Namathela isinambuzane - isidalwa esimangalisayo sentshisekelo kubadali bemvelo. Cishe izinhlobo ezingama-2500 zalezi zinambuzane zakha ukuhleleka kwezipoki. Ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo, zaziwa njengamakhosi wokuzifihla (ukulingisa). Izinambuzane zokunamathela ngobuciko zilingisa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene zohlaza: iziqu eziluhlaza, amahlamvu amahle, amagatsha omisiwe. Lo mkhuba uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-phytomimicry, ohunyushwe ukusuka esiGrekini usho ukuthi iphyton - isitshalo, nemimikos - ukulingisa. Abesifazane bezinhlobo ezithile bazala nge-parthenogenesis, okusho ukuthi abasha baphuma emaqandeni angenamvumba ngokuphelele.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Namathela isinambuzane
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezipoki (i-Phasmatodea) kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwamalungu ayo abuqondakali kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunokungaqondani okuningi ngamagama we-ordinal wamalungu aleli qembu. Ngakho-ke, intela yentela yezinambuzane ezinamathele ingaphansi kwezinguquko ezivamile futhi kwesinye isikhathi iphikisana kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kutholakala izinhlobo ezintsha njalo. Ngokwesilinganiso, selokhu kwaphela ikhulu lama-20, kuvela ama-taxa amasha amaningi minyaka yonke. Imiphumela ivame ukubuyekezwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ephepheni elashicilelwa ngo-2004 ngu-Oliver Zompro, iTimematodea yasuswa emgqeni wezinambuzane ezinamathele yafakwa ePlecoptera nase-Embioptera. Ngo-2008 kuphela, kwenziwa eminye imisebenzi emikhulu emibili, okwathi, ngaphezu kokudala i-taxa entsha iye ezingeni lomndeni, nayo yaholela ekwabiweni kabusha kwama-taxa amaningi ezingeni lomndeni.
Izinambuzane ezindala kakhulu zezinduku zitholakala eTriassic e-Australia. Amalungu okuqala omndeni atholakala naseBaltic, eDominican naseMexico (kusuka ku-Eocene kuya eMiocene). Ezimweni eziningi, lezi yizibungu. Kusuka emndenini wezinsalela zakudala i-Archipseudophasma tidae, isibonelo, izinhlobo ze-Archipseudophasma phoenix, iSucinophasma blattodeophila kanye ne-Pseudoperla gracilipes ezivela e-Baltic amber ziyachazwa.
Njengamanje, kuya ngomthombo, izinhlobo eziningi zithathwa njengezinhlobo olufanayo nezinhlobo ezibalwe ngenhla noma, njengeBalticophasma lineata, zifakwa ohlotsheni lwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, izinsalela zamathambo zibuye zikhombise ukuthi izipoki bake baba nendawo ebanzi kakhulu yesenzeko. Ngakho-ke, enkwalini yaseMessel (eJalimane), kwatholakala umbhalo wepheshana elibizwa nge-Eophyllium messelensis, elineminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-47 ubudala.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isinambuzane senduku
Ubude besinambuzane esinamathele busuka ku-1.5 cm kuye ngaphezu kuka-30 cm ubude. Izinhlobo ezinamandla kakhulu yi-Heteropteryx dilatata, abesifazane abangaba nesisindo esingafika kumagremu angama-65. Ezinye izipoki zingama-cylindrical, zimise okwezinduku, kanti ezinye ziyisicaba, zimile okweqabunga. Izinhlobo eziningi zingenamaphiko noma zinamaphiko ancishisiwe. Izimbambo zezinhlobo ezinamaphiko zimfushane kakhulu kunezinhlobo ezingenamaphiko. Ezimweni ezinamaphiko, amaphiko amabili okuqala anciphile futhi enziwe nge-keratinized, kanti izimpiko zangemuva zibanzi, zinemithambo eqondile ngobude nemithambo eminingi eguqukayo.
Ividiyo: Namathela isinambuzane
Imihlathi ehlafunwayo iyafana ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinambuzane ezinamathele. Imilenze mide futhi mincane. Ezinye zazo ziyakwazi ukuqeda i-autotomy (ukuvuselelwa kabusha). Ezinye zinezimpondo ezinde ezacile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane zinezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamehlo, kodwa izitho ezizwela ukukhanya zitholakala kuphela emadodeni ambalwa anamaphiko. Banesistimu ebonakalayo ebabazekayo ebavumela ukuthi babone imininingwane ezungezile noma ngabe kumnyama, okuhambisana nempilo yabo yasebusuku.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izinambuzane ezinamathelayo zizalwa zinamehlo amancane ayinkimbinkimbi anenani elilinganiselwe lezici. Njengoba zikhula ngokusebenzisa ama-molts alandelanayo, inani lezici esweni ngalinye liyakhula ngenani lamaseli we-photoreceptor. Ukuzwela kweso lomuntu omdala kuphindwe kayishumi kuneso leso lengane esanda kuzalwa.
