UMammoth - isilwane esaziwa kakhulu kuwo wonke umuntu ngenxa yesiko elidumile. Siyazi ukuthi babeyizidlakela ezinoboya ezanyamalala eminyakeni eminingi eyedlule. Kepha ama-mammoth anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene nezici ezihlukile zendawo yokuhlala, uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Mammoth
AmaMammoth yizilwane ezingasekho emndenini wezindlovu. Eqinisweni, uhlobo lwama-mammoth lubandakanya izinhlobo eziningana, ukuhlukaniswa kwazo okusaphikiswa ngakho ososayensi. Isibonelo, behluke ngosayizi (kwakukhona abantu abakhulu kakhulu nabancane), lapho kukhona uboya, kusakhiwo samazinyo, njll.
AmaMammoths aqothuka cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi eyedlule, ithonya lomuntu alishiywanga ngaphandle. Kunzima ukuthola ukuthi imammoth yokugcina yafa nini, ngoba ukuphela kwazo ezindaweni kwakungalingani - izinhlobo ezingasekho zamammoths kwelinye izwekazi noma esiqhingini zaqhubeka nokuphila kwesinye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isihlobo esiseduze sama-mammoth, esifana ne-physiology, yindlovu yase-Afrika.
Uhlobo lokuqala yi-mammoth yase-Afrika - izilwane ezicishe zingenaboya. Bavela ekuqaleni kwePliocene futhi bathuthela enyakatho - iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-3 basakazeka kabanzi kulo lonke elaseYurophu, bathola izici ezintsha zokuziphendukela kwemvelo - zinde ekukhuleni, bathola amazinyo amakhulu kakhulu nejazi elicebile.
Ividiyo: Mammoth
I-steppe yaqhamuka kulolu hlobo lwama-mammoths - yaya entshonalanga, yaya eMelika, yaqala ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-Columbus mammoth. Elinye igatsha lokuthuthukiswa kwe-steppe mammoth lahlala eSiberia - kwakuyizinhlobo zala mammoths ezazisakazeke kakhulu, futhi namuhla yilo olubonakala kakhulu.
Izinsalela zokuqala zatholakala eSiberia, kepha akubanga khona ngokushesha ukuzibona: zaziphanjaniswa ngamathambo ezindlovu. Kungo-1798 kuphela lapho izazi zemvelo zabona khona ukuthi ama-mammoth ayeluhlobo oluhlukile, kuphela eduze kwezindlovu zanamuhla.
Ngokuvamile, kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-mammoths:
- ENingizimu Afrika naseNyakatho Afrika, yehluke kancane ngosayizi;
- I-Romanesque - izinhlobo zokuqala ze-mammoth yaseYurophu;
- ama-mammoth aseningizimu - ahlala eYurophu nase-Asia;
- i-steppe mammoth, efaka ama-subspecies amaningana;
- Umammoth waseMelika;
- ISiberia Woolly Mammoth;
- isisu esincane esivela esiQhingini saseWrangel.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umamomoth
Ngenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo, ama-mammoth abukeka ehlukile. Zonke (kubandakanya nezincane) zazinkulu kunezindlovu: ubude obuphakathi kwakungamamitha amahlanu nohhafu, isisindo singafinyelela kumathani ayi-14. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-mammoth yemifino ingadlula ukuphakama kwamamitha amabili futhi isisindo kuze kube yithoni elilodwa - lezi zilinganiso zincane kakhulu kunezilinganiso zamanye ama-mammoths.
AmaMammoths ayephila ngenkathi yezilwane ezinkulu. Babenomzimba omkhulu, omkhulu ofana nomgqomo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye imilenze emide ezacile. Izindlebe zama-mammoths zazincane kunezindlovu zesimanje, kanti isiqu saso sasijiyile.
