IBarguzin uyisidlakela esidla inyama yomndeni wama-marten otholakala emahlathini aseNyakatho ye-Asia, obongwa kakhulu ngoboya bawo obuntekenteke. Imibala yoboya isukela kobumnyama ngokwedlulele kuya kokhanyayo onsundu. Uma umnyama umbala wesikhumba, uyenyuka amanani aso endalini yoboya. Igama elithi Barguzin sable linezimpande zeSlavic futhi seligxilile ezilimini eziningi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuhweba ngoboya ekuqaleni kweNkathi Ephakathi. Ngakho-ke, i-sable yaseRussia (i-sobol) yaba yi-German Zobel, i-Portuguese zibelina, i-zibeline yaseFrance, i-soopeli yaseFinland, i-Dutch Sabel, njll.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Barguzin
UKarl von Linne uchaze iBarguzin ngo-1758 encwadini ethi "Imvelo" ngaphansi kwesihloko esithi Mustela zibellina. Ukuhlukaniswa kohlobo loMustelidae kwenziwa nguSergei Ognev emuva ngonyaka we-1925. Kodwa-ke, inomsila omfushane futhi umnyama, ucwebezela futhi ulusu olucekeceke.
Ividiyo: IBarguzin
Bekuvamisile ukuthi i-M. zibellina sable ifake i-M. melampus njenge-subspecies, kepha izifundo zakamuva zofuzo ziqinisekisa isikhundla sezinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene ze-barguzin kanye ne-marten yaseJapan.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-barguzins amakhulu kakhulu atholakala eKamchatka, aphakathi nendawo e-Altai nase-Urals, kanti abantu abancane kakhulu bahlala ezifundeni zase-Ussuri nase-Amur eMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia naseHokkaido eJapan. Baphinde bakhetha izindawo eziseduze neChibi iBaikal, iYakutia ne-Amur, lapho umbala wabo umnyama kakhulu. Kodwa eTrans-Urals kunezinhlobonhlobo ezikhanyayo zama-sables.
Ososayensi abaningi bazamile ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlobo zaba izinhlobo ezingaphansi. Ama-subspecies amabili kuya kwamashumi amathathu nane angaqanjwa. Umsebenzi wokwehlukanisa uyinkimbinkimbi ngeqiniso lokuthi isable ivame ukuhanjiswa kwezinye izindawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sable endaweni eyodwa iyahlukahluka kangangokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthola izici ezijwayelekile ezihlukanisa nabanye abantu be-barguzin.
Izinkampani zoboya eRussia yangaphambi kwenguquko zathengisa izikhumba ezingama-25,000 minyaka yonke futhi cishe eziyisishiyagalolunye kweziyishumi zazo zathunyelwa eJalimane naseFrance. Izitebele zabanjwa ngezicupho zensimbi, kanye nakumaminks kanye nemartens. Ukuzingela okujulile eRussia ngekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kudale ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamaBarguzins, ngakho-ke ngo-1935 kwavalwa iminyaka emihlanu yokuvinjelwa kokuzingela lesi silwane, kwalandelwa imikhawulo yonyaka yokuzingela. Lezi zilinganiso, ezihambisana nokwakhiwa kwamapulazi e-barguzin, zivumele lezi zinhlobo ukuthi zikwazi ukuhlanganisa kabusha uhla lwazo lwangempela futhi zithole abantu abaphilile.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal barguzin
Ngenxa yomehluko ekubukeni kwamaBarguzins ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kube nempikiswano mayelana nenani eliqondile lama-subspecies angabonakala ngokusobala. Namuhla, izinhlobo eziyishumi nesikhombisa ezahlukahlukene ziyaziwa, kepha eminye imithombo yesayensi yakamuva ikhombe okuhlukile okungenzeka kusuka kokuyisikhombisa kuya kumashumi amathathu.
