UMoa Ingabe izinhlobo eziyishumi nanye ezigabeni eziyisithupha, manje esezinyoni ezingasakwazi ukundiza esezikhona eNew Zealand. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba abasePolynesia baxazulule iziQhingi zaseNew Zealand cishe ngonyaka we-1280, inani labantu baseMoa lalizungeze ama-58,000. I-Moa kube yizilwane ezidla utshani ehlathini laseNew Zealand, shrub kanye ne-subalpine ecosystems iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Ukunyamalala kweMoa kwenzeka cishe eminyakeni eyi-1300 - 1440 ± 30, ikakhulu ngenxa yokuzingelwa ngokweqile kwabantu abangamaMaori abafika.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Moa
UMoa ungowe-Dinornithiformes oda, okuyingxenye yeqembu lamaRatite. Ucwaningo lwezofuzo lukhombisile ukuthi isihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu yi-tinamu yaseNingizimu Melika, ekwaziyo ukundiza. Yize phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi i-kiwi, i-emu kanye ne-cassowaries zihlobene kakhulu ne-moa.
Ividiyo: Moa nyoni
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, kwachazwa inqwaba yezinhlobo ze-moa, kepha izinhlobo eziningi zazincike emathanjeni ayingxenye futhi zaphindaphindana. Njengamanje kunezinhlobo eziyi-11 ezaziwa ngokusemthethweni, yize ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-DNA ekhishwe emathanjeni kumaqoqo emnyuziyamu lukhombisa ukuthi kunemigqa ehlukene. Esinye sezici esidale ukudideka ekuziphatheni kwentela kukaMoa ushintsho olungenakubalwa ngosayizi wamathambo phakathi kweminyaka yobudala beqhwa, kanye ne-dimorphism ephezulu kakhulu yezocansi ezinhlotsheni eziningana.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Izinhlobo zeDinornis mhlawumbe zazine-dimorphism yezocansi evezwe kakhulu: abesifazane bafinyelela ku-150% wokuphakama kuze kufike ku-280% wobukhulu besilisa, ngakho-ke, kwaze kwaba ngu-2003, babekwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile. Ucwaningo lwango-2009 lukhombise ukuthi i-Euryapteryx gravis ne-curtus ziluhlobo olulodwa, kwathi ngo-2012 isifundo se-morphological sabatolika njengama-subspecies.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-DNA kunqume ukuthi kunemigqa eminingi engaqondakali yokuziphendukela kwemvelo eyenzekile ezinhlotsheni eziningana zeMoa. Zingahlukaniswa njengezinhlobo noma izinhlobo ezingaphansi; M. benhami uyefana noM. Didinus ngoba amathambo womabili anazo zonke izimpawu eziyisisekelo. Umehluko ngosayizi ungabangelwa izindawo zabo zokuhlala, kuhlanganiswe nokungahambisani kwesikhashana. Ushintsho lwesikhashana olunjalo ngosayizi luyaziwa ePachyornis mappini yaseNyakatho Island. Izinsalela zokuqala ze-moa zivela ezilwaneni zaseMiocene zaseSt.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Moa bird
Izinsalela ze-moa ezitholakele zakhiwa kabusha zaba ngamathambo endaweni evundlile ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwangempela kwale nyoni. Ukuhlaziywa kwamajoyini we-vertebral kukhombisa ukuthi amakhanda ezilwane abheke phambili ngokuya ngomgomo we-kiwi. Umgogodla wawungenamathiselwe phansi kwekhanda kepha emuva kwekhanda, okukhombisa ukuqondanisa okuvundlile. Lokhu kwabanikeza ithuba lokudla izimila eziphansi, kodwa futhi bakwazi ukuphakamisa amakhanda abo nokubuka izihlahla lapho kudingeka. Le datha iholele ekubuyekezweni kobude be-moa enkulu.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo ze-moa zikhule zaba ngamanani amakhulu. Lezi zinyoni zazingenamaphiko (zazingenazo ngisho nezisekelo zazo). Ososayensi bakhombe imindeni emi-3 yama-moa nezinhlobo eziyi-9. Ezinkulu kunazo zonke, uD. Robustus noD. Novaezelandiae, zakhula zaba ngobukhulu obukhulu ngokuhlobene nezinyoni ezikhona, okungukuthi, ukuphakama kwazo kwakukhona endaweni ethile ezungeze u-3.6 m, futhi isisindo sazo safinyelela kuma-250 kg.
