Asio otus noma isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde - inyoni encane yomndeni wesikhova. Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngezihluthu zezimpaphe ezinde ezinhlangothini zekhanda, zibukeka njengezindlebe ezincane. Izikhova zalolu hlobo zinombala ofanayo. Izikhova ezinamalebe amade zihlala emahlathini, emaphoyiseni amancane nasemapaki asedolobheni. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zingezinyoni ezifudukayo, zindiza ngamaqembu abantu abayi-10 noma ngaphezulu. Kunzima ukuhlangana nezikhova ezinamalebe amade, ngoba izikhova azindiza ngesikhathi sasemini, zihamba ebusuku. Zihlukile kwezinye izikhova hhayi kuphela "ezindlebeni" zophaphe kodwa futhi nasesimilweni nasezincwadini zokuziphatha.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde
Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde u-Asio otus. Izikhova zesikwati. Uhlobo lwezikhova ezinamaqabunga amade. Izinhlobo zezikhova ezinde. Izikhova zinemvelaphi yasendulo. Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi seCenozoic e-Eocene, lezi zinyoni zazivele zihlala emahlathini asendulo aseMelika, njengoba kufakazelwa izinsalela zakudala zalezi zinyoni ezitholwa ososayensi. Izinyoni eziningi ezingasekho zazingezesizukulwane sanamuhla. Isikhova sesibaya sasihlala esikhathini samaMiocene, izikhova zokhozi zaziwa kusukela nge-Eocene engasekho.
Ividiyo: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde
Izikhova zasendulo zazihluke kakhulu ezinyonini zesimanje, zazingezona izidlo, futhi zazinokuhluka kokuziphatha. Eminyakeni eminingi yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zenze isitayela sazo esithile sokuzingela. Izikhova azijahi inyamazane yazo, njengoba kwenza ezinye izinyoni, kodwa zibheka inyamazane yazo bese zihlasela ngokushesha. Namuhla, izikhova ziyiqembu lezinyoni elihlukaniswe kahle kuzo zonke izindiza.Ngokuhlelekile, izikhova ziyefana nezimbuzi, orisho kanye nopholi.
Izinhlobo ze-Asio otus zachazwa okokuqala ngusosayensi wemvelo waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus ngo-1758. Lezi zinhlobo zinezici ezithile ezihlukanisa izikhova ezinamava kusuka kwabanye abamele lolu hlobo. Izikhova ezinamaqabunga amade zine-disc ebusweni; kunalokho izigaxa zezimpaphe eziphakeme, ezibizwa ngokuthi "izindlebe", ziyabonakala ekhanda lenyoni. Izikhova zalolu hlobo zinophaphe oluncane futhi oluqinile nombala omuhle "wemabula".
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezinyoni
Abesilisa nabesifazane balezi zinhlobo abanakho umehluko okhethekile wangaphandle. Ikhanda lenyoni likhulu, liyindilinga. Iris yamehlo aphuzi noma awolintshi. I-disc ebusweni benyoni ihlanganiswe nezimpaphe ezimnyama. Isikhova sinezimpaphe ezinzima ezinzima ezizungeze uqhwaku, ukukhanya endaweni yesilevu. Kunezimpaphe ezinemibala yemabula ebunzini phakathi kwamakhanono ezimpaphe.
Kunemigqa eminingana yezimpaphe ezimnyama ezungeze amehlo. Izindlebe zezindlebe zinezimpaphe ezintathu noma ezinhlanu ezinsundu, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zinombala obomvu. Entanyeni nasemuva, izimpaphe zibomvu, zinamabala ansundu. Amabala awahlangani abe yiphethini eyodwa. Ezingxenyeni ezingezansi zomzimba wenyoni, cishe imivimbo emi-4 emnyama iyabonakala. Izimpaphe zezindiza zinamabala amane ansundu kuwebhu nangaphakathi.
Izinyoni ezincane zinombala ofanayo nowabantu abadala, izimpaphe zazo kuphela ezithambile. Indawo ensundu ivelele ngamasentimitha ayi-7-10 ukusuka emphethweni wephiko. Amaphiko esikhova esidala angamasentimitha angama-87-100. Ubude benyoni bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-32 kuya kwengama-40 kuya ku-40 Kulezi zinhlobo zezinyoni, abesilisa bangaphansi kwabesifazane cishe ngo-1-5%. Ngaphandle, izinyoni zobulili obuhlukile azihlukile kakhulu.
