UMule Ingabe isilwane esizalelwe ezimweni zokufakelwa ngabalimi. Umnyuzi uyinhlanganisela yehhashi nembongolo. Isilwane safuywa ngokushesha okukhulu nangempumelelo. Ama-mules azalwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo emazweni amaningi omhlaba. Zisetshenziswa ngabantu njengabasebenzi ukwenza umsebenzi onzima. Isibalo esiqondile salezi zilwane asikaziwa okwamanje. Kwakunalezi zilwane ezazingamaqhawe ezinganekwane eziningi, izindaba nezimfihlakalo. Emithonjeni eminingi yezincwadi, itholakala ngaphansi kwegama elithi umnyuzi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Mule
Kunzima ukubiza isikhathi esiqondile imvelaphi yesilwane. Ukukhulunywa okokuqala kwalo ku-480 BC. Umnyuzi wachazwa okokuqala nguHerodotus embhalweni okhuluma ngokuhlaselwa kweNkosi uXerxes eGrisi. Ukuze kuzalwe uhlobo olusha lwezilwane, izazi zezilwane nabafuyi bawela amahhashi nezimbongolo zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.
Iningi lososayensi nabaphenyi bathi ngokuzethemba ukuthi kuwo wonke umlando wokuzalela izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane, iminyuzi yiyona ephumelele kakhulu. Ngo-1938, inani lalezi zilwane lalicishe libe yizigidi eziyi-15. Zinezinzuzo eziningi ezingenakuphikwa, kepha azikho ngaphandle kokubi okuthile. Okuyinhloko futhi cishe okuwukuphela kwento ebuyayo ngukuzala kwezilwane. Izazi zofuzo zifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi isizathu salesi senzakalo sisekusethweni ethile ye-chromosome. Iminyuzi izuze ngazimbili ama-32 ama-chromosomes kumahhashi, ngenkathi imbongolo izuze ngazimbili ama-31 ama-chromosomes. Isamba sisethi esingabhangqiwe.
Ividiyo: Mule
Mayelana nalokhu, ososayensi banquma ukuhlanganisa lesi silwane. Ngo-2003, umnyuzi wahlanganiswa ngempumelelo waqanjwa ngokuthi uJim. Ngokokuqala ngqá, izinqwaba zeminyuzi zakhiqizwa ngenhloso eMelika ngesinyathelo sikaGeorge Washington. Abantu ngokushesha bathola izinhlangothi eziningi ezinhle: ukukhuthazela, ukuzola, ukusebenza kanzima. Ngemuva kwalokho, izilwane zilethwe emazweni ahlukahlukene eNingizimu naseNyakatho Melika, e-Asia, eYurophu, e-Afrika, njll. Imibiko yomlando ikhombisa ukuthi lezi zilwane zakhishwa ngenhloso yokuhlela imiqhudelwano eyayibanjelwe e-Medieval Europe. Babekwazi ukumelana nama-knights ezembatho ezinzima kakhulu isikhathi eside.
Kunobufakazi bokuthi ngo-1495 uChristopher Columbus wazala iminyuzi ngezandla zakhe ezwenikazi alitholile. Yena uqobo waletha izilwane ayezifuyile eCuba naseMexico. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, abesifazane bebesetshenziselwa ukugibela amahhashi, kanti abesilisa bebesetshenziselwa ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Umnyuzi Wezilwane
Ngaphandle, iminyuzi inezici zesici sehhashi nembongolo. Ukuba ngumzimba nomzimba kwavela ehhashini, nokuma kwekhanda, hhayi izitho ezinde kakhulu, nentamo yazuzwa njengembongolo. Izindlebe zivulekile futhi zinde kakhulu kunezimbongolo, zimi ngehhashi. Izici zesici se-equine ubukhona be-bang, mane nomsila. Izilwane zinemibala ehlukahlukene ongakhetha kuyo.
Isisindo somzimba sincike ngqo kusisindo somzimba womama. Umbala nombala nakho kunqunywa yizimpawu zikamama. Ukuphakama komuntu omdala lapho kubuna kuyahlukahluka kuye kumitha elilodwa nohafu. Isisindo somzimba naso sihluke kakhulu, singalinganisa ebangeni kusuka kuma-280 kuya ku-650 kilograms. Ezimweni eziningi kakhulu, iminyuzi inkulu ngosayizi womzimba nesisindo kunabazali bayo abaseduze. Mayelana nalokhu, ukuze bathole inzalo enempilo futhi enamandla, abalimi bakhetha kuphela abamele abade kakhulu futhi abanesitoko sezinhlobo ezikhona.