Wonke ama-mammoths ambozwe ngoboya, kepha inani lalihluka ngezinhlobo zezinhlobo. I-mammoth yase-Afrika yayinezinwele ezinde, ezincanyana ezilele ungqimba oluncane, kuyilapho i-mammoth enoboya yayinejazi elingenhla nebhantshi eliminyene. Yayimbozwe izinwele kusuka ekhanda kuye ozwaneni, kufaka phakathi isiqu nendawo yamehlo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izindlovu zesimanje azimboziwe neze ngama-bristles. Zihlanganiswe nama-mammoths ngokuba khona kwebhulashi emsileni.
AmaMammoth nawo ayehlukaniswa ngamazinyo amakhulu (aze afike kumamitha amane ubude futhi enesisindo esifinyelela kwikhulu lamakhilogremu), egobile angena ngaphakathi, njengezimpondo zenqama. Bobabili abesifazane nabesilisa babenamazinyo futhi kungenzeka bakhula impilo yonke. Umboko wemammoth wanwebeka ekugcineni, waphenduka waba uhlobo "lwefosholo" - ngakho-ke ama-mammoths ayengakhanda iqhwa nomhlaba efuna ukudla.
I-dimorphism yezocansi yazibonakalisa ngosayizi wama-mammoths - abesifazane babancane kakhulu kunabesilisa. Isimo esifanayo siyabonakala namuhla kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindlovu. I-hump ekubuneni kwama-mammoths isici. Ekuqaleni, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwakhiwa ngosizo lwama-vertebrae ahlanganisiwe, bese kuthi ososayensi kamuva bafinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi lawa ngamadiphozi amafutha adliwe yi-mammoth ngesikhathi sendlala, njengamakamela.
Wahlalaphi umammoth?
Isithombe: Mammoth eRussia
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezilwane, ama-mammoths ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Ama-mammoths okuqala ahlala abantu abaningi e-Afrika, bese kuba nabantu abaningi eYurophu, eSiberia futhi asabalala kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zamammmoths yilezi:
- Eningizimu naseYurophu Ephakathi;
- Iziqhingi zaseChukchi;
- China;
- IJapan, ikakhulukazi isiqhingi saseHokkaido;
- ISiberia neYakutia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-World Mammoth Museum yasungulwa eYakutsk. Ekuqaleni, lokhu kwakudalwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa eliphezulu laligcinwa eFar North ngesikhathi samammoth - kwakukhona i-dome-water dome eyayingavumeli ukuba umoya obandayo udlule. Ngisho nezingwadule zase-Arctic zamanje zazigcwele izitshalo.
Ukubanda kwenzeka kancane kancane, kwaqeda izinhlobo zezilwane ezazingenaso isikhathi sokuzivumelanisa - izingonyama ezinkulu nezindlovu ezingezona ezoboya. AmaMammoths asinqobile ngempumelelo isigaba sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, asele ukuhlala eSiberia ngendlela entsha. AmaMammoth aphila impilo yokuzulazula, efuna ukudla njalo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinsalela zama-mammoth zitholakala cishe kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, bakhetha ukuhlala emigodini eseduze nemifula namachibi ukuze bazitholele umthombo wamanzi njalo.
Yini eyadliwa mammoth?
Isithombe: AmaMammoth emvelweni
Isiphetho singadonswa ngokudla kwesilwane esikhulu ngokuya ngesakhiwo samazinyo aso nokwakheka koboya. Ama-molamm mamars ayetholakala eyodwa engxenyeni ngayinye yomhlathi. Ayebanzi futhi eyisicaba, agugile phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwesilwane. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye zazinzima kunezindlovu zanamuhla, zazinoqweqwe olujiyile loqweqwe lwawo.
Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi omammoth badla ukudla okunzima. Amazinyo aguqulwa cishe kanye eminyakeni eyisithupha - okuvame kakhulu, kepha lokhu kuvama kungenxa yesidingo sokuhlafuna njalo ukungapheli kokudla. Ama-mammoth adle kakhulu ngoba umzimba wawo omkhulu ubudinga amandla amaningi. Kwakuyizilwane ezidla imifino. Isimo sesiqu sama-mammoths aseningizimu sinciphile, okusikisela ukuthi ama-mammoth angadabula utshani obungavamile futhi akhiphe amagatsha ezihlahleni.
Ama-mammoths aseNyakatho, ikakhulukazi ama-mammoths anoboya, ayenomphetho obanzi wesiqu namazinyo athophayo. Ngezimpondo zabo, babekwazi ukusabalalisa imvula yeqhwa, kuthi ngesiqu sabo esibanzi, bakwazi ukuphula uqweqwe lweqhwa ukuze bafinyelele ekudleni. Kukhona nokucabanga ukuthi bangalidabula iqhwa ngezinyawo zabo, njengoba kwenza izinyamazane zanamuhla - imilenze yama-mammoths yayizacile ngomzimba kunezindlovu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isisu esigcwele semammoth singadlula isisindo esingu-240 kg.
Ezinyangeni ezifudumele, ama-mammoth adla utshani obuluhlaza nokudla okuthambile.
Ukudla kwama-mammoth ebusika kufaka phakathi izithako ezilandelayo:
- okusanhlamvu;
- utshani obufriziwe nobomile;
- amagatsha ezihlahla athambile, amagxolo abangawahlanza ngawo ngezimpondo;
- amajikijolo;
- ubulembu, ubulembu;
- amahlumela ezihlahla - i-birch, willow, alder.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: AmaMammoth
AmaMammoths ayeyizilwane ezihlangene. Ukutholwa kweMisa kwezinsalela zabo kusikisela ukuthi babenomholi, futhi imvamisa kwakungowesifazane osekhulile. Abesilisa bahlala kude nomhlambi, benza umsebenzi wokuvikela. Abesilisa abasebancane babencamela ukuzakhela imihlambi emincane futhi bahlale emaqenjini anjalo. Njengezindlovu, ama-mammoth cishe ayenobukhosi obuqinile bomhlambi. Kwakukhona owesilisa omkhulu ohlonishwayo owayekwazi ukukhwelana nabo bonke abesifazane. Abanye besilisa babehlala ngokwehlukana, kepha bangaphikisana nelungelo lakhe lokuba ngumholi.
Abesifazane nabo babenobukhosi babo: owesifazane omdala wabeka inkambo lapho umhlambi uhamba khona, wafuna izindawo ezintsha zokudla, futhi wakhomba izitha ezisondelayo. Izinsikazi ezindala zazihlonishwa phakathi kwama-mammoths, zazithenjwa ukuthi "zingancelisa" abasha. Njengezindlovu, ama-mammoth ayenobudlelwano obusondelene bokukhulumisana, ayazi ngobuhlobo phakathi komhlambi.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka ngezikhathi ezithile, imihlambi eminingana yama-mammoth yahlangana yaba yinto eyodwa, bese isibalo sabantu sangaphezulu kwekhulu. Eqoqweni elinjalo, ama-mammoth abhubhisa zonke izitshalo ezisendleleni yawo, azidla. Emihlambini emincane, ama-mammoth ahamba amabanga amafushane eyofuna ukudla. Ngenxa yokufuduka okufushane futhi okude kwesizini, sekuzinze ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba futhi bakhula baba yizinhlobo ezihluke kancane komunye nomunye.