Njengoba iso liba yinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, izindlela zokuzivumelanisa nezinguquko ezimnyama / ezikhanyayo nazo ziyathuthuka. Amehlo amakhulu ezinambuzane ezindala azenza zithambekele kakhulu ekulimaleni kwemisebe. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani abantu abadala behamba ebusuku. Ukuzwela okunciphile ekukhanyeni ezinambuzaneni ezisanda kuvela kuyabasiza ukuba bagqashule emaqabungeni awile abachamusele kuwo, futhi bakhuphukele phezulu emaqabungeni akhanyayo.
Isinambuzane esisendaweni yokuzivikela sisesimweni se-catalepsy, esibonakala ngokuthi "ukuguquguquka oku-waxy komzimba." Uma lesi sinambuzane senduku sinikezwa ukuma ngalesi sikhathi, sizohlala kuso isikhathi eside. Ngisho nokususa ingxenye eyodwa yomzimba ngeke kuthinte isimo sayo. Ama-pads ezinyawo ezinamathelayo enzelwe ukuhlinzeka ngokudonsa okwengeziwe lapho kukhuphuka, kepha awasetshenziswa enhlabathini eqondile
Sihlala kuphi isinambuzane senduku?
Isithombe: Namathela isinambuzane
Lesi sinambuzane senduku sitholakala ezindaweni zemvelo emhlabeni jikelele, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica nePatagonia. Ziningi kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zitholakala e-Southeast Asia naseNingizimu Melika, zilandelwa yi-Australia, i-Central America kanye ne-United States eseningizimu. Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-300 zihlala esiqhingini saseBorneo, okuyenza indawo ecebe kunayo yonke emhlabeni ngezindaba ezethusayo (Phasmatodea).
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-1,500 ezaziwayo esifundeni esisempumalanga, nezinhlobo eziyi-1 000 ezitholakala ezifundeni ze-neotropical nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-440 e-Australia. Kulo lonke uhla, inani lezinhlobo eMadagascar nakuyo yonke i-Afrika, kanye naseMpumalanga Eseduze kuya ePalaearctic, liyancipha. Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa kuphela zezinhlobo zemvelo eMedithera naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Olunye lohlobo lwezinambuzane ezinamathele ezihlala eSoutheast Asia, isinambuzane esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Abesifazane bohlobo lohlobo lwePhobaeticus yizinambuzane ezinde kunazo zonke emhlabeni, ezinobude obungu-56.7 cm ngokuphelele kuPhobaeticus chani, kufaka phakathi nemilenze enwetshiwe.
Izindawo eziluhlaza ezinomsoco zinabantu abaningi kakhulu. Amahlathi yiwona aphambili, futhi ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ezindaweni ezomile, inani lezinhlobo zezilwane liyancipha, kanye nasezintabeni eziphakeme, futhi ngenxa yalokho izifunda ezibandayo. Abamele uhlobo lweMonticomorpha banebanga elikhulu kunawo wonke futhi basatholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-5000 eduze nolayini weqhwa e-Ecuadorian volcano Cotopaxi.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona lesi sinambuzane senduku. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edliwa yisinambuzane senduku?
Isithombe: Namathela izinambuzane emvelweni
Zonke izipoki zingama-phytophages, okungukuthi, ama-herbivores. Ezinye zazo zingama-monophage akhethekile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezitshalo noma amaqembu ezitshalo, ngokwesibonelo, i-Oreophoetes Peruana, edla kuphela amafern. Ezinye izinhlobo zingabadli abangazikhetheli kakhulu futhi zibhekwa njengezinambuzane ezidla imifino edlayo. Ukudla, imvamisa bahamba ngobuvila kuphela phakathi kwezitshalo zokudla. Emini, bahlala endaweni eyodwa bacashe ezitshalweni zokudla noma emhlabathini ungqimba lwamaqabunga, kuthi lapho kuqala ubumnyama baqale ukukhombisa umsebenzi.
Izinambuzane ezinamathelayo zidla amaqabunga ezihlahla nezihlahlana, zibabambe ngomhlathi oqinile. Zondla ebusuku ukugwema izitha ezinkulu. Kodwa ngisho nobumnyama obuqhubekayo abuqinisekisi ukuphepha okuphelele ezinambuzaneni, ngakho izipoki ziziphatha ngokucophelela okukhulu, zizama ukudala umsindo omncane. Izinhlobo eziningi zondla zodwa, kepha ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezinamathele e-Australia zihamba ngemihlambi emikhulu futhi zingabhubhisa wonke amaqabunga asendleleni yazo.