Umzimba weBarguzin, njengama-martens amaningi, ubonakala ngomzimba ovulekile, omncane nomzimba omfishane. Ngokwesimilo, iBarguzin ifana ne-pine marten, kepha inkudlwana futhi inomsila omfishane, futhi uboya busilika futhi buthambile.
Umbala wejazi usukela kokunsundu ngokukhanyayo kuye kokumnyama. Inhloko ivame ukuba lula kancane kunomzimba. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba nezinwele ezihlukene ezimhlophe noma eziphuzi ejazini. Kulokhu, umbala woboya ngamunye ukhanya ngokwengeziwe ngaphakathi futhi ube mnyama emuva nasemilenzeni. Kwabanye abantu, uboya obukhanyayo buvela emphinjeni, obungaba mpunga, mhlophe noma uphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ingubo yasebusika inezinwele ezinde kakhulu nezisilika, ngenkathi ehlobo ziba mfushane, ziqine futhi zibe mnyama. I-Molting yenzeka ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi nango-Agasti kuya kuNovemba.
M. zibellina ukhombisa ukufiphala kocansi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Izintambo zifinyelela kubude bomzimba obungu-32 kuye kuma-53 cm (abesilisa) noma ama-30 kuye kuma-48 cm (abesifazane). Umsila onobuthi kusuka ku-30.5 kuye ku-46 cm ubude. Ngokwesilinganiso, abesilisa bakhulu kuno-9% kunabesifazane. Isisindo sabesilisa sisuka ku-1150 kuya ku-1850 amagremu, kwabesifazane kusuka ku-650 kuya ku-1600 amagremu. Ebusika, isisindo sikhula ngo-7-10%.
Uhlala kuphi uBarguzin?
Isithombe: IBarguzin eRussia
I-Barguzin sable itholakala kuyo yonke i-Asia esenyakatho, lapho indawo yayo yokusabalalisa ihlanganisa insimu esuka eScandinavia kuya eNyakatho yeChina. Njengamanje, indawo okuhlala kuyo lesi silo ayidluli kude nentshonalanga, kepha isatholakala kulo lonke elaseSiberia nasenyakatho neChina.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ERussia, ukusabalala kwe-barguzin kuhlotshaniswa nokwethulwa okuphindaphindwayo kwezilwane ezingama-19,000 emvelweni kusuka ngo-1940 kuya ku-1965.
Indawo yokuqala yokusabalalisa yeBarguzin yayihlanganisa iningi lasenyakatho ne-Eurasia, futhi yayihlanganisa neScandinavia. Kwezinye izindawo okwabiwa kuzo, zanyamalala; ngakho-ke namuhla abahlali entshonalanga yezintaba zase-Ural.
Izindawo zamanje zokusabalalisa zifaka:
- I-Russia: cishe yonke iSiberia empumalanga ye-Urals, kufaka phakathi iSakhalin;
- Kazakhstan: enyakatho-mpumalanga eyedlulele eceleni kwemifula iBukhtarma ne-Uba;
- I-China: indawo yokusatshalaliswa ifaka izindawo ezintathu ezihlukene: onqenqemeni lwe-Altai eXinjiang, ezintabeni ezinkulu ze-Khingan futhi, mhlawumbe, nasezintabeni ze-Lesser Khingan, ezintabeni zase Changbai;
- IMongolia: e-Altai nasemahlathini;
- INorth Korea: eziNtabeni zaseChangbai naseningizimu yezintaba;
- IJapan: esiqhingini saseHokkaido.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwesentshonalanga kweBarguzin kufaka phakathi Izintaba Zase-Ural, lapho zihlala ngozwela nama-red mart martens. Lolu hlobo luthanda amahlathi aminyene e-taiga, emathafeni nasezifundeni zezintaba ezisenyakatho ye-Asia. IBarguzin M. zibellina itholakala emahlathini e-spruce nawomsedari wase-Eastern Siberia, kanye nasemahlathini e-larch nawaphayini eSiberia. Kubonakala sengathi uvikela izintaba eziphakeme kakhulu ezingenalutho. Lezi zinhlobo ikakhulukazi zasemhlabeni futhi zigobhoza phansi ehlathini.