Lezi zilwane zibonakala nge-dimorphism yezocansi. Abesifazane babusa ngosayizi womzimba kunabesilisa. Ama-mules abonakala ngokuba khona kwezici ezithile ezitholakala kubo bonke abantu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi babengobani abazali.
Izimpawu ezijwayelekile:
- ikhanda elikhulu;
- amehlo amile okwe-alimondi;
- okuphansi futhi okufushane kuyabuna;
- umugqa ongemuva oqondile, ochazwe kahle;
- i-croup emfushane uma iqhathaniswa namahhashi;
- iqonde, ngisho nentamo;
- imilenze emifushane, eqinile enezinselo eziphakeme, ezinde
Uhlala kuphi umnyuzi?
Isithombe: Umnyuzi omncane
Ama-mules ajwayelekile ikakhulukazi eNingizimu Melika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivame kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba.
Izindawo ze-Geographic lapho kuhlala khona iminyuzi:
- Amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi;
- Korea;
- I-Transcarpathia;
- izifunda eziseningizimu yeYurophu;
- Afrika;
- I-America esenyakatho;
- I-South America.
Namuhla iminyuzi ixhashazwa ngempumelelo ezifundeni lapho abantu baphoqeleka khona ukuthi basebenze kanzima. Ukusebenza kwabo kanzima, ukubekezelelana nokungathobeki ezimweni zokuboshwa kuyadingeka lapho bethutha izimpahla ezindaweni ezinezintaba nezifunda okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo. Inzuzo ukuthi asikho isidingo sokufaka izicathulo ezilwaneni. Bangakwazi ukudlula kalula emvuleni, odakeni, nasemgwaqweni oyiqhwa.
Ama-mules avame ukusetshenziswa emazweni ase-Asia, kanye nasezwenikazi lase-Afrika, lapho kudingeka khona ukuhambisa imishini yezempi. Ezinsukwini zakudala, ngosizo lwalezi zilwane, abalimele babethuthwa besuka enkundleni yempi, i-ore namanye amaminerali ayethuthwa. Ama-Zoologists aqaphela ukuthi iminyuzi ayiziboni neze izimo zokuboshwa. Ngokudla okwanele, zingakwazi ukubekezelela kalula isimo sezulu esibandayo, isithwathwa nesomile. Izilwane zijwayela abanikazi bazo uma bezinakekela kahle.
Yini edliwa umnyuzi?
Isithombe: Mule ngokwemvelo
Mayelana nokuhlinzeka ngokudla, iminyuzi ngeke inikeze abanikazi bayo inkinga enkulu. Abafuyi bezilwane baqhathanisa izindleko zokuhlinzeka ngokudla amahhashi neminyuzi bathola nokuthi iminyuzi kulula kakhulu ukuyondla. Ukukhula kwesisindo semisipha, izilwane zidinga ukudla lapho okuqukethwe amaprotheni kugxila khona.
Okusebenza njengesisekelo sefolishi leminyuzi:
- bran;
- hay;
- imidumba;
- imifino emisha - izaqathe, ummbila;
- ama-apula;
- okusanhlamvu - oats;
- imifino.
Njengomphumela weqiniso lokuthi umnyuzi uyinhlanganisela yezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane, umsoco wabelana ngokufana nehhashi nembongolo. Ekudleni, isabelo esikhulu yi-hay, noma utshani obomile. Izinga lansuku zonke lincike esisindweni somzimba womnyuzi. Isilwane esijwayelekile sidinga cishe ama-5-7 kilograms otshani obomile kanye no-3-4 kilograms wokudla okulinganiselayo nsuku zonke. Uma ingekho, ungayipheka ngokwakho, noma umane uyibuyisele imifino emisha - amazambane, izaqathe, ummbila, amakhambi amasha.
