzane
Lezi zimpukane ezinamagciwane zisabalele emhlabeni wonke; zihlala cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwezindawo lapho kubanda khona kakhulu futhi kukhona okuqhubekayo. Ziyi-thermophilic impela futhi zizala ngokushesha ezindaweni eziseningizimu - lapha zingatholakala ngobuningi obukhulu. ERussia, ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ngisho nasenyakatho yezwe, i-Urals, eSiberia. Izinhlobo eziyingozi ikakhulukazi empilweni nasempilweni yabantu zihlala kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo, ezinomswakama futhi azitholakali ezweni lethu.
Njengoba zidinga ukugxila okukhulu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ukuze zikhiqize, zihlala eduze namapulazi emfuyo namadlelo. Inani elikhulu lezibawu ezindala zingabonwa eduze nemifula, amaxhaphozi, amachibi. Bathanda ukufudumala, ilanga nomswakama. Kaningi, izibawu zizulazula emahlathini, emasimini nasemadlelweni, kepha zibuyela lapho zihlala khona zihlala khona impilo yazo yonke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukulimaza izimvu, izinkomo, izibawu kudala umonakalo omkhulu emfuyweni. Uma emkhakheni wokubuka komuntu omdala kungekho zinto ezanele emzimbeni okungabekwa kuwo amaqanda, ingxenye yonke enkulu yezibungu iya esilwaneni esisodwa, esivame ukufa sihlushwa. Kepha ngisho nama-parasites ambalwa noma angaphansi kwesikhumba angadala ukuphazamiseka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kwezitho zezilwane.
Idla ngani impungushe?
Isithombe: gadfly fly
Abantu abadala abalokothi bondle, abanazo ngisho nezinto zomlomo ezithuthukisiwe, nezimpukane zikhona kuphela ngenxa yemithombo ebekiwe ngaphambili, okuthi, ngenkathi kuseseyisibungu, "kudle" ngaphakathi kwesidalwa esincelisayo. Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo okufushane, i-gadfly esikhulile yehla cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo sayo futhi ife ngenxa yokukhathala okukhulu. Ukuze konge amandla futhi bandise isikhathi sokuphila kwabo, esimweni sezulu esinomoya nomoya obandayo, abesifazane bazama ukuhamba kancane ngangokunokwenzeka, bahlala ezindaweni ezifihlekile phakathi kotshani, emagxolweni ezihlahla.
Izibungu zikhula ngaphakathi kwesilwane esincelisayo zisebenzisa izakhi zomzimba ezicutshini zomzimba waso. Bangakwazi ukuthuthela endaweni yokusingathwa kwabo, bazikhethele imvelo efaneleke kakhulu nenempilo. Ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala ikakhulu emgodleni wamathumbu futhi, lapho sezikhulile, ziyaphuma nendle yesilwane, ezinye azijuli kakhulu, zisondele ebusweni besikhumba.
Kwesinye isikhathi izibungu zifinyelela ebuchosheni bomphathi wazo, zikhubaze ngisho nasenhlamvu yeso, zibangele ukungaboni ngokuphelele. Lapho kukhona ama-parasites, umzimba othintekayo ulahlekelwa ngokushesha izakhi zomzimba, isisindo sincipha, ama-fistula akhethekile ebusweni besikhumba, nokusebenza kwezitho kuphazamisekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpungushe zesisu ziyizinambuzane ezi-viviparous, zizala izibungu zazo futhi zifafaze ngqo emakhaleni, amehlo omnikazi wesikhathi esizayo.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kwenzekani lapho i-gadfly iluma. Ake sithole ukuthi lesi sinambuzane sihlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: UGadfly ngokwemvelo
Okwezimpukane, ukwakheka kwalokho okuthiwa "ama-harems wesilisa" kuyisici, lapho inani elikhulu labesilisa lihlangana ezindaweni eziphansi ezomile. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesifazane bayandizela kubo ngokwabo, bese ngokushesha beyofuna isilwane esifanelekile sokubekela amaqanda. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinambuzane, abesifazane baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile lapho behlasela: abanye benza indlela eya esisisulu ngezindiza ezimfishane bese bekhasa benganakiwe, kanti abanye, ngokuphambene nalokho, bazungeza umhlambi, benze umsindo omkhulu.