Izimpiko zezinyoni zinde futhi ziyindilinga. Ngemuva lapho inyoni ihleli, izimpaphe ziba ngaphezulu phezulu. Umsila walezi zinhlobo zezikhova mude kakhulu, uyindilinga futhi unezimpaphe zomsila eziyi-12. Izinzipho noqhwaku kunsundu. Umlomo ubukhali, uyindilinga. Amathe ezinyaweni ampunga. Izikhova ezinamalebe amade zihlala isikhathi eside impela; ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile, isikhova singaphila iminyaka engafika kwengama-25.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Isikhova sishintsha izingubo eziningi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwaso. Ingubo yangaphansi ishintshwa yi-mesoptile, futhi ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, izimpaphe ezihlala njalo ziqala ukwakheka. Izikhova ezimnyama minyaka yonke.
Uhlala kuphi isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde?
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde esifundeni saseMoscow
Indawo yokuhlala yesikhova esinezindlebe ezinde ibanzi impela. Lezi yi-Eurasia, iFinland, i-Western Scandinavia. Eningizimu yiPalestine, i-Iran, iPamir nengxenye eseningizimu ye-Altai. Imvamisa isidleke ezintabeni zaseNanypanya nasempumalanga yeTibet. Futhi nezinyoni zihlala eSouthern Arizona, Oklahoma, Virginia, Northern California, Scotland, North America.
Izikhova ezinamava amade zihlala eziqhingini ezinjengeziqhingi zaseCanary, iBritish, i-Azores, iJapane neSicilian Peninsula. Zitholakala ngobuningi e-Armenia, zithanda ukuhlala ezifundeni zezintaba zeTien Shan, lapho lezi zinyoni zithanda ubusika. Ezintabeni bangahlala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphezulu kogu lolwandle.
ERussia, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zingatholakala cishe kulo lonke izwe. Izikhova zihlala emahlathini asezingeni eliphakeme ePerm, ezifundeni zase-Orenburg, eKrasnoyarsk, eMoscow, eTula, eLipetsk, e-Oryol, eKursk nakwezinye izifunda. Kuphawulwe nokuthi eSt. Petersburg nasesifundeni sayo, ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni zihlala ebusika.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhova zalolu hlobo zihlala eCaucasus, e-Armenia, e-Uzbekistan, eGeorgia. Izikhova ezinamalebe amade yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Lezi zinyoni zifika endaweni emaphakathi neRussia ephakathi ngasekupheleni kukaMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Ekwindla ngoSepthemba, izikhova zindiza ziye emazweni afudumele ukuze zihlale ubusika. Izidleke zezikhova emahlathini axubekile, emapaki, ezihlahleni. Imvamisa kuhlala izidleke ezindala zezinyoni ezidla inyama.
Sidlani isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde?
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde eRussia
Ukudla kufaka:
- amagundane, ama-voles namanye amagundane;
- izinyoni ezincane ezidlulayo (yurok, goldfinch, sparrow, bindweed);
- amabhungane (May beetles, beetles, barbel beetles, dung beetles, beetles and others);
- izingwejeje ezincane, onogwaja;
- izinsumpa;
- izibhamu;
- ukuqeda;
- amalulwane;
- amaxoxo namanye ama-amphibians.
Ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, indlela yokudla ingahluka kakhulu, kwenye indawo izikhova zingondla kwamanye amagundane, kwezinye, kunalokho, izinyoni zidla amabhungane nezinambuzane eziningi. Kwesinye isikhathi izikhova zingahlasela izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu - ama-partridges, pheasants, nama-rook. Ekudleni kwesikhova, izinyoni zakha cishe i-10%, kaningi izinyoni zondla ngamagundane, zingenza ukudla okungafika ku-80%. Imfucumfucu yokudla engagaywanga ngesimo samathambo, izimpaphe noboya iyaphindiswa yinyoni.
Ngokuya nge-biotype ehlala isikhova nomsindo waso, isikhova sizingela ngezindlela ezahlukene. Emahlathini, izikhova zibuka inyamazane yazo emagatsheni ezihlahla. Le nyoni isemagatsheni ayi-3-5 metres ukusuka phansi futhi izingela inyamazane yayo, ikhetha isikhathi lapho isisulu siphazanyiswa okuthile, isikhova siyihlasela kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezivulekile, izikhova zisebenzisa indiza yokusesha ukuzingela. Le nyoni izungeza kancane ngaphezu komhlabathi futhi ibheke okuthile engakudla. Ukubuka inyamazane kusukela kwesinye isikhathi kuyabonakala. Ngobusuku bokuthula obuzolile, izikhova ikakhulukazi ziyandiza, endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha amathathu ngaphezulu kwenkundla. Uma lina, futhi lapho kunomoya onamandla, izinyoni zizingela zihlala phansi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezinyoni
Izikhova ziyizinyoni ezihamba ebusuku. Emini, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amade zilala ngokuthula zihleli emagatsheni, ngenkathi zizama ukungabonakali zicasha emahlamvu. Ebusuku bayazingela. Ngesikhathi sezidleke, izinyoni zihlala izidleke ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-100 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Esikhathini esingezona esidlekeni, izinyoni zithutheleka emhlanjini omncane wabantu abahlanu kuya kwabangama-60. Emini, imihlambi enjalo ingahlala emahlathini, noma ama-conifers amade. Emihlanjini enjalo, izinyoni zizizwa ziphephile futhi zingaphumula kalula. Kusihlwa, izinyoni ziyandiza ziyokondla kungakapheli isigamu sehora selishonile ilanga. Yidla ngokubodwa kaningi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izikhova ezinamalebe amade zinamaphara amajwabu amehlo angafika kwamathathu, ezinye zisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sendiza ukuvikela amehlo othulini nasezimbanjeni, ezinye ukucwayiza, nezinye ukulala.