Udla ini uBarguzin?
Isithombe: Barguzin ngokwemvelo
Ukudla kukaBarguzin kuyehluka kuye ngesizini. Badla kakhulu amagundane adlayo, ama-chipmunks, izingwejeje, amaqanda ezinyoni, izinyoni ezincane ngisho nezinhlanzi. Izilwane nazo zingadla amajikijolo, amantongomane ephayini kanye nohlaza lapho imithombo yokudla eyinhloko ingatholakali. Ezimweni zezulu ezinzima, i-M. zibellina barguzin igcina inyamazane ngaphakathi komhume wayo ukuze izisekele ize ikwazi ukuzingela futhi. Izilwane zizingela ne-ermine, izinyoni kanye nama-weasel amancane.
Kwesinye isikhathi ama-barguzin alandela ezinyathelweni zezimpisi noma amabhere futhi adle izinsalela zemikhosi yawo. Lesi silwane singazondla nge-shellfish, njengama-slugs, abasigcobayo emhlabathini ukukhipha amafinyila. Amathebula kwesinye isikhathi adla izinhlanzi ezibanjwa ngezidladla zangaphambili. Iningi lokudla kwabo liqukethe amagundane amancane. ESiberia, amagundane akha ngaphezu kwama-50% ohlu lokudla lwesable. Ebusika, lapho zivikela eqhweni naseqhweni, zivame ukudla amajikijolo asehlathini.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezikumenyu zingafaka:
- amaprotheni;
- ama-pikas;
- i-muskrat;
- izimbila;
- hares;
- inyamazane encane ye-musk (i-musk deer).
Ukudla kwezilwane kufaka nezinyoni, izinhlanzi nezinambuzane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilwane sikhotha uju ezidlekeni zezinyosi. Izitshalo zakha ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla kwazo. Maphakathi ne-Yenisei kutholakale ukuthi i-sable yendawo iphakela ama-20% wembewu yephayini kanye ne-blueberry. Ama-Barguzins azingela ikakhulukazi ngomsindo nangephunga, futhi anendlebe ejulile. Babeka indawo yabo ngephunga elikhiqizwa yizindlala esiswini sabo.
Manje usuyayazi indlela yokondla iBarguzin. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endle.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: IBarguzin ebusika
Ama-Sable ahamba kakhulu emhlabathini, kepha angakhuphuka kahle. Zakha izidleke eziningana endaweni yazo eseduze namabhange emifula nasezingxenyeni eziminyene zehlathi, ikakhulukazi ezigodini zezihlahla ezingenalutho, emifantwini noma ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla, ezisatshalaliswa ngezitshalo noma izinwele ezomile. Le migodi yenziwa iphephe ngangokunokwenzeka.
Insimu yeBarguzin isuka ku-4 kuye ku-30 km². Usayizi uncike endaweni yokuhlala ngakhoke ekudleni okungaba khona, kanye neminyaka yesilwane. Nsuku zonke usable udlula ku-6.5-12 km endaweni yakhe. Ezimweni ezehlukile, ibanga lingahle libe ngamakhilomitha angama-30, kepha kutholakele ukufuduka okungama-300 km.
