Guillemot - izimpaphe ezinkulu kunazo zonke zomndeni wakwa-auch. Uthathe le ndawo yokuhlonishwa ngemuva kokuqothulwa kohlobo lwenhlanzi engenamaphiko. Lona uhlobo oluningi, olunezinombolo ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 ngazimbili eRussia kuphela. Le nyoni yasolwandle, impilo yayo ichithwa ekukhukhulekeleni iqhwa nasemadwaleni amakhulu. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, amakoloni ezinyoni afinyelela izinyoni eziyizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayizinkulungwane. Ungafunda amaqiniso amaningi athakazelisayo mayelana ne-guillemot lapha.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kaira
Uhlobo lwe-Uria lwahlonzwa ngudokotela wezilwane waseFrance uM. Brisson ngonyaka we-1760 ngokusungulwa kwe-guillemot enamakhadi amancane (i-Uria aalge) njengezinhlobo eziqanjiwe. Izinyoni ze-guillemot zihlobene ne-auk (Alca torda), i-lurik (Alle alle) kanye ne-auk engasakwazi ukundiza, futhi ngokubambisana bakha umndeni wama-auks (Alcidae). Naphezu kokutholakala kwabo kokuqala, ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-DNA, abahlobene kakhulu neCepphus grylle njengoba kusikiselwe ngaphambili.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Igama lohlobo luvela ku-Uriah yasendulo yamaGrikhi, inyoni yasemanzini eshiwo ngu-Athenaeus.
Uhlobo lwe-Uria luqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili: i-guillemot enamakhadi amancane (i-U. Aalge) ne-guillemot e-thick-billed (U. lomvia)
Ezinye izinhlobo zangaphambi komlando zase-Uria ziyaziwa futhi:
- uria bordkorbi, 1981, Howard - Monterey, Late Miocene Lompoc, eU.SA;
- uria affinis, 1872, Marsh - Pleistocene ongasekho e-USA;
- uria paleohesperis, 1982, Howard - Miocene ongasekho, e-USA;
- uria onoi Watanabe, 2016; Matsuoka noHasegawa - Middle-Late Pleistocene, Japan.
U. brodkorbi uyathakazelisa ngokuthi nguyena kuphela omele ama-auks aziwa atholakala engxenyeni esezingeni elipholile nesesishisayo ePacific Ocean, ngaphandle kwamaphethelo nje ohla lwe-U. Aalge. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi izinhlobo ze-Uria, okuyitekisi elihlobene nawo wonke amanye ama-auks futhi okucatshangwa ukuthi zavela e-Atlantic njengazo, kungenzeka ukuthi zavela eCaribbean noma eduze nase-Isthmus yasePanama. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwePacific kuzoba yingxenye yokwandiswa kamuva kwe-Arctic, kuyilapho eminye imigqa yakha ibanga eliqhubekayo ePacific kusuka e-arctic kuye emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yeGuillemot
AmaGuillemot yizinyoni zasolwandle eziqinile ezinezimpaphe ezimnyama ezimboze ikhanda, emuva nasemaphikweni. Izimpaphe ezimhlophe zimboza isifuba nesifuba esiphansi namaphiko. Zombili lezi zinhlobo zama-guillemots zihluka ngosayizi kusuka kuma-39 kuye kuma-49 cm, futhi zikala kwenye indawo cishe u-1-1.5 kg. Ngemuva kokuphela kwe-auk engenamaphiko (P. impennis), lezi zinyoni zaba ngabamele abakhulu bama-auks. Izimpiko zazo zingama-61 - 73 cm.
Ividiyo: Kaira
Ebusika, intamo yabo nobuso babo baba mpunga ngokuphaphathekile. Uqhwaku lwabo olumise okomkhonto luba mpunga-mnyama nomugqa omhlophe ohamba ezinhlangothini zomhlathi ongenhla. Ama-guillemots akhokhiswa isikhathi eside (i-U. Lomvia) angahlukaniswa nama-guillemot akhokhe kancane (U. aalge) ngezici zawo eziqinile, ezibandakanya ikhanda nentamo esindayo nebhili emfushane, eqinile. Zinezimpaphe eziningi ezimnyama futhi azinayo imivimbo eminingi ensundu ezinhlangothini.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izinhlobo zezinhlobo kwesinye isikhathi ziyahlangana, mhlawumbe kaningi kunokucabanga kwangaphambilini.