Izikhova ezinamalebe amade azibesabi abantu, kepha zingaziphatha ngochuku uma ziphazamisekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuzalela. Uma usondela esikhunjeni, siqala ukuhayiza bese siphekuza izimpaphe zaso, siyaluma uma singafuni ukuthintwa. Izinyoni zizolile, imvamisa akukho kungqubuzana emhlambini. Izinyoni azivikeli ikakhulukazi indawo yazo, azakhi izidleke, kepha zihlala ezidlekeni ezindala zezinye izinyoni.
Izikhova ezinamalebe amade yizinyoni ezifudukayo. Imvamisa zilala ezindaweni ezifanayo. Izinyoni zishiya ubusika ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - Septhemba. Babuyela endaweni yabo ejwayelekile ekupheleni kukaMashi - Ephreli, kuya ngesimo sezulu, izinsuku zingahluka kancane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Amachwane esikhova esinezindlebe ezinde
Isikhathi sokufukamela izikhova ezinamaqabunga amade siqala ngoMashi nasekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli. Ngesikhathi izinyoni ezizalela izidleke ziziphatha ngendlela ekhethekile, zikhipha umsindo wokuzilibazisa othi "gu-gu-guu" lesi sililo siphindaphindwa njalo ngemizuzwana emihlanu. Izinyoni zibizela umlingani wazo endizeni yokukhwelana ngokukhala, kuhambisana nokushaya amaphiko.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izikhova ezinamaqabunga amade azihluki ekhaya, azizakhi nhlobo izidleke, kepha zihlala ezidlekeni ezindala zamagwababa, onogwaja nama-rook. Kwesinye isikhathi bangakha ukwakhiwa kwamatshe ngisho nasemhlabathini phakathi kotshani. Isidleke sivame ukusetshenziselwa inkathi eyodwa, kuphela ukuzalanisa.
Inyoni yalolu hlobo ingabeka amaqanda asukela kwayi-3 kuye kwayi-9 ngenkathi eyodwa yokukhwelana. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ngezikhathi zezinsuku ezimbalwa. I-clutch iyashiswa futhi igadwe ngowesifazane oyedwa. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela, insikazi iphuma esidlekeni ebusuku amahlandla ayi-5-8 ubusuku ngabunye ukuze izitholele ukudla. Insikazi ijika njalo amaqanda, inyoni iphendulela amaqanda izikhathi ezingama-40 ngosuku, okungaziwa ngayo. Amachwane achamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-25-28. Ukuchamusela kuthatha cishe isonto, amaphuphu okugcina azalwa kamuva kunebhande lokugcina.
Amachwane azalwa enesisindo somzimba esingu-14-21 amagremu. Izikhova ezincane zimbozwe okumhlophe phansi, aziboni futhi azinakuzisiza. Zenza imisindo yokukhala nokuklabalasa. Amehlo ama-Owlet avuleka ngosuku lwesine lokuphila. Kuke kwaqashelwa ukuthi amachwane asuka ekuqaleni akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abafowethu abancane bayazibamba lezo ezindala.Ngasekupheleni kwenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, ukukhula kwale nyoni kuyama. Isikhova esincane sifana kakhulu nenyoni esikhulile, umehluko kuphela ku-izimpaphe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpaphe kuzophela eduze nezinsuku ezingama-50 ubudala.
Ngemuva kokuzalwa kwenzalo, owesifazane uyabashisa, futhi uhlala nabo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Indoda iletha ukudla emndenini. Ngesikhathi sasemini, owesilisa nowesifazane baphumula eduze kwesidleke. Uma umuntu esondela esidlekeni, izinyoni ziqala ukumxosha ngenkuthalo. Kwesinye isikhathi bangaze bahlasele umuntu. Ama-Owlets aqala ukushiya isidleke ekupheleni kwenyanga yokuqala yokuphila, aqala ukundiza aye ezihlahleni ezingomakhelwane. Kodwa-ke, kule minyaka, amaphuphu asakutholi ukudla, futhi abazali bawo bayawondla. Lapho enamasonto ayishumi ubudala, amaphuphu ashiya isidleke ngaphandle kokufunda nokundiza. Izinyoni zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zinonyaka owodwa.