Njengoba amalungu e-oda angama-phytophages, izinhlobo ezithile zingabonakala njengezilokazane ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, ezingadini zezitshalo zaseYurophu Ephakathi, ngezikhathi ezithile kutholakala izinambuzane ezikwazile ukubaleka futhi zibaleke njengezilokazane. Kutholakale: isinambuzane senduku esivela eNdiya (Carausius morosus), esivela eVietnam (Artemis), kanye nesinambuzane iSipyloidea Sipylus, esidale umonakalo omkhulu, ngokwesibonelo. B. eNsimini Yezitshalo yaseMunich. Ingozi yokuphunyuka ezilwaneni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo, iphezulu impela; ubudlelwane bezinhlobo ezithile noma amaqembu aphelele ezinambuzane budinga ucwaningo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isinambuzane senduku esivela eRed Book
Izinambuzane ezinamathelayo, njengezintambo zokuthandaza, zibonisa ukunyakaza okuthile okuzamazama, lapho lesi sinambuzane senza ukunyakaza okunesigqi, okuphindaphindayo ukusuka kolunye uhlangothi. Incazelo ejwayelekile yalo msebenzi wokuziphatha ukuthi iqinisa i-crypsis ngokulingisa izimila ezihamba emoyeni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhamba kungabaluleke kakhulu njengoba kuvumela izinambuzane ukuthi zihlukanise izinto kusuka ngemuva ngokuhamba okuhlobene.
Ukunyakaza okunyakazayo kwalezi zinambuzane ezihlala phansi kungathatha indawo yokundiza noma ukugijima njengomthombo wokunyakaza okuhlobene nokubasiza ukuhlukanisa izinto ngaphambili. Ezinye izinambuzane ezinamathelayo, njenge-Anisomorpha buprestoides, kwesinye isikhathi zakha amaqembu amaningi. Lezi zinambuzane ziye zabonwa zihlangana emini endaweni ecashile, zihambahamba ebusuku ziyoklaba bese zibuyela endaweni yazo yokuhlala ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa. Lokhu kuziphatha akuqondakali kahle, nokuthi izinambuzane zikuthola kanjani ukubuya kwazo akwaziwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isikhathi sokukhula kwemibungu eqandeni, kuya ngohlobo, cishe kusuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya kweziyishumi nambili, ezimweni ezehlukile kuze kube yiminyaka emithathu. Inzalo iphenduka izinambuzane ezindala ngemuva kwezinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyishumi nambili. Ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezikhanyayo futhi kaningi ziyehluka ngombala kubazali bazo. Izinhlobo ezingenawo noma ezinombala onolaka omncane zibonisa imibala ekhanyayo yabazali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngokwesibonelo eParamenexenus laetus noma eMearnsiana bullosa.
Ezipoki, abesifazane abadala bahlala ngokwesilinganiso eside kakhulu kunabesilisa, okungukuthi kusuka ezinyangeni ezintathu kuya onyakeni, kanti abesilisa imvamisa kuphela izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezinhlanu. Ezinye zezinambuzane ezinamathele ziphila isikhathi esingangenyanga kuphela. Ubudala obukhulu kakhulu oburekhodiwe, eminyakeni engaphezu kwemihlanu, bufinyelelwe ngowesifazane wase-Haaniella scabra obanjwe endle ovela eSabakh. Ngokuvamile, amalungu amaningi omndeni wakwaHetropterygigae aqine ngokwedlulele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Giant stick insect
Ukukhwelana kwezinambuzane ezinamathele kwamanye ngababili kuyamangalisa ngesikhathi saso. Umlando wezinambuzane ukhombisa uhlobo lweNecroscia, olutholakala eNdiya, ngemidlalo yokukhwelana ehlala izinsuku ezingama-79. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukuthatha isikhundla sokukhwelana izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amasonto ngokulandelana. Futhi ezinhlotsheni ezinjengeDiapheromera veliei ne-D. covilleae, ukukhwelana kungahlala emahoreni amathathu kuya kwayi-136. Ukulwa phakathi kwamadoda ancintisanayo kuyabonakala ku-D. veiliei nase-D. covilleae. Ngesikhathi sokuhlangana, indlela yomphikisi iphoqa owesilisa ukuthi asebenzise isisu sowesifazane ukuvimba indawo yokunamathisela.