AmaGuillemot yizinyoni ezindizayo ezinamabala anezintambo, imilenze emifushane namaphiko. Ngenxa yokuthi imilenze yabo ihlehliselwa emuva kakhulu, banokuma okuqondile okuqondile, okufana kakhulu nokwe-penguin. Ama-guillemot wabesilisa nabesifazane abukeka efanayo. Amachwane we-Fledging ayafana nalawo maqondana nezimpaphe, kodwa abe nocijana oluncane, oluncane. Zinomsila omnyama oyindilinga omncane. Ingxenye engezansi yobuso iba mhlophe ebusika. Indiza inamandla futhi iqondile. Ngenxa yamaphiko abo amafushane, iziteleka zabo zishesha kakhulu. Izinyoni zenza imisindo eminingi egigithekayo emakoloni okuzalela, kodwa ziyathula olwandle.
Uhlala kuphi i-guillemot?
Isithombe: Kaira eRussia
UGuillemot uhlala ngokuphelele emanzini ase-Arctic nase-subarctic aseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Le nyoni yamanzi efudukayo inokwabiwa okubanzi kwendawo. Ehlobo, lihlala ogwini olunamadwala e-Alaska, Newfoundland, Labrador, Sakhalin, Greenland, Scandinavia, iziQhingi zaseKuril eRussia, isiQhingi se-Kodiak ngasogwini oluseningizimu ye-Alaska. Ebusika, ama-guillemot aseduze kwamanzi avulekile, imvamisa ahlala emaphethelweni endawo yeqhwa.
AmaGuillemot ahlala emanzini asogwini ala mazwe:
- EJapan;
- IRussia eseMpumalanga;
- USA;
- ECanada;
- IGreenland;
- I-Iceland;
- E-Northern Ireland;
- INgilandi;
- ENingizimu Norway.
Izindawo zokuhlala zasebusika zisuka emaphethelweni eqhwa avulekile eningizimu ziye eNova Scotia nasenyakatho yeBritish Columbia, futhi zitholakala nasemaphethelweni aseGreenland, eNyakatho Yurophu, eMid Atlantic, ePacific Northwest ye-United States, nasePacific Ocean eningizimu kuya maphakathi neJapane. Ngemuva kweziphepho ezinamandla, abanye abantu bangandizela eningizimu. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala ebusika emihlambini emikhulu olwandle oluvulekile, kepha abanye abantu abaphambukayo bangavela emachwebeni, emfuleni noma kweminye imizimba yamanzi.
Njengomthetho, zizingela kude nogu futhi zingabantu abatshuzi abahle kakhulu, zifinyelela ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100 ukuphishekela inyamazane. Le nyoni ingandiza futhi ngamakhilomitha angama-75 ngehora, yize ibhukuda kangcono kakhulu kunezindiza. AmaGuillemot nawo akha amaqoqo amakhulu ogwini olunamadwala, lapho abesifazane ngokuvamile bebeka amaqanda abo onqenqemeni oluncane eweni lolwandle. Ngokuvamile, kwenzeka emihumeni nasemifantwini. Lezi zinhlobo zikhetha ukuhlala eziqhingini kunasemaphethelweni ezwekazini.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyoni ye-guillemot. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini okudliwa yi-guillemot?
Isithombe: Sea bird guillemot
Ukuziphatha kokudla kwe-guillemot kuyehluka kuye ngohlobo lwenyamazane nendawo ehlala kuyo. Imvamisa babuyela ekoloni bephethe into eyodwa yokudla, ngaphandle kokuthi kubanjwe izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Njengezilwane ezidla ezinye zasolwandle, amasu wokubamba isisulu we-guillemot asuselwa kunzuzo yamandla engaba khona entweni yempango kanye nezindleko zamandla ezidingekayo ukubamba isisulu.
AmaGuillemot yizinyoni ezidla kakhulu futhi adla izimpilo ezahlukahlukene zasolwandle, kufaka phakathi:
- pollock;
- ama-gobies;
- i-flounder;
- capelin;
- ama-gerbils;
- ingwane;
- isiswebhu;
- ama-annelids;
- ama-crustaceans;
- i-zooplankton enkulu.