Manje usubonile ukuthi intshontsho lesikhova esinezindlebe ezinde libukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi ubani ozingela le nyoni?
Izitha zemvelo zezikhova ezinamaqabunga amade
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde
Izikhova ezindala zinezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Lezi yizinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu ezidla inyama. Imvamisa, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amade zihlaselwa yizihlobo zazo, izikhova nezikhova. Kwesinye isikhathi oklebe nokhokho bangahlasela, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kuphela emini futhi uma inyoni uqobo ikhombisile ukungabi nankani. Ngokuyinhloko, impilo yalezi zinhlobo zezinyoni iyalinganiswa futhi izolile, izinyoni zihlala emhlambini esikhathini esingesona esidleke, futhi kuyaqabukela zibahlasele. Izidleke zonakaliswa ngamartens kanye nama-ermine. Amakati angakhuphukela esidlekeni esiseduze nendawo yabantu. Iningi lezinyoni ezincane ezingenalwazi namachwane amancane ahlushwa ukuhlaselwa. Futhi nezinyoni ezincane zivame ukufa ngesikhathi sezindiza ezinde ebusika, nasemuva.
Izifo eziyinhloko ezitholakala kwizikhova ezinamaqhubu amade yizifo eziphila ngokugula.
Emakhaleni ezikhova, izinhlobo ezinjalo zemikhaza zivame ukuhlala njenge:
- Rh. i-bricinboricus Btc.;
- I-Sternastoma strigitis Btk .;
- URhinoecius oti Cooreman.
Futhi izikhova zonakaliswa ngamazeze ezinhlobo zeCeratophillus gallinae nezinye izinambuzane. Ezintweni ezithinta kabi inani lalezi zinhlobo ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, isimo semvelo siba sibi minyaka yonke. Amachwane avame ukufa kule minyaka ebizwa ngokuthi "yiminyaka elambile" lapho abazali bengakwazi ukondla inzalo yabo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi eminyakeni lapho inani lamagundane asensimini landa, izikhova nazo zizalwa kakhulu, futhi amathuba anda okuthi zonke izinkukhu zizophila njengoba amagundane engukudla okungcono kakhulu kwalezi zinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde emvelweni
Isikhova esinezindlebe ezinde ngesinye sezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu ezihlala endaweni enkulu yezwe lethu. Izikhova zalolu hlobo zitholakala yonke indawo; zitholakala ehlathini, epaki, noma nasensimini yazo uqobo. Ngokwesilinganiso, kungatholakala amantshontsho angaba yisikhombisa alezi zinyoni endaweni engamahektha ayi-120. Eziqiwini ezingama-38 ezweni lethu, lolu hlobo lwesikhova lubonwe kuma-36, ukuzala okuphumelelayo kwaqashelwa eziqiwini ezingama-24.
Ngokwesilinganiso, inani lezikhova ezinezindlebe ezinde eYurophu limi ngokulandelayo: IGreat Britain ne-Ireland - kusuka ezinkulungwaneni eziyisihlanu kuya kweziyisi-7. I-France isuka ezinkulungwaneni ezi-2 kuya kwezi-8 eziyizinkulungwane, iBelgium cishe ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane eziyi-7, iFinland cishe ngamabhangqa ayinkulungwane, iSweden cishe ngamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane eziyi-10 Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lezinyoni zalezi zinhlobo lehle ngokuphawulekayo e-United States; esifundazweni saseMichigan, lolu hlobo luye lwathathwa nokuvikelwa, futhi lusengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Futhi, inani lezikhova ezinamava amade eMinnesota, eCalifornia naseNew Jersey linciphile. Mhlawumbe izinyoni azithandi nje le ndawo okwamanje, futhi izinyoni zimane zahamba, ngoba kunzima kakhulu ukulandelela izinombolo zazo. Kwamanye amazwe, lolu hlobo alubangeli ukukhathazeka.
Ezweni lethu, izinhlobo ze-Asio otus ziningi futhi azidingi ukuvikelwa okukhethekile, kepha ukuzingela izinyoni, njengezinyoni zonke zomndeni wesikhova, akuvunyelwe ezweni lethu. Ukufa phakathi kwezinyoni zalezi zinhlobo ikakhulu kwehlela phezu kwamachwane onyakeni wokuqala wokuphila, okungaba ngamaphesenti angama-52 okufa okuphelele kwezinyoni.
Isikhova esikhuphukile le nyoni enomusa futhi enhle ihlukaniswa izingcingo ezinhle, ezimnandi ezivela emahlathini nasemasimini ebusuku. Akuthandeki ukusondela ezinyonini uthinte izidleke zazo, ngoba azibathandi ngempela abantu. Ekuthunjweni, lezi zinyoni ziphila isikhathi eside ngoba zinokufinyelela okungaphazanyiswa kokudla.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-17: 38