Ukudla komnyuzi omncane kumele kufake okungenani ama-kilogram amane we-hay ekhethiwe, esezingeni eliphakeme. Njengoba ekhula, ukudla kwakhe kuyanda, imifino, amakhambi, ukudla okunomsoco okwenziwe ngomumo ngamanani amancane kungeniswa kuwo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umnyuzi Wezilwane
Kunezinzuzo nezinzuzo eziningi kumlingiswa nasekuziphatheni kweminyuzi. Yizilwane ezizolile kakhulu, ezipholile futhi ezisebenza kanzima. Ndawonye nomthwalo osindayo noma umgibeli onamagiya agcwele, bangahamba ibanga elide ngejubane lamakhilomitha ama-5-8 ngehora. Leli khono libaluleke kakhulu kubahlali bezintaba nabangaphandle komgwaqo, kanye nalezo zifunda ezikude nemigwaqo emihle, esezingeni eliphakeme namathrekhi. Kuvamile ukuthi iminyuzi ikhiphe imisindo ethile efana nengxube yezimbongolo kanye nomkhala wehhashi.
Ama-mules athambekele ekumelaneni nomsebenzi obalulekile womzimba kuphela, kepha futhi nokuthuthukisa isivinini esikhulu. Enye inzuzo ukuvikela umzimba ngamandla nokumelana okuphezulu nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yalokhu, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu abathile singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-60-65. Kodwa-ke, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zihlala zisebenza ngokugcwele iminyaka engama-30.
Izici eziyinhloko zomlingiswa wesilwane:
- ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu;
- ukubekezelelana
- ukungathobeki ezimweni zokuboshwa;
- impilo enhle kakhulu;
- ikhono lokumelana kalula namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngaphandle kwemiphumela;
- ukuthobeka nokulalela.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izilwane azifuneki ekunakekelweni futhi azikho izimo ezikhethekile ezidingekayo ekunakekelweni kwazo, zidinga ukwelashwa nokunakekelwa kothando. Izilwane azikubekezeleli ukuphathwa budedengu, okuphakathi kanye nonya. Kungcono ukuthatha izilwane ukugcinwa zisencane. Kungcono ukuqala ukuqeqesha iminyuzi ukwenza umsebenzi womzimba eneminyaka engu-3-3.5. Kungakapheli unyaka nohhafu, bazoqina futhi bazobe sebekulungele ukwenza umsebenzi onzima.
Ama-mules asetshenziswa kabanzi njengabahlanganyeli emincintiswaneni yezemidlalo. Ngokuhlanganyela kwabo, imincintiswano ehlukahlukene ihlelwe: izinhlanga ezingashadile, kuma-sleds, njll. Okuwukuphela komdlalo iminyuzi engakwazi ukuwulawula ukusebenza kwezithiyo, okubandakanya ukweqa izithiyo eziphakeme. Ukudla kwabantu abakhulu kungaqukatha amakhilogremu ayi-10-13 wefula, imifino kanye nokudla okulinganiselayo. Ama-oats anconyelwa izilwane ezindala ngezikhathi ezithile.
Manje uyazi ukuthi yini umehluko phakathi kweminyuzi nehinin. Ake sibone ukuthi lezi zilwane eziqinile zizala kanjani.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Mule Cub
Okubi kakhulu futhi okuphawuleka kakhulu kweminyuzi ukuzala. Zikhuliswa ngokuwela izimbongolo namahhashi. Bonke abesilisa, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bazalwa beyinyumba. Abesifazane nabo abakwazi ukuzala cishe ngama-80-85%. Izazi zezilwane zichaze amacala lapho iminyuzi yabesifazane iweliswa nezimbongolo zesilisa. Ososayensi babuye bachaza icala lapho umnyuzi wesifazane ngemuva kokukhwelana nembongolo wazala ithole elisebenza ngokuphelele. Lokhu kwenzeke eChina.
Ukungenzeki kokuzala nokuzalwa kwenzalo kuchazwa yisethi ethile yama-chromosomes. Sekukonke, umlando wokuba khona kwezilwane unamacala ayi-15 lapho abantu besifazane beletha inzalo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi bathole ukuthi iminyuzi yabesifazane iyakwazi ukuba ngabomama ngokwesivumelwano futhi ngempumelelo ithwale futhi izale izingane. Le mfanelo isetshenziselwa ukuthola inzalo kubantu bezinhlobo ezithile ezibaluleke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yokuthi abesilisa bonke abayinyumba kusukela bezalwa, bathenwa beneminyaka emibili. Ukukhulisa izidudla ezisanda kuzalwa akudingi noma yiluphi ulwazi namakhono akhethekile. Imithetho yokunakekela izingane ezisanda kuzalwa iyefana naleyo yezingane. Noma kunjalo, kukhona i-caveat eyodwa. Amantshontsho ayazwela emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ukhiphe izifo ezahlukahlukene, kuyadingeka ukugcina izinga lokushisa elilungile.
