Isibungu somhlaba - umsizi oligugu kwezolimo. Wonke umlimi uphupha ngokuba khona kwakhe emhlabathini. Lezi zilwane zisebenza njengabagayi bezinhlabathi. Asikho isidalwa esiphilayo esingathatha isikhundla semisebenzi eyenziwe yibo. Ukuba khona kwalezi zidalwa emhlabeni kukhuluma ngokuzala kwayo. Ungazibona lapho lina, kepha akulula kangako ukuzibamba.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isibungu
I-Lumbricina ingeka-suborder izikelemu ezincane ze-bristle futhi ingeka-oda le-Haplotaxida. Izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zaseYurophu zingezomndeni wakwaLumbricidae, onezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-200. Izinzuzo zemisundu ngo-1882 zaqashelwa okokuqala yisazi semvelo saseNgilandi uCharles Darwin.
Ngesikhathi semvula, iminki yesibungu somhlaba igcwaliswa ngamanzi futhi baphoqeleka ukukhasa phezulu ngenxa yokushoda komoya. Yilapho igama lezilwane livela khona. Bahlala endaweni ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi, bathuthukisa inhlabathi ngama-humus, bayigcwalise nge-oxygen, futhi bandise kakhulu isivuno.
Ividiyo: Isibungu
ENtshonalanga Yurophu, izimpethu ezomisiwe zazicutshungulwa zibe impuphu bese zifakwa emanxebeni okuphulukiswa ngokushesha. I-tincture isetshenziselwe ukwelapha umdlavuza nesifo sofuba. I-decoction bekukholelwa ukuthi izosiza ebuhlungwini bendlebe. Bengenamaphiko, bebiliswe ewayinini, belapha i-jaundice, futhi ngosizo lwamafutha afakwe izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla, balwa ne-rheumatism.
Ngekhulu le-18, udokotela waseJalimane, uStahl, welapha iziguli ezinesifo sokuwa ngofulawa owenziwe ngezibungu ezigeziwe nezomhlabathi. Emithini yendabuko yamaShayina, kwakusetshenziswa umuthi ukulwa ne-atherosclerosis. Imithi yesintu yaseRussia yayilapha ukwelashwa ngamehlo ngosizo loketshezi olukhishwe kwizikelemu ezithosiwe ezinosawoti. Wangcwatshwa emehlweni akhe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abomdabu base-Australia basadla izinhlobo ezinkulu zezibungu, futhi eJapan bakholelwa ukuthi uma uchama umswenya, indawo eyimbangela izokhula.
Ama-invertebrate angahlukaniswa abe izinhlobo ezi-3 zemvelo, ngokuya ngokuziphatha kwawo endaweni yawo yemvelo:
- i-epigeic - musa ukumba imigodi, phila engxenyeni engenhla yenhlabathi;
- i-endogeic - ihlala emigodini evundlile enamagatsha;
- i-anecic - dla ezintweni eziphilayo ezivutshiwe, bamba imigodi emile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isibungu emhlabeni
Ubude bomzimba buncike ezinhlotsheni futhi bungahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ama-2 kuye kumamitha ama-3. Inani lezigaba liyi-80-300, ngayinye enama-bristles amafushane. Inombolo yabo ingaba ngamayunithi ayisishiyagalombili kuya emashumini amaningana. Izikelemu zincike kuzo lapho zihamba.
Isigaba ngasinye siqukethe:
- amangqamuzana esikhumba;
- imisipha ende;
- uketshezi lomgodi;
- imisipha yonyaka;
- bristles.
Imisipha ithuthukiswe kahle. Izidalwa ziyashintshana futhi zinde imisipha yobude neyindilinga. Ngenxa yezinciphiso, azikwazi ukukhasa kuphela emigodini, kodwa futhi zandisa izimbobo, zicindezela inhlabathi ezinhlangothini. Izilwane ziphefumula ngamaseli esikhumba abucayi. I-epithelium imbozwe amafinyila avikelayo, agcwele ama-enzyme amaningi okubulala amagciwane.