Ngezikhathi ezithile, owesifazane ushaya umuntu ancintisana naye. Imvamisa ukubamba okuqinile esiswini sowesifazane nokushaya kumhlaseli kwanele ukunqanda ukuncintisana okungafuneki, kepha kwesinye isikhathi umuntu oncintisana naye usebenzisa amaqhinga obuhlakani ukusabalalisa insikazi. Ngenkathi umlingani wesifazane esondla futhi ephoqeleka ukuthi akhulule isikhala somgogodla, umhlaseli angabamba isisu sowesifazane bese efaka isitho sakhe sangasese. Imvamisa, lapho isigebengu sithola ukufinyelela esiswini sowesifazane, kuphumela ekushintsheni komlingani wangaphambilini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Iningi lezinambuzane ezinamathele, ngaphezu kwendlela ejwayelekile yokuzalanisa, zingakhiqiza inzalo ngaphandle kozakwethu, zizalela amaqanda angenamvumba. Ngakho-ke, akuxhomekile kwabesilisa, njengoba ukukhulelwa kungadingeki. Endabeni ye-parthenogenesis ezenzakalelayo, iqoqo lama-chromosomes ama-haploid weseli leqanda, izingane zizalwa zinamakhophi ngqo kamama.
Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo nokuba khona kwalezi zinhlobo, ukubamba iqhaza kwabesilisa kuyadingeka ukufaka umanyolo kwamanye amaqanda. Kulula ukuthi izinambuzane ezinamathele ezihlala emihlambini zithole abalingani - kunzima kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezijwayele ukuba zodwa. Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo bakhipha ama-pheromones akhethekile avumela ukuba ahehe abesilisa. Emasontweni amabili emva kokukhulelwa, owesifazane ubekela amaqanda amakhulu, afana nembewu (kwenye indawo aze afike ku-300). Inzalo ephuma eqandeni ngemuva kokuqedwa kwe-metamorphosis ivame ukufika emthonjeni wokudla ngokushesha.
Izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane ezinamathele
Isithombe: Namathela isinambuzane
Izitha ezinkulu zalezi zipoki yizinyoni ezifuna ukudla otshanini, kanye naphakathi kwamaqabunga namagatsha. Isu lokuzivikela eliyinhloko lezinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane ezinamathelayo ukufihla, noma kunalokho ukulingisa izingxenye ezifile noma eziphilayo zezitshalo.
Imvamisa, izinambuzane ezinamathelayo ziphendukela kulezi zindlela zokuvikela ukufihla:
- hlala unganyakazi noma uthintwa futhi ungazami ukubaleka noma ukumelana;
- shintsha, ulingisa izingxenye ezinyakazayo zezitshalo emoyeni;
- shintsha umbala wabo wokukhanya kwemini ube mnyama ebusuku ngenxa yokukhishwa kwamahomoni. Ithonya lamahomoni lingaholela ekuqongeleleni noma ekwandeni okusanhlamvu okubomvu okusawolintshi kumaseli anemibala yesikhumba, okuholela ekushintsheni kombala;
- umane ucwile emhlabathini lapho kunzima ukuwabona phakathi kwezinye izingxenye zesitshalo;
- ngokushesha awele phansi, bese, ebamba umzuzwana, abaleke ngokushesha;
- ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane zethusa abahlaseli ngokwelula amaphiko azo ukuze zibonakale zinkulu;
- abanye benza umsindo ngamaphiko abo noma ngama-tentacles;
- Ukugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye, izinhlobo eziningi zingachitha imilenze ngazinye ezindaweni ezihlukanisiwe zokuqhekeka phakathi kwendandatho yethanga nethanga futhi zicishe zizibuyisele ngokuphelele ngesikhathi sesikhumba esilandelayo (ukuvuselelwa kabusha).
Futhi, izipoki zinalokho okuthiwa yizindlala zempi. Lezi zinhlobo zikhipha uketshezi lwazo lwamanzi ngezimbobo zesifuba, ezitholakala ngaphezu kwemilenze yangaphambili. Izimfihlo zinganuka ziqinile futhi zivame ukungathandeki, noma ziqukethe amakhemikhali abukhali kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi amalungu omndeni wakwaPseudophasmatidae anezinyosi ezinolaka ezivame ukubola futhi ikakhulukazi ulwelwesi lwamafinyila.