Ngenkathi ebandayo, kufanele zigcinwe ezindaweni ezivalekile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, akukho ngaphezu kwamahora ama-3-3.5 ngosuku anikezwa ukuhamba endaweni evulekile. Ehlobo, ngenkathi efudumele, amawundlu adinga ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi ngangokunokwenzeka emadlelweni. Ukukhulisa nokufuya izilwane kufanele kubhekwane nazo zisencane. Isikhathi sokuphila seminyuzi isilinganiso seminyaka engama-30-40. Ngokunakekelwa okuhle, isikhathi sokuphila singakhuphukela eminyakeni engama-50-60.
Izitha zemvelo zeminyuzi
Isithombe: Mule
Ama-mule awahlali ezimweni zemvelo, ngakho-ke awabi yizinto zokuzingela izidalwa. Izilwane zinokuzivikela okuqinile, ngakho-ke azikwazi ukutholwa yizifo. Noma kunjalo, kusenezinkinga ezithile. Ngenxa ye-achondroplasia, ukuguquka okuhlukahlukene kwezilwane ezisanda kuzalwa kuyakhula. Izimpawu zokugula yisifinyeto esifushane, izitho ezincane nosayizi womzimba jikelele.
Izilwane cishe azikaze zihlupheke ngezifo zomgudu wamathumbu, izifo zamalungu, izinselo nezifo ezisebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwe-achondroplasia, izilwane zivame ukuhlupheka ngezifo ezilandelayo:
- izifo ezizalisayo. I-agent causative yalesi sifo yi-trypanosome. Izimpawu zalesi sifo ukuvela kwamapulangwe emzimbeni, ukufakelwa izitho zangasese. Ezimweni ezinzima, ukukhubazeka ngemuva kwesiqu kwenzeka;
- ukuhleba. Ukutheleleka okubangelwa amagciwane athile. Uma kutholakala, akukho ukwelashwa okwenziwayo. Izilwane ziyavuselelwa ngenxa yengozi enkulu kubantu nakwezinye izilwane;
- i-epizootic lymphangitis. Ukutheleleka kubangelwa i-cryptococcus.
Ngokudla okungalingani, izilwane zihlushwa ukuntuleka kwamavithamini, ngenxa yalokho ukusebenza kahle kuncipha, futhi nezinwele zingaphuma.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Mule ebusika
Ama-mules azalwa emazweni ahlukahlukene aseYurophu, e-Asia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika nase-Afrika. Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha nesithupha yaleli khulu leminyaka, inani leminyuzi lalingabantu abayizigidi eziyi-13. Eminyakeni eyishumi, sikhule ngesinye esingu-1 000 000. Namuhla, isilinganiso sabantu abalinganiselwa kubantu abayi-16,000,000.
Namuhla, izilwane azifuneki kangako, ngoba emazweni amaningi amandla ezilwane athathelwe indawo yizinhlelo ezizenzakalelayo nezimoto. Kulezi zinsuku, ezimweni eziningi, azikhuliswanga ngenhloso yokuthola abasebenzi, kepha ngokuhlanganyela emincintiswaneni yezemidlalo. EMelika, kuyathandwa kakhulu ukufuya izilwane emapulazini ezizimele njengabasizi abangenakubuyiselwa endaweni. Izilwane ezizizwa zinakekelwa ngumnikazi wazo zimkhokhela ngokuzinikela nokulalela okugcwele. Abasabi imisindo emikhulu, bahlukaniswa ngokukhuthazela nokuzola.
UMule Isilwane esizolile ngokumangalisayo, esinomusa futhi esisebenza kanzima. Banikezwe ngemvelo ngokuzivikela okuqinile. Umuntu oba umnikazi weminyuzi kumele abekezele futhi anakekele. Kulokhu, isilwane nakanjani sizophindisela, sithobeke futhi sibe nobungane. Imvamisa abanikazi babona ukungakhathali, ukungathandi ukuthobela izicelo kanye nezifiso zomnikazi. Lokhu kuziphatha akubonisi inkani yomnyuzi, kepha ngokuziphatha okungalungile, okungalungile komnikazi maqondana nesilwane. Kulokhu, udinga ukuthi ucabangisise ngokuziphatha kwakho namasu okuphatha umnyuzi.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 22.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-18: 35