Uhlelo lokujikeleza kwegazi luvaliwe futhi lwenziwa kahle. Igazi libomvu. I-invertebrate inemithambo yegazi emibili eyinhloko: i-dorsal kanye nesisu. Zixhunywe yimikhumbi yonyaka. Ezinye zazo ziyaphuma futhi zishaye, kususwe igazi kusuka emgogodleni kuye ezitsheni zesisu. Imikhumbi igatsha libe ngama-capillaries.
Uhlelo lokugaya luqukethe ukuvuleka komlomo, lapho ukudla kungena khona emphinjeni, bese kungena emphinjeni, i-goiter evulekile, bese kungena ku-gizzard. Esikhathini semidgut, ukudla kugaywa futhi kumuncwe. Izinsalela ziphuma zidlule ngendunu. Isistimu yezinzwa inentambo yesisu nama-ganglia amabili. Uchungechunge lwezinzwa zesisu luqala ngendandatho ye-periopharyngeal. Iqukethe amangqamuzana ezinzwa amaningi kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuzimela kwezigaba kanye nokuvumelana kwazo zonke izitho.
Izitho zokukhipha umzimba zethulwa ngendlela yamashubhu amancane agobile, omunye umkhawulo wawo ufinyelela emzimbeni, kanti omunye ngaphandle. I-Metanephridia kanye ne-pores excretory zisiza ukususa ubuthi emzimbeni bube semvelo yangaphandle lapho buthelela ngokweqile. Izitho zombono azikho. Kodwa esikhunjeni kunamaseli akhethekile ezwa ukutholakala kokukhanya. Izitho zokuthinta, zokuhogela, zokunambitha nazo zitholakala lapha. Ikhono lokuzivuselela liyikhono eliyingqayizivele lokubuyisa ingxenye yomzimba elahlekile ngemuva kokulimala.
Uhlala kuphi umswenya?
Isithombe: I-Earthworm eRussia
Ama-spineless ahlukaniswe yilabo abazitholela ukudla ngaphansi komhlaba, nalabo abafuna ukudla kukho. Ezokuqala zibizwa ngokuthi udoti futhi azimbangi izimbobo ezijule ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, ngisho nangezikhathi zokubanda noma ukoma emhlabathini. Umhlabathi nodoti kungacwila ekujuleni kwamasentimitha angama-20.
Izikelemu zomhlaba zeBurrow zehlela ekujuleni kwemitha elilodwa. Lolu hlobo alutholakali kakhulu ebusweni, ngoba cishe alukhuphukeli phezulu. Ngisho nangesikhathi sokukhwelana, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla aziphumi ngokuphelele emigodini yazo.
Ungabona izikelemu zomhlaba yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezineqhwa lase-arctic. Izigaba zokumba nokulahla udoti zikhula kahle enhlabathini eminyene ngamanzi. Zitholakala eduze kwemizimba yamanzi, emaxhaphozini nasezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esiswakeme. Ama-chernozems omhlabathi afana ne-steppe chernozems, udoti kanye nenhlabathi-udoti - i-tundra ne-taiga.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ekuqaleni, zazimbalwa kuphela izinhlobo ezazisabalele. Ukunwetshwa kwebanga kwenzeke ngenxa yokwethulwa komuntu.
Izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zijwayela kalula kunoma iyiphi insimu nesimo sezulu, kepha zizizwa zikhululekile kakhulu ezindaweni zamahlathi e-coniferous broadleaf. Ehlobo, zitholakala eduze nendawo, kodwa ebusika ziyacwila.
Yini edliwa yisibungu?
Isithombe: Isibungu esikhulu somhlaba
Izilwane zisebenzisa izinsalela zezitshalo ezibolile ezingamakhilomitha ayisithupha ukuze zidle, ezifaka izinto zomlomo kanye nomhlabathi. Ngesikhathi sidlula phakathi kwembumbulu, inhlabathi ixubeka nezinto eziphilayo. Indle yama-invertebrate iqukethe i-nitrogen ephindwe ka-5, i-phosphorus ephindwe kasikhombisa, i-potassium ephindwe ka-11 uma kuqhathaniswa nenhlabathi.