Njengezindlovu, ama-mammoths ayeyizilwane ezihamba kancane futhi ezi-phlegmatic. Ngenxa yobukhulu babo, besaba cishe akukho songo. Abakhombisanga ubudlwangudlwangu obungenangqondo, kanti omammoth abancane bebengaze babaleke uma kunengozi. I-physiology yama-mammoths iwavumele ukuba agijime, kepha hhayi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Mammoth Cub
Ngokusobala, ama-mammoths abenesikhathi sokuguga, esawela esikhathini esifudumele. Cishe, inkathi yokuzalanisa iqale entwasahlobo noma ehlobo, lapho ama-mammoth engadingi ukufuna njalo ukudla. Bese kuthi abesilisa baqale ukulwela izinsikazi ezisencane. Owesilisa ovelele wayevikela ilungelo lakhe lokukhwelana nabesifazane, kuyilapho abesifazane bengakhetha noma yimuphi owesilisa abathandayo. Njengezindlovu, omammoths besifazane nabo ngokwabo bangaxosha abesilisa ababengabathandi.
Kunzima ukusho ukuthi ukukhulelwa okunamandla kwaphela isikhathi esingakanani. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingahlala isikhathi eside kunaleyo yezindlovu - ngaphezulu kweminyaka emibili, ngoba ngesikhathi se-gigantism isikhathi sokuphila kwezilwane ezincelisayo besiside. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlala esimweni sezulu esibi, ama-mammoth angakhulelwa okufishane kunezindlovu - cishe unyaka nohhafu. Umbuzo wesikhathi sokukhulelwa kuma-mammoths uhlala uvulekile. Ama-mammoths wezingane atholakale emakhazeni eqhwa afakazela izici eziningi zokuvuthwa kwalezi zilwane. AmaMammoth azalwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ekufudumaleni kokuqala, futhi kubantu abasenyakatho, umzimba wonke ekuqaleni wawumbozwe ngoboya, okungukuthi, ama-mammoths azalwa enoboya.
Okutholakele phakathi kwemihlambi yama-mammoth kukhombisa ukuthi izingane zama-mammoths zazivamile - bonke abesifazane babenakekela ingane ngayinye. Kwakhiwa uhlobo "lwenkulisa", ama-mammoth ayondla futhi avikelwa kuqala ngabesifazane, bese kuba ngabesilisa abakhulu. Ukuhlasela izinyane le-mammoth kwakunzima ngenxa yesivikelo esinamandla kangako. AmaMammoth ayenamandla amahle nosayizi omuhle. Ngenxa yalokhu, bona kanye nabantu abadala, bathuthele amabanga amade esevele ekwindla.
Izitha zemvelo zama-mammoths
Isithombe: Mammoth Woolly
AmaMammoth ayengabamele abakhulu bezilwane zenkathi yabo, ngakho-ke babengenazo izitha eziningi. Vele, abantu badlale indima enkulu ekuzingeleni ama-mammoth. Abantu babekwazi kuphela ukuzingela abantu abasha, abadala noma abagulayo ababephambukile emhlambini, ababengakwazi ukunqaba.
Kwezimammoths nezinye izilwane ezinkulu (ngokwesibonelo, i-Elasmotherium), abantu bemba izimbobo ezinamachashaza ezansi. Kwabe sekuthi iqembu labantu lashayela isilwane lapho, lenza imisindo emikhulu futhi lasijikijela ngemikhonto. Umammoth wawela ogibeni, lapho alimala khona kabi nalapho ayengakwazi ukuphuma khona. Lapho waqedelwa ngokujikijela izikhali.
Ngesikhathi sePleistocene, ama-mammoth angahlangana namabhere, amabhubesi emigede, izingulule ezinkulu nama-hyena. AmaMammoths azivikele ngobuciko esebenzisa amabamba, umboko nosayizi wawo. Bangakwazi ukutshala umhlaseli kalula emabunzini abo, bayilahle eceleni, noma bamane bayinyathele. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezidlayo zazikhetha ukuzikhethela izilwane ezincane kunalezi zidlakela.