USable usebenza kakhulu kusihlwa, kepha angahamba ebusuku, kepha kuyaqabukela emini. Esimweni sezulu esibanda kakhulu, bavame ukuchitha izinsuku eziningana esidlekeni sabo. Ukuqhubekela phambili kwenzeka ngenxa yokugxuma okuncane okunobubanzi obungu-40 kuye ku-70 cm. Ngokombono, isele lingenza ukweqa kufike kumamitha ama-4 ububanzi. Umhume waso ufihliwe kahle, umbozwe ngotshani noboya, kepha kungaba okwesikhashana, ikakhulukazi ebusika, lapho isilwane sihamba siyofuna inyamazane enkulu ibanga.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isakhiwo seminyaka yohlobo, sinqunywa indlela yokuguga, imi kanje: abancane 62.7%; abanonyaka owodwa 12.5%; Iminyaka engu-2-4 - 2.7-5.5%; Iminyaka engu-5-7 ubudala - 1.5-3.7%, izilwane ezineminyaka engu-8 nangaphezulu - 0.4-1.7% kuma-Urals naku-75.6%, 5.7%, 2.7-4.9%, 0.8-2.5% no-0.2-1.4%, ngokulandelana, e-Western Sayan. Izinga lokusinda lama-sables lonyaka: i-19.9% yezingane, i-44.0% yonyaka kanye ne-75.9-79.4% yezilwane eminyakeni engu-2-9 e-Urals naku-33.0%, 59.6% naku-49.3-75 , 8%, ngokulandelana, eWestern Sayan.
Emapulazini, ama-barguzins aphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-18, ngenkathi besendle, abantu abathandekayo banesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyi-9-10; ama-barguzins amadala angavamile. Cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezilwane zasendle ezingaphansi kweminyaka emibili ubudala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Little Barguzin
Kuyabonakala ukuthi abesilisa, abamaka indawo yabo, bakha ama-ruts noma ama-groove amancane eqhweni cishe ngemitha ubude, kuhambisana nokuchama njalo. Ukukhwelana kwenzeka phakathi kukaJuni 15 kuya ku-Agasti 15, usuku luyohluka ngokwendawo. Ezindaweni lapho abantu bembalwa khona, amasiko okuqomisana ahlanganisa ukugijima, ukugxuma, kanye "nemisindo yekati" phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni lapho ukwehlukaniswa kwamabanga owesilisa, ukuncintisana kwabesifazane kungaholela ezimpini ezinkulu.
Ngemuva kokudonswa, iseli elikhulelisiwe alifakwanga odongeni lwesibeletho sowesifazane. Ukufakelwa kabusha kwenzeka ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili, futhi ukukhula kombungu kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-25-30 kuphela. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi esiphelele sokukhulelwa siyizinsuku ezingama-250 kuya kwezingu-300. Ama-litter abesifazane avela ku-1 kuya ku-7 amazinyane, kepha ama-litter amancane abantu abangu-2-3 ajwayelekile. Kwamanye ama-barguzins, ukunakekelwa kukababa kuyabonwa, njengoba abesilisa bevikela indawo yabesifazane futhi behlinzeka nangomama abahlengikazi kanye nenzalo yabo.
Ama-barguzins asanda kuzalwa azalwa engenalusizo, ngamehlo avaliwe nongqimba oluncane kakhulu lwezinwele. Izingane zinesisindo esiphakathi kuka-25 no-35 amagremu futhi ngokwesilinganiso ubude obungu-10 cm. AmaBarguzits avula amehlo awo phakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-30 kuya kwezingama-36 zokuphila kwawo futhi ashiye isidleke kungekudala. Emasontweni ayisikhombisa ngemuva kokuzalwa, ziyalunyulwa futhi zithola ukudla okuhlafunwayo kunina. AmaBarguzins afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Izitha zemvelo zamaBarguzins
Isithombe: Barguzin
Ngaphezu kokufa kwemvelo, ama-barguzins angahlaselwa yizinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezilwane ezincelisayo nezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezinyoni. Abancintisana nesable endaweni yalo bayizilwane ezidla ezinye futhi ezidlayo. Lesi silwane singahlupheka ngokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezingama-34 zama-helminths, izinhlobo eziyi-19 zamazeze nezinhlobo ezintathu zama-gamasid mites, ezichazwa njengezimbungulu zesibaya.
Izilwane eziyinhloko zeBarguzin zifaka phakathi izilwane eziningi ezinkulu, okuyilezi:
- izimpisi;
- ama-wolverines;
- i-lynx;
- izinkozi;
- izikhova;
- izimpungushe;
- ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama (ezinjenge-falcon);
- amahlosi;
- izikhova ezinkulu.