Ukudla kwemisundu kuhlanganisa ukubola kwezinsalela zezilwane, ulethisi, umquba, izinambuzane, izingongolo zamakhabe. Izidalwa zigwema izinto ezinama-alikhali ne-asidi. Uhlobo lwesibungu luthinta nezintandokazi zokunambitheka. Abantu abasebusuku, bebeka igama labo phansi, bafuna ukudla sekuhlwile. Imithambo isele, kudla uginindela weqabunga kuphela.
Lapho sezitholile ukudla, izilwane ziqala ukumba inhlabathi, zibambe okutholakele emlonyeni wazo. Zikhetha ukuxuba ukudla nomhlaba. Izinhlobo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, izikelemu ezibomvu, zifakwe ubuthi ebusweni lapho zifuna ukudla. Lapho okuqukethwe kwezinto eziphilayo emhlabathini kuncipha, abantu baqala ukufuna izimo ezifanele kakhulu zempilo futhi bathuthele ukuze baphile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Emini, umbungu udla kakhulu njengobunzima bawo.
Ngenxa yokuhamba kancane, abantu abanaso isikhathi sokumunca izimila ngaphezulu, ngakho-ke bahudula ukudla ngaphakathi, bakugcwalise ngezinto eziphilayo, bakugcine lapho, okuvumela abanye babo ukuthi bakudle. Abanye abantu bemba imink yokubeka ehlukile yokudla bese, uma kudingeka, bavakashele lapho. Ngenxa yokuphuma okufana namazinyo esiswini, ukudla kugaywa kube izinhlayiya ezincane ngaphakathi.
Amaqabunga angenamphako asetshenziselwa ukudla kuphela, kepha futhi amboza nomnyango womgodi ngawo. Ukuze benze lokhu, bahudula izimbali ezibunile, iziqu, izimpaphe, izicucu zephepha, izicucu zoboya emnyango. Kwesinye isikhathi izingongolo zamaqabunga noma izimpaphe zingaphuma ngaphandle kweminyango.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Umsundu obomvu
Izikelemu ikakhulu izilwane ezingaphansi komhlaba. Okokuqala, kunikeza ukuphepha. Izidalwa zimba imigodi emhlabathini ngokujula kwamasentimitha angama-80. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zingena ngemigudu kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-8 ukujula, ngenxa yalokho inhlabathi ixubene futhi yamanziswa. Izinhlayiya zenhlabathi zidudulelwa eceleni yizilwane noma zigwinywe.
Ngosizo lwamafinyila, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zihamba ngisho nasemhlabathini onzima kakhulu. Azikwazi ukuba ngaphansi kwelanga isikhathi eside, ngoba lokhu kusongela izimpethu ngokufa. Isikhumba sabo sincane kakhulu futhi soma ngokushesha. Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kunomthelela omubi ku-integument, ngakho-ke izilwane zingabonakala kuphela esimweni sezulu esiguqubele.
I-suborder incamela ukuba sebusuku. Ebumnyameni, ungathola amaqoqo ezidalwa phansi. Bancike ngaphandle, bashiya ingxenye yomzimba ngaphansi komhlaba, behlola isimo. Uma kungenalutho oluthusayo, izidalwa zikhasa ngokuphelele emhlabathini zifuna ukudla.
Umzimba wama-invertebrates uvama ukwelula kahle. Ama-bristles amaningi agobela ukuvikela umzimba emathonyeni angaphandle. Kunzima kakhulu ukukhipha isibungu sonke emcinini. Isilwane siyazivikela futhi sinamathele ngama-bristles emaphethelweni emink, ngakho-ke kulula ukusidabula.