Izimpungushe zihlukaniswa ukungena kwazo, azishiyi isilwane zodwa isikhathi eside zize zifinyelele enhlosweni yazo. Izinkomo ziyezwa ukusondela kwalezi zimpukane futhi zivame ukuphambuka zibe ngamaqembu amakhulu, ziyeke ukusebenzisa amanzi nokondla. Baziphatha ngodlame kakhulu futhi, lapho kukhona idamu elikhulu eliseduze, bavamise ukulifaka emakhaleni abo, kepha noma kunjalo, izimpukane zinamaqhinga athuthukile.
Ukuqala kokundiza kwezibawu, ubude bayo buxhomeke ezimeni ezikhulayo zokuthuthuka kwazo. Iside kakhulu emagqumeni, izindawo ezinezintaba, indawo emaphakathi futhi emfushane ezifundeni eziseningizimu, emngceleni osenyakatho wendawo abahlala kuyo. Ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa asemoyeni, umoya kanye nokuba khona kwezulu, isikhathi sendiza singashintshwa ngamasonto ama-2-3.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-gadfly yezinambuzane
I-gadfly ihamba ngomjikelezo ogcwele wokuguqulwa: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, imago - umuntu omdala. Isikhathi sokuphila asidluli unyaka owodwa, yize imago ikhona kusukela ngesonto kuya enyangeni eyodwa, ngoba ayikutholi umsoco ovela ngaphandle nhlobo. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa kwamaqanda, owesifazane ufuna ukuwabeka esikhunjeni semammalia ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezibawu zisebenzisa omiyane ukwethula izibungu zazo emzimbeni wesilwane: ngalokhu zinamathisela amaqanda emilenzeni yalezi zilwane ezimunca igazi, futhi lapho umiyane uthinta ubuso bomzimba wesisulu, izibungu ziyaqhuma, zingene endaweni yokubhoboza. Izimpungushe zesisu zingabeka amaqanda azo ezitshalweni, ekudleni, okudla izilwane ezifuywayo.
Iziphungumangathi ziqhubeka nokukhula kwazo emathunjini azo, bese ziphuma nomswani ngohlobo lwe-pupated. Izimpukane nazo zinganamathisela amaqanda azo endaweni yamakhala, izindebe zemfuyo, ukuze kuthi lapho zikhotha izilwane zizogwinya. Insikazi ngasikhathi sinye ivela izingcezu ezingamaqanda ezingama-700, azidingayo ukunamathisela ngokushesha endaweni ephephile, efudumele. Imvamisa, i-gadfly ibambelela eboyeni besilwane, lapho izibungu zakha ngaphakathi kwamaqanda ngaphansi kwethonya lokushisa - kusinda ingxenye yesihlanu kuphela yebamba.
Ngemuva kwalokho izibungu zidlula ku-epidermis bese zingena ezicutshini:
- esigabeni sokuqala, ubude bomzimba wesibungu bungu-1.5-2.5 mm, kepha budla ngokudla egazini lomphathi futhi bukhuphuka kaningi esikhathini esifushane;
- esigabeni sesibili sokukhula kwaso, isibungu esikhulile futhi esiqinisiwe sithambekele eduze kwesikhumba futhi sikhiphe imibhoshongo emibili ukuthola umoya-mpilo. Ama-fistula amakhulu akha umzimba wezilwane ngalesi sikhathi;
- i-capsule evikelayo yezicubu ezixhuma iqala ukwakheka ku-fistula, lapha isibungu sikhula siye esigabeni se-pupal bese siyaphuma;
- inqubo yokuguqulwa kwesiphungumangathi ibe imago ithatha izinsuku ezingama-20 kuye kwezingu-40.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuthi lezi zinambuzane zingene emzimbeni wezilwane ezincelisayo. Inqubo yokuvela kwabantu abadala kusuka kumaphaphu uqobo ithatha imizuzwana embalwa nje, futhi cishe ngokushesha impukane ezalwe emhlabeni iyakwazi ukundiza futhi ikhwisane.