Yize kungasekho amarekhodi emisindo ekhishwe yi-moa, eminye imikhondo mayelana nokukhala kwabo kwezwi ingatholakala kumathambo ezinsalela zezinyoni. Ama-tracheas we-MCHOV e-moa ayesekelwa izindandatho eziningi zamathambo ezaziwa njengezindandatho zethreachea.
Ukumbiwa kwala masongo kukhombise ukuthi okungenani izinhlobo ezimbili zeMoa (Emeus ne-Euryapteryx) zinwebile i-trachea, okungukuthi, ubude bethreyikhi yabo bufinyelela ku-1 m futhi kwakha i-loop enkulu ngaphakathi emzimbeni. Yizinyoni kuphela ezinalesi sici, ngaphezu kwalokhu, amaqembu amaningana ezinyoni ahlala namuhla anesakhiwo esifanayo somphimbo, kufaka phakathi: ama-cranes, izinyoni ze-Guinea, ama-swans angakwazi ukukhuluma. Lezi zici zihlotshaniswa nomsindo ojulile onomsindo ongafinyelela kude.
Ubehlala kuphi i-moa?
Isithombe: Izinyoni ze-moa ezingasekho
I-Moa ivame kakhulu eNew Zealand. Ukuhlaziywa kwamathambo ezinsalela ezitholakele kunikeze imininingwane eningiliziwe ngendawo ekhethwayo yezinhlobo ezithile ze-moa nokuvezwa kwamafauna wesifunda.
Isiqhingi saseNingizimu
Izinhlobo ezimbili D. robustus no P. elephantopus bangabokudabuka eSouth Island.
Bakhetha ama-fauna amabili ayinhloko:
- izilwane zamahlathi e-beech asogwini olusentshonalanga noma i-Notofagus enemvula ephezulu;
- Izilwane zamahlathi emvula anomile nezihlahlana ezisempumalanga ye-Alps eseNingizimu kuhlalwe yizinhlobo ezinjengePachyornis elephantopus (i-moa enezinyawo), u-E. gravis, u-E. crassus no-D. robustus.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zama-moa ezitholakala eSouth Island, uP. Australis noMnuz didinus, zingafakwa ezilwaneni ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye noD. Australis ovamile.
Amathambo esilwane sitholakale emihumeni ezindaweni ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNelson neKaramea (njengeSotha Hill Cave) nakwezinye izindawo endaweni yaseWanaka. UM. Didinus wabizwa ngokuthi yi-mountain moa ngoba amathambo ayo atholakala kaningi endaweni engaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kwenzeka nasolwandle lapho kwakukhona khona imigwaqo efanele kanye namatshe. Ukusatshalaliswa kwabo ezifundeni ezingasogwini kwakungacaci, kepha babehlala ezindaweni eziningana njengeKaikoura, i-Otago Peninsula, neKaritane.
Isiqhingi saseNyakatho
Imininingwane emincane iyatholakala mayelana nama-paleofauna eNorth Island ngenxa yokushoda kwezinsalela zezinsalela. Iphethini eyisisekelo yobudlelwano phakathi kwe-moa nendawo yokuhlala yayifana. Yize ezinye zalezi zinhlobo (E. gravis, A. didiformis) zazihlala eziQhingini zaseNingizimu naseNyakatho, iningi lazo lalingelesiqhingi esisodwa kuphela, esikhombisa ukungafani eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana.