Izinzuzo zemisundu yomhlaba azinakulinganiswa ngokweqile. Ebusika, ukuze zingafihli ubusika bonke, zicwila phansi emhlabathini. Ngokufika kwentwasahlobo, inhlabathi iyafudumala futhi abantu baqala ukuzungeza ezindaweni ezibiwe. Ngezinsuku zokuqala ezifudumele, baqala umsebenzi wabo wokusebenza.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izikelemu emhlabeni
Izilwane zingama-hermaphrodites. Ukukhiqizwa kwenzeka ngokocansi, ngokukhulelwa okuphambene. Umuntu ngamunye ofinyelele ebusheni unezitho zokuzala zabesifazane nabesilisa. Izikelemu zixhunywe yizimbungulu zemifino kanye nesidoda esishintshanayo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukukhwelana kwama-invertebrate kungadlulela emahoreni amathathu elandelana. Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, abantu bangena emigodini yomunye nomunye futhi bakhwelana izikhathi eziyi-17 zilandelana. Ukuya ocansini ngakunye kuthatha okungenani imizuzu engama-60.
Uhlelo lokuzala lutholakala ngaphambili komzimba. Isidoda sitholakala ezitsheni zesidoda. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, amangqamuzana asengxenyeni yama-32 akhipha amafinyila, abuye akhe umgogodla weqanda, ondliwe yi-protein fluid yombungu. Izimfihlo ziguqulwa zibe umkhono omuncu.
Amaqanda angenawo amaphiko azalela kuwo. Imibungu izalwa emavikini angu-2-4 futhi igcinwa kumfece, ivikeleke ngokwethembeka kunoma yimaphi amathonya. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-3-4 zikhula ziye kosayizi wabantu abadala. Ngokuvamile, kuzalwa izinyane elilodwa. Isikhathi sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni engu-6-7.
Izinhlobo zaseTaiwan i-Amynthas catenus zilahlekelwe izitho zangasese ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi zizala nge-parthenogenesis. Ngakho-ke badlulisela enzalweni i-100% yezakhi zofuzo zabo, ngenxa yalokho abazalwa ngabantu abafanayo - ama-clones. Yile ndlela umzali adlala ngayo indima kababa nomama.
Izitha zemvelo zomsundu womhlaba
Isithombe: I-Earthworm ngokwemvelo
Ngaphezu kwemicimbi yesimo sezulu ephazamisa impilo ejwayelekile yezilwane yizikhukhula, isithwathwa, isomiso nezinye izinto ezifanayo, izilwane ezidla ezinye nezinambuzane kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- izinsumpa;
- izilwane ezidla ezinye;
- izilwane zasemanzini;
- ama-centipedes;
- izinyoni;
- ihhashi.
Izimvukuzane zidla kakhulu izikelemu zomhlaba. Kuyaziwa ukuthi zigcina emigodini yazo ebusika, futhi ikakhulukazi zakhiwa izikelemu zomhlaba. Izilwane ezilumayo ziluma ikhanda elingapheli noma zililimaze kabi ukuze lingakhasi lize livuselele ingxenye edabukile. Isibungu esikhulu esibomvu sithathwa njengesimnandi kakhulu kwizimvukuzane.
Izimvukuzane ziyingozi ikakhulukazi kwabangenamgogodla ngenxa yezinombolo zazo ezinkulu. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zizingela izikelemu. Amaxoxo aminyene aqapha abantu emigodini yabo futhi ahlasele ebusuku, lapho nje ikhanda livela ngenhla komhlaba. Izinyoni zidala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu.
Ngenxa yamehlo abo abukhali, bayakwazi ukubona imikhawulo yezikelemu ephuma emigodini yabo. Njalo ekuseni, izinyoni, zifuna ukudla, zikhipha lezo ezingapholi masango ngemilomo yazo ebukhali. Izinyoni azondli kubantu abadala kuphela, kodwa futhi zicosha imifece enamaqanda.