Ngesikhathi se-Holocene, ama-mammoth abhekene nezidalwa ezilandelayo, ezingancintisana nazo ngamandla nosayizi:
- AmaSmilodon neGomotheria ahlasele abantu ababuthakathaka emihlambini emikhulu, babekwazi ukulandela phansi amawundlu asele ngemuva komhlambi;
- imigede yamabhere yayiyisigamu nje kuphela sobukhulu bama-mammoth amakhulu;
- Umzingeli omkhulu kwakungu-Andrewsarch, owayefana nebhere noma impisi enkulu. Ubungako bazo bungafinyelela kumamitha amane ekubuneni, okwabenza baba yizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhathi.
Manje uyazi ukuthi kungani ama-mammoth afa. Ake sibone ukuthi zaziphi izinsalela zesilwane sasendulo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isibumbu esikhulu
Akukho mbono ongangabazeki wokuthi kungani ama-mammoth aqothulwa.
Namuhla kunezinkolelo ezimbili ezivamile:
- Abazingeli abaphezulu be-Paleolithic babhubhisa inani elikhulu labamnyama futhi bavimbela abancane ukuba bakhule babe ngabantu abadala. I-hypothesis isekelwa okutholakele - izinsalela eziningi zama-mammoth ezindaweni zabantu basendulo;
- ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke, isikhathi sezikhukhula, ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu okubukhali kwabhubhisa izindawo zamabele zama-mammoths, yingakho, ngenxa yokufuduka okuqhubekayo, zingazange zondle futhi zingazalanga.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Phakathi kwemibono engathandeki yokuqothulwa kwama-mammoth ukuwa kwe-comet nezifo ezinkulu, ngenxa yokuthi lezi zilwane zaphela. Imibono ayisekelwa ochwepheshe. Abaxhasi balo mbono bathi eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi inani lama mammoth lalikhula, ngakho-ke abantu babengeke bakwazi ukulibhubhisa ngobuningi. Inqubo yokuqothula yaqala ngokungazelelwe ngisho nangaphambi kokusakazeka kwabantu.
Esifundeni saseKhanty-Mansiysk, kwatholakala umgogodla omkhulu, owagwazwa yithuluzi lomuntu. Lokhu kwathonya ukuvela kwemibono emisha yokuqothulwa kwama-mammoth, futhi kwandisa ukuqonda kwalezi zilwane nobudlelwano bazo nabantu. Abavubukuli baphetha ngokuthi ukuphazamiseka kwe-anthropogenic nabantu kwakungeke kwenzeke ngoba ama-mammoth ayizilwane ezinkulu futhi ezivikelekile. Abantu bazingela amawundlu kuphela futhi babuthakathaka abantu. AmaMammoths ayezingelwa ikakhulukazi ngenhloso yokwenza amathuluzi aqinile avela ezinduneni nasemathanjeni awo, hhayi ngenxa yesikhumba nenyama.
Esiqhingini saseWrangel, abavubukuli bathola uhlobo lwezinambuzane ezahlukile ezilwaneni ezijwayelekile ezinkulu. Lawa kwakungamamammoth amancane ayehlala esiqhingini esikude kude nabantu nezilwane ezinkulu. Iqiniso lokuqothulwa kwabo nalo lihlala liyindida. Omama abaningi esifundeni saseNovosibirsk bafa ngenxa yendlala yamaminerali, yize babezingelwa lapho ngabantu. AmaMammoths aphethwe yisifo sohlaka lwamathambo, esivele ngenxa yokushoda kwezinto ezibalulekile emzimbeni. Ngokuvamile, izinsalela zama-mammoth ezitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomhlaba zikhombisa izizathu ezahlukahlukene zokuqothulwa kwazo.
UMammoth itholwe icishe iphelele futhi ingaqediwe ezinguzungeni zeqhwa. Igcinwe endaweni eyiqhwa ngendlela eyiyo, enikeza ububanzi bokutadisha kwayo. Izazi zofuzo zibheka ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kuphindwe kwenziwe ama-mammoths avela ezintweni zofuzo ezitholakalayo - ukuze zikhule lezi zilwane futhi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-20: 58