D. novaezealandiae no A. didiformis banqoba emahlathini aseNyakatho Island ngemvula enkulu. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-moa ezikhona eNyakatho Island (E. Curtus no-P. geranoides) zazihlala ehlathini elomile nasezindaweni zezihlahla. P. geranoides yatholwa kuso sonke isiqhingi saseNyakatho, ngenkathi ukusatshalaliswa kuka-E. Gravis no-E. curtus kwakucishe kufane, kanti okwangaphambili kwakutholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezisogwini eningizimu yeNorth Island.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni ye-moa yayihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udleni.
Yini edliwa yi-moa?
Isithombe: Moa
Akekho owabona ukuthi i-moa idla kanjani nokuthi idlani, kepha ukudla kwabo kwabuyiselwa ososayensi kusuka kokuqukethwe okuyisisekelo esiswini sesilwane, kusuka kubobuleti abasindayo, kanye nangokungaqondile njengomphumela wokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kwama-skulls nemilomo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-isotopes ezinzile emathanjeni abo. Kwaziwa ukuthi i-moa idla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo nezingxenye zezitshalo, kufaka phakathi amahlumela anemicu namaqabunga athathwe ezihlahleni eziphansi nasezihlahleni. Uqhwaku lukaMao lwalufana nesikele sokuthena futhi lwalunquma amaqabunga emicu yeNew Zealand flax formium (I-Phórmium) namahlumela anobubanzi obungu-8 mm okungenani.
I-Moa eziqhingini yagcwalisa i-niche yemvelo yokuthi kwamanye amazwe kwakuhlala izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengezinyamazane nama-llamas. Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baphikise ngokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo ziye zavela ukuze zigweme ukubuka ama-moa. Izitshalo ezinjengePennantia zinamaqabunga amancane nenethiwekhi eminyene yamagatsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqabunga leplamu iPseudopanax linezinhlamvu ezinzima zezingane futhi liyisibonelo sesitshalo esivele savela.
Njengezinye izinyoni eziningi, i-moa yagwinya amatshe (ama-gastroliths) ayegcinwe kuma-gizzards, enikeza isenzo esicindezelayo esasivumela ukuthi badle okokutshala okweqile. Amatshe ayevame ukubushelelezi, ayindilinga ne-quartz, kepha amatshe angaphezu kuka-110 mm ubude atholakala kokuqukethwe yisisu seMao. Izisuizinyoni ingahlala iqukethe amakhilogremu amaningana amatshe anjalo. UMoa wayekhetha amatshe esiswini sakhe futhi wakhetha amatshe amatshe anzima kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Moa bird
Njengoba i-moa iyiqembu lezinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza, sekuqubuke imibuzo yokuthi lezi zinyoni zifike kanjani eNew Zealand futhi zivela kuphi. Kunemibono eminingi ngokufika kwama-moa eziqhingini. Umbono wakamuva uphakamisa ukuthi izinyoni ze-moa zafika eNew Zealand eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-60 edlule futhi zahlukaniswa nezinhlobo ze- "basal" moa.I-megalapteryx cishe 5.8. Lokhu akusho ukuthi bekungekho ukucaciselwa phakathi kokufika kuka-60 Ma owedlule kanye ne-basal cleavage 5.8 Ma edlule, kepha izinsalela zilahlekile, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi imigqa yokuqala ye-moa inyamalale.
UMoa ulahlekelwe amandla abo okundiza futhi waqala ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ezondla ngezithelo, amahlumela, amaqabunga nezimpande. Ngaphambi kokuvela kwabantu, i-moa yavela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwama-moas amakhulu, kwakukhona nezinhlobo ezincane ezinesisindo esifinyelela kuma-20 kg. Esiqhingini saseNyakatho, kwatholakala cishe amathrekhi ayisishiyagalombili ama-moa anezinsalela zemikhondo yawo odakeni olugelezayo, kubandakanya iWaikane Creek (1872), iNapier (1887), uManawatu River (1895), Palmerston North (1911), uMfula iRangitikei 1939) naseLake Taupo (1973). Ukuhlaziywa kwebanga phakathi kwamathrekhi kukhombisa ukuthi ijubane lokuhamba le-moa lalingu-3 kuye ku-5 km / h.