Izitha zemvelo zezibawu
Isithombe: gadfly fly
Izitha zemvelo endalweni yezimpukane zimbalwa ngokweqile ngesizathu sokuthi umuntu omdala uhlala kancane kakhulu futhi ukhetha ukucasha ezindaweni eziyimfihlo, ezimnyama. Uma izinsikazi zindiza, khona-ke abesilisa kwesinye isikhathi abavuki ebusweni botshani nhlobo. Ngokuyisisekelo, izinyoni kuphela ezingazingela izimpukane, zombili ezindala kanye nezibungu zazo, kwesinye isikhathi ama-ladybugs kanye nama-mantises athandazayo azijoyina. Imvamisa lezi zinambuzane zisetshenziswa njengesikhali semvelo sokulwa nezimpukane.
Ngenxa yomonakalo omkhulu lezi zinambuzane eziwufaka emfuyweni, kulwelwa njalo izimpukane. Ukwakhiwa kwamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene kusetshenziselwa ukufafaza izindawo zabo zokuhlala, ngenhloso ye-prophylactic, isikhumba semfuyo siyelashwa - ngokwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi, izilwane zingavikelwa ekungeneni kwezibungu emzimbeni. Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sasehlobo esisebenzayo salezi zimpukane ezinamagciwane, ukuzuza kwesisindo semfuyo kuncipha ngesithathu, kanti ukukhiqizwa ubisi ngamaphesenti ayi-15.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izimpungushe zikhetha ukuhlala phakathi kohlaza oluminyene, lapho zingacasha khona, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi kwanele ukususa izihlahla nokugunda utshani ukubenza banyamalale endaweni ethile yomhlaba.
I-gadfly yomuntu eyingozi ayikwazi ukusinda ezimeni zethu zezulu, kepha eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu izizwa ikhululekile kakhulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-gadfly
Ukuzala okumangalisayo, ukuguquguquka kwezibawu kanye nenani elincane lezitha zemvelo kuzivumela ukuba zande zibe zinombolo ezinkulu, ngaleyo ndlela zidale ukulahleka okukhulu emapulazini emfuyo. Ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezisetshenziswe ngentshiseko ngabantu ngokumelene nokuzala kwezibawu, inani labo labantu liyalulama ngokushesha ngesikhathi esifushane. Isimo sezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo sizinzile futhi cishe asithinteki ngisho noshintsho esimweni semvelo endaweni yalo.
Izimpungushe ezindala aziliphuzi igazi, kodwa kwesinye isikhathi zingacasula kaningi kunezimpukane ezijwayelekile futhi zidale izinkinga ezinkulu zempilo, ngisho nokufa. Ngalesi sizathu, abantu futhi kudingeka bazivikele ekuhlaselweni kwabo lapho bengaphandle ngosizo lwabaphikisi, futhi bagcina imithetho eminingi yezokuphepha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma izibungu ze-gadfly zitholakala kumuntu ngesikhathi, ziyasuswa kuphela ngokuhlinzwa futhi amathuba okutheleleka komzimba akhishwe cishe. Uma isibungu sitholakala sekwephuze kakhulu, khona-ke ngezinga eliphakeme lezinkinga ngeke zigwenywe - i-sepsis iyaqala. Enye inkinga yomsebenzi wezibungu ngaphakathi komzimba womuntu kungaba ukusabela okweqile komzimba emzimbeni: kusuka ku-urticaria ejwayelekile kuya ekushayweni okubulalayo kwe-anaphylactic.
UGadfly akuyona nje impukane enkulu ecasulayo ongahlangana nayo ohambweni lokudoba, epaki noma e-dacha - iyisinambuzane esiyingozi kakhulu se-parasitic, inzalo yayo engadala ukulimala okukhulu kuyo yonke imfuyo nabantu, kepha, nokho, i-gadfly iyinto eyinqaba isidalwa esijabulisa kakhulu ukusifunda.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/31/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/31/2019 ngo-21: 06