Iminyama yamahhashi, etholakala ezinhlakeni zamanzi ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi amadaka, ayihlaseli abantu noma izilwane ezinkulu ngenxa yemihlathi yazo ebuthuntu. Abakwazi ukuluma ngesikhumba esijiyile, kepha bangasigwinya kalula isibungu. Lapho zivulwa, izisu zezilwane ezidliwayo zaziqukethe izinsalela ezingadliwe ezibungu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isibungu
Enhlabathini ejwayelekile, engangcolisiwe emapulazini alinywayo, kungaba khona kusuka kwizibungu eziyikhulu kuya kwesigidi. Isisindo sabo esiphelele singaba kusuka kumakhilogremu ayikhulu kuya kwayinkulungwane ehektheleni lomhlaba. Abalimi be-Vermiculture bakhulisa abantu babo ngokuzala okukhulu kwenhlabathi.
Izikelemu zisiza ukuvuselela imfucuza yemvelo ibe yi-vermicompost, okuwumanyolo osezingeni. Abalimi bakhulisa inqwaba yama-invertebrates ukuze bawabeke ekudleni kwezilwane zasezilwaneni nezinyoni. Ukwandisa inani lezikelemu, umquba wenziwa ngemfucuza ephilayo. Abadobi basebenzisa i-spineless ukudoba.
Ekucwaningweni kwe-chernozem ejwayelekile, kwatholakala izinhlobo ezintathu zemisundu: iDendrobaena octaedra, i-Eisenia nordenskioldi, ne-E. Fetida. Owokuqala kumitha oyisikwele womhlaba wezintombi kwakungamayunithi angama-42, umhlaba olimekayo - 13. I-Eisenia fetida ayitholakalanga ezweni lezintombi, emhlabeni olimekayo - ngenani lomuntu oyedwa.
Ezindaweni ezihlukene zokuhlala, inani lihluke kakhulu. Emadlelweni akhukhulekile edolobha lasePerm, kwatholakala amasampuli ayi-150 / m2. Ehlathini elixubekile lesifunda sase-Ivanovo - ama-12,221 specimens / m2. Ihlathi likaphayini lesifunda saseBryansk - ama-1696 specimens / m2. Emahlathini asezintabeni ze-Altai Territory ngo-1950, kwakukhona amakhophi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-350 nge-m2 ngayinye.
Ukuvikelwa kwemisundu
Isithombe: Isibungu somhlaba esivela encwadini ebomvu
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo eziyi-11 zibhalwe kuRed Book of Russia:
- I-Allobophora inekhanda eliluhlaza;
- I-Allobophora ethanda umthunzi;
- Inyoka engu-Allobophora;
- U-Eisenia Gordeeva;
- U-Eizenia kaMugan;
- I-Eisenia yinhle;
- U-Eiseny Malevich;
- U-Eisenia Salair;
- UEizenia Altai;
- U-Eisenia Transcaucasian;
- I-Dendrobena ipharyngeal.
Abantu bathuthela izikelemu ezindaweni lapho bayindlala khona. Izilwane zijwayele ngempumelelo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-zoological reclamation futhi ayivumeli kuphela ukugcina, kepha futhi nokwandisa inani lezidalwa.
Ezindaweni lapho insada incane kakhulu, kunconywa ukunciphisa umkhawulo wemisebenzi yezolimo. Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile komanyolo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane kunomthelela omubi ekukhiqizeni, kanye nokugawula izihlahla nokwelusa imfuyo. Abalimi bangeza izinto eziphilayo emhlabathini ukuze bathuthukise izimo zokuphila kwama-invertebrates.
Isibungu somhlaba yisilwane esihlangene futhi sixhumana ngokuthinta. Le yindlela umhlambi onquma ngayo ukuthi uhambisa ngakuphi uhlangothi lwamalungu awo. Lokhu kutholakala kukhombisa ubudlelwano bezikelemu. Ngakho-ke uma uthatha isibungu usisa kwenye indawo, kungenzeka ukuthi usabelana nomndeni noma nabangane.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 20.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/26/2019 ngo-9: 04 am