Elinye isu elijwayelekile lezinhlobo ezinkulu ezinjenge-Eurycanthini, i-Extatosomatinae, neHeteropteryginae ukukhahlela izitha. Izilwane ezinjalo zelula imilenze yazo yangemuva, zitshalwe emoyeni, futhi zihlala kule ndawo kuze kufike isitha. Ngemuva kwalokho bashaya umphikisi ngemilenze yabo ehlanganisiwe. Le nqubo iyaphindwa ngezikhathi ezingajwayelekile kuze kube yilapho umphikisi ezinikela noma ebhajwe, okungaba buhlungu impela ngenxa yezipikili emilenzeni yangemuva.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isinambuzane senduku
Izinhlobo ezine zibhalwe kwiRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, izinhlobo ezimbili zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, olunye uhlobo lubalwa njengolusengozini, kanti olunye lushabalele.
Lezi zinhlobo zifaka:
- UCarausius scotti - onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa, ubhebhetheka esiqhingini esincane saseSilhouette, esiyingxenye yeziqhingi zaseSeychelles;
- I-Dryococelus australis - isengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Kwacekelwa phansi impela eL Lord Howe Island (Pacific Ocean) ngamagundane alethwa lapho. Kamuva, ngenxa yezibonelo ezisanda kutholakala, kwaqaliswa uhlelo lokuzalela izithunjwa;
- IGraeffea seychellensis uhlobo olucishe luphele olutholakala eSeychelles;
- I-Pseudobactricia ridleyi iyinhlobo engasekho ngokuphelele. Manje seyaziwa ngesibonelo kuphela esatholwa eminyakeni eyikhulu eyedlule ezindaweni ezishisayo eziseNhlonhlweni yaseMalay eSingapore.
Ukulimala okukhulu kwamahlathi kungenzeka, ikakhulukazi kuma-monoculture. Ukusuka e-Australia kuya e-Ningizimu Melika, kwethulwe izinhlobo ze-Echetlus evoneobertii e-eucalyptus yaseBrazil - amasimu ayo asengozini enkulu. E-Australia uqobo, iDidymuria violescens ivamise ukubanga umonakalo emahlathini asezintabeni eNew South Wales naseVictoria njalo eminyakeni emibili. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1963, amakhulukhulu amakhilomitha-skwele wehlathi likagamthilini akenzakaliswa ngokuphelele.
Namathela unogada wezinambuzane
Isithombe: Isinambuzane senduku esivela eRed Book
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngokusongelwa kwabantu abayizipoki ngenxa yendlela yokuphila eyimfihlo. Kodwa-ke, ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokwethulwa kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ngokuvamile kunomthelela omkhulu ezinhlotsheni ezihlala ezindaweni ezincane kakhulu, njengeziqhingi noma izindawo zemvelo. Ukuvela kwegundane elinsundu esiQhingini iLord Howe ngo-1918kwaholela ekutheni sonke isibalo sabantu baseDryococelus australis sasithathwa njengesiphelile ngo-1930. Ukutholakala kwenani labantu elingaphansi kwezilwane ezingama-30 amakhilomitha angama-23 ukusuka esiqhingini esingumakhelwane, iPhiramidi likaBall, okufakazele ukusinda kwalo. Ngenxa yobuncane besibalo sabantu futhi ngenxa yokuthi indawo yokuhlala yezilwane etholakala lapho yayinganiselwe ku-6 mx 30 m kuphela, kwathathwa isinqumo sokwenza uhlelo lokuzalisa.
Ukuvakashelwa okuphindaphindwayo ezindaweni ezithile kukhombisa ukuthi lesi akusona isigameko esizimele. Ngakho-ke, iParapachymorpha spinosa yatholwa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 eduze kwesiteshi sasePak Chong eThailand. Ezinhlotsheni ezinokusatshalaliswa okuncane, izinyathelo zokuzivikela ziqaliswa ngochwepheshe nabathandi. Kutholakale ngo-2004 enyakatho yePeru, i-velvet beetle (iPeruphasma schultei) itholakala endaweni engamahektha amahlanu kuphela.
Njengoba kunezinye izinhlobo eziphilayo kule ndawo, ivikelwe uhulumeni wasePeruvia. I-NGO INIBICO (inhlangano yezemvelo yasePeruvia) ibiyingxenye yenhlangano esiza abantulayo. Iphrojekthi yezakhamizi zaseCordillera del Condor National Park nayo isiqalile uhlelo lokuzalisa velvet freak. Le phrojekthi, obekufanele iqale ukusebenza ngaphambi kokuphela kuka-2007, yayihlose ukonga noma ukuthengisa uhhafu wenzalo. Ngenxa yabalandeli bama-phasmid, lolu hlobo selugcinwe kuhlu lwalo kuze kube namuhla. induku isinambuzane ingenye yama-phasmid avame kakhulu ku-terrarium.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/24/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-19: 47