IMoa kwakuyizilwane ezixakile ezihambisa imizimba yazo emikhulu kancane. Umbala wazo awuzange ugqame nganoma iyiphi indlela kusuka kuzwe oluzungezile. Uma kubhekwa izinsalela ezimbalwa ze-moa (imisipha, isikhumba, izimpaphe) ezigcinwe ngenxa yokoma lapho inyoni ifela endaweni eyomile (ngokwesibonelo, umhume onomoya owomile ovunguza ngawo), kwavela umqondo othile wezimpaphe ezingathathi hlangothi kulezi zinsalela. moa. Izimpaphe zezinhlobo zezintaba zaziyizingqimba ezijiyile kakhulu ezansi, ezazimboza yonke indawo yomzimba. Cishe lena yindlela le nyoni eyajwayela ngayo impilo ezimweni zeqhwa lasezintabeni.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Forest moa
I-Moa ibonakala ngokuzala okuphansi kanye nesikhathi eside sokuvuthwa. Ukuthomba cishe bekuyiminyaka eyishumi. Izinhlobo ezinkulu zithathe isikhathi eside ukufinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala, ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezincane ze-moa, ebe zikhula ngokushesha kwamathambo. Abukho ubufakazi obutholakele bokuthi ama-moa akha izidleke. Ukuqoqwa kwezicucu zoqweqwe lweqanda sekutholakele emihumeni nasezindlini zokukhosela zamatshe, kepha izidleke ngokwazo azikatholakali. Ukumbiwa kwezindawo zokukhosela zamatshe engxenyeni esempumalanga yesiQhingi Esisenyakatho ngeminyaka yo-1940 kwembula izinciphiso ezincane eziqoshwe ngokusobala zibe yipumisi elithambile nelomile.
Izinto zokwakha izidleke ze-Moa sezitholakele ezindaweni zokukhosela zamatshe endaweni eseCentral Otago eSouth Island, lapho isimo sezulu esomile sinikele ekulondolozweni kwezinto zezitshalo ezisetshenziselwe ukwakha ipulatifomu yokwakha izidleke (kufaka phakathi amagatsha anqunywe uqhwaku lwe-moa. Imbewu kanye nempova etholakala ezintweni zokwakha izidleke kukhombisa ukuthi inkathi yokwakha izidleke yayisekupheleni kwentwasahlobo nasehlobo izingcezu zamaqanda ama-Moa zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni zokuvubukula nasezindundumeni zesihlabathi ezisogwini lwaseNew Zealand.
Amaqanda angama-moa angamashumi amathathu nesithupha agcinwe emaqoqweni omnyuziyamu ahluka kakhulu ngosayizi (120-241 mm ubude, 91–179 mm ububanzi). Kunama-pores amancane aqhekekile angaphandle kwegobolondo. Iningi lama-moa linamagobolondo amhlophe, yize ama-moas asezintabeni (M. didinus) anamaqanda aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ucwaningo lwango-2010 luthole ukuthi amaqanda ezinhlobo ezithile athambile kakhulu, acishe abe yimilimitha kuphela. Ngokumangazayo, amaqanda amaningana anamasheya amancane aphakathi kohlobo lwe-moa olusinda kakhulu kuhlobo lweDinornis futhi yiwona abuthaka kunawo wonke amaqanda ezinyoni aziwa namuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-DNA yangaphandle eqhelelene noqweqwe lweqanda ikhombisa ukuthi la maqanda mancane kakhulu ayefukanyelwa abesilisa abakhanyayo. Uhlobo lwamaqebelengwane amaqanda amancane ezinhlobo ezinkulu zama-moa lukhombisa ukuthi amaqanda kulezi zinhlobo ayevame ukuqhekeka.