AmaBarguzin afakwe uzipho olubukhali namazinyo abukhali, avumela ukuthi bazivikele ngempumelelo ezilwaneni eziningi ezidla ezinye. Kodwa-ke, isilwane esiyingozi kakhulu ngumuntu, ngoba sekungamakhulu eminyaka kukholakala ukuthi indlwana inesikhumba esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu. Izilwane zazaziwa kabanzi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-3 BC. Ngenhlonipho, abantu baseScythian bathumela uboya obubalulekile ezweni lamaGrikhi ngaphesheya koLwandle Olumnyama.
Kamuva, izikhumba zesable zaba uphawu lwesimo, ikakhulukazi eRussia. Umqhele wama-tsars waseRussia wawuhlotshiswe ngoboya obuyigugu obukhulu kuze kube ngekhulu le-17. Abantu abanqotshiwe baseSiberia bakhokha intela ngezikhumba ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yokuzingela ngokweqile, i-sable yaba yivelakancane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Amanani ashibhile ngo-2010 ayengu- $ 167 ngoboya besable kanye no-138 wamadola wokuzingela endle. Ngokuyinhloko, izikhumba ezivela ezilwaneni ezifuywayo manje sezihanjiswa emakethe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Animal barguzin
USable ungowesigaba sezilwane esingakhathazeki kangako, ngoba ngokwezibalo zokuqala, kusatshalaliswa abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili e-Eurasia. Kububanzi bayo obuningi, abukho ubungozi bokwehla ngobuningi, yize kunciphile kwamanye amazwe ngokuphelele akha ingxenye encane kuphela yobubanzi bawo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: ESoviet Union, ukuzingela nokudoba i-barguzin kwakwenqatshelwe phakathi kuka-194 no-1960, lapho kwakhululwa amasabula angama-20 000 emapulazini aya endle. Lezi zinyathelo ziholele eqinisweni lokuthi namuhla inani lama-barguzins ezweni seliluleme lafinyelela ezingeni lawo lokuqala, futhi i-IUCN ikholelwa ukuthi manje akukho lutho olusongela lesi silwane.
Isici esiyinhloko sokwehla kwezibalo ukuzingela ebusika. Kodwa-ke, eRussia, i-sable iyaxhashazwa ngokuya ngezilinganiso zesayensi, ngakho-ke lokhu kuzingela akulona usongo ezinhlotsheni. Enye indawo yokuhlala ilahleka ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwakhiwa kwezokuxhumana kanye nokwakhiwa kwezimayini ezintsha, imikhakha kawoyela negesi.
IBarguzin ivikelwe eziqiwini zemvelo zombuso nasemapaki kazwelonke. Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezivikelekile, ukuzingelwa kwesable eRussia kulawulwa ngokuqinile ngezilinganiso zokuzingela esifundeni ngasinye futhi kukhawulwe ngesikhathi kusuka ngo-Okthoba 15 kuya kuFebhuwari 29. Izindawo eziyinhloko lapho iBarguzin ivikelwe khona yiziqiwi zemvelo ezingama-41 ezinendawo ephelele engama-164,960 km².
E-China, ukuzingela akuvunyelwe kuyo yonke indawo engama-215,678 km² lapho kugcinwa khona lolu hlobo. EMongolia, kubhekwa njengabantu abasengozini. Ku-DPRK i-barguzin ihlukaniswe njengengcuphe enkulu. EJapan, ama-subspecies endawo avikelwe kusukela ngo-1920 futhi njengamanje abhalwe ohlwini njengengcuphe. Azikho izilinganiso zobuningi beJapan, Korea noma Kazakhstan, futhi izingxenye ezinabantu abaningi zalawa mazwe zakha ingxenye encane kuphela yobubanzi bezinhlobo zomhlaba.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.09.2019 ngo-20: 13