Izitha zemvelo ze-moa
Isithombe: Moa bird
Ngaphambi kokufika kwabantu baseMaori, okuwukuphela komdli we-moa kwakuyikhozi elikhulu laseHaasta. INew Zealand yayihlukanisiwe nomhlaba wonke iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-80 futhi yayinezilwane ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwabantu, okusho ukuthi imvelo yayo yayingeyona intekenteke nje kuphela, kepha izinhlobo zomdabu nazo zazingenakho ukuzijwayeza ukulwa nezidliwayo.
Abantu baseMaori bafika esikhathini esithile ngaphambi kuka-1300, futhi imindeni yakwaMoa yasheshe yaphela ngenxa yokuzingela, kancane ngenxa yokulahleka kwendawo nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Ngo-1445, yonke i-moa yaphela, kanye nokhozi lwe-Haast olwaludla phezu kwabo. Izifundo zakamuva ezisebenzisa i-carbon zikhombisile ukuthi izehlakalo eziholela ekuqothulweni zithathe isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka eyikhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abanye ososayensi baphakamise ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zikaM. M. didinus kungenzeka ukuthi zasinda ezindaweni eziqhelile zaseNew Zealand kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-18 ngisho nele-19, kodwa leli phuzu lombono alizange lamukelwe kabanzi.
Abaqapheli beMaori bathi babejaha izinyoni ngawo-1770s, kepha le mibiko kungenzeka ukuthi yayingabhekiseli ekuzingeleni izinyoni zangempela, kepha isiko elalivele lilahlekile phakathi kweziqhingi eziseningizimu. Ngawo-1820, owesilisa ogama lakhe linguD. Paulie wenza isimangalo esingaqinisekisiwe ukuthi wabona i-moa endaweni yase-Otago eNew Zealand.
Umkhankaso ngawo-1850s ngaphansi komyalo kaLieutenant A. Impey wabika izinyoni ezimbili ezinjenge-emu ngasentabeni eSouth Island. Owesifazane oneminyaka engama-80 ubudala, u-Alice Mackenzie, wathi ngo-1959 wathi wabona ama-moa ezihlahleni zaseFiordland ngo-1887 waphinde wabheka olwandle lwaseFiordland lapho eneminyaka engu-17. Uthe umfowabo naye ubone i-moa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Moa
Amathambo atholakale eseduzane nathi abuyela emuva ku-1445. Amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe ngokuqhubeka kokuba khona kwale nyoni awakatholakali. Ngezikhathi ezithile, kukhona ukuqagela mayelana nokuba khona kwe-moa ezikhathini zakamuva. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, futhi muva nje ngo-2008 nango-1993, abanye abantu bafakaze ukuthi babona imoa ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Iqiniso Elihehayo: Ukutholwa kabusha kwenyoni ye-takaha ngo-1948 ngemuva kokuthi kungakaze kube khona noyedwa oyibonile kusukela ngo-1898 kukhombise ukuthi izinhlobo zezinyoni ezingandile zingaba khona zingatholakali isikhathi eside. Noma kunjalo, i-takaha iyinyoni encane kakhulu kune-moa, ngakho-ke ochwepheshe bayaqhubeka nokuphikisa ngokuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-moa isinde..
UMoa uvame ukubalulwa njengongase alungele ukuvuswa ngokwenza i-clonon. Isimo sehlelo lesilwane, sihlanganiswe neqiniso lokuqothulwa eminyakeni engamakhulu ambalwa edlule, isb. Kusele inqwaba yezinsalela ze-moa, okusho ukuthi intuthuko kubuchwepheshe bokwenza amakholoni ingavumela ukuthi i-moa ivuswe. Ukwelashwa kwangaphambili okuhlobene nokukhishwa kwe-DNA kwenziwa ngusosayensi wezofuzo waseJapan uYasuyuki Chirota.
Intshisekelo yamandla we-moa yokuvuselela yavela maphakathi no-2014 lapho iPhalamende laseNew Zealand uTrevold Mellard ehlongoza ukubuyisela izinhlobo ezincane moa... Lo mbono wahlekwa ngabaningi, kepha wathola ukwesekwa ochwepheshe bezomlando abaningana nokho.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-21: 12