UGuillemot wondla ngaphansi kwamanzi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-100, emanzini ane-t engaphansi kuka-8 ° C. Uhlobo lwama-guillemot amancane akhokhisiwe angababulali abanekhono, babamba inyamazane ngokuphishekela okusebenzayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abameleli bohlobo oluningi abanesibindi bachitha isikhathi esiningi bezingela, kepha amandla amancane afunisisa inyamazane engezansi, ehamba kancane kancane ezansi efuna inhlabathi noma amatshe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokususelwa endaweni yayo, i-U. Lomvia nayo ingahlukahluka ngokudla okuhlobene nendawo. Emaphethelweni olwandle eqhwa, zidla kukholamu lamanzi nasengxenyeni engezansi yeqhwa elisheshayo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, emaphethelweni e-ice sheet, U. lomvia udla ngaphansi kweqhwa, olwandle, nasekholamu lamanzi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ama-Guillemots
AmaGuillemot akha amaqoqo amakhulu, aminyene emakoloni emadwaleni lapho ezalela khona. Ngenxa yokuhamba kwazo ngendlela exakile, izinyoni zibhekwa njengabashukumi abanekhono kakhulu kunabashayeli bezindiza. Amachwane amadala namancane ahambisa amabanga amade ohambweni lokufuduka ukusuka emakoloni esidleke aye endaweni yokuvuthwa nobusika. Amachwane abhukuda cishe amakhilomitha ayi-1000 ephelezelwa ngabazali besilisa esigabeni sokuqala sohambo oluya endaweni ebusika. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu abadala bayancibilika ezimpapheni zabo zasebusika futhi balahlekelwe amandla abo okundiza okwesikhashana kuze kuvele izimpaphe ezintsha.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-Guillemots ajwayele ukusebenza emini. Ngosizo lwabagawuli bemininingwane yezinyoni, ososayensi banqume ukuthi bahamba amakhilomitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-168 beya endaweni eyodwa beya ezindaweni zokudla.
Lezi zinyoni zasolwandle nazo zidlala indima enkulu emvelweni yasolwandle ngokususelwa ekudleni kwazo kwe-pelagic. Ama-Guillemots akholelwa ukuthi axhumana esebenzisa imisindo. Ezinkukhu, lena ikakhulukazi imisindo engazelelwe, ebonakala ngocingo oluphuma njalo olwenziwe ngesivinini esiphezulu. Le kholi inikezwa lapho beshiya ikoloni, futhi njengendlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwamachwane nabazali.
Abantu abadala, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakhiqiza amanothi aphansi nomsindo onzima. Le misindo isindayo, isikhumbuza uhleko luka- "ha ha ha" noma umsindo omude, okhulayo. Lapho ulaka, i-murres ikhipha imisindo ebuthakathaka, enesigqi. Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo zingahlala ndawonye, ngokuvamile, ama-murres ayizinyoni ezihlambalazayo neziphikisayo. Zizwana kuphela nezakhamizi ezinkulu zase-Arctic, ngokwesibonelo, ngama-cormorant amakhulu. Lokhu kusiza ama-guillemot ekuhlaseleni izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Pair of guillemots
AmaGuillemot aqala ukuzala aphakathi kweminyaka emihlanu nesithupha futhi abe nesidleke emakoloni amakhulu, aminyene, anomsindo emaceleni amatshe amancane. Ezikoloni lazo, izinyoni ziyama ndawonye, zakhe indawo eminyene yokwakha izidleke ukuze zizivikele zona kanye namachwane azo ezilwaneni eziyingozi. Imvamisa zifika ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke entwasahlobo, kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi, kepha njengoba imijondolo ivame ukumbozwa yiqhwa, ukuvuleka kweqanda kuqala ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni, kuya ngezinga lokushisa kolwandle.
Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda cishe ngasikhathi sinye ukuvumelanisa isikhathi sokuchanyuselwa kanye nesikhathi lapho izingane zigxumela khona onqenqemeni lokushutheka olwandle ukuze zenze ukufuduka kwazo isikhathi eside ebusika. Ama-guillemot esifazane abeka iqanda elilodwa ngegobolondo eliwugqinsi futhi elisindayo, kusuka ku-hue oluhlaza okotshani kuye kobomvana, enendawo enephethini.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Amaqanda ama-guillemot amile okwepheya, ngakho-ke ayigingqiki lapho iqhutshwa kulayini oqondile, okukuvumela ukuthi ungalichithi ngengozi usuke ebangeni eliphakeme.
Abesifazane abazakhi izidleke, kodwa basakaza amatshe amatshe azungeze lona kanye neminye imfucumfucu, begcina iqanda likhona ngendle. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane bayashintshana ngokufukamela iqanda esikhathini esiyizinsuku ezingama-33. Ichwane lichanyuselwa ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30-35 futhi bobabili abazali bayalinakekela iphuphu lize ligxume emaweni ngezinsuku ezingama-21 ubudala.
Bobabili abazali bafukamela iqanda njalo, bathathe amashifu wamahora ayi-12 kuye kwangama-24. Amachwane adla kakhulu ngezinhlanzi ezilethwe abazali bobabili endaweni yokuzalanisa izinsuku eziyi-15-30. Amatshwele avame ukuzala cishe ezinsukwini ezingama-21 ubudala. Ngemuva kwalo mzuzu, insikazi iya olwandle. Umzali wesilisa uhlala enakekela iphuphu isikhathi eside, ngemuva kwalokho uye olwandle nephuphu ebusuku esimweni sezulu esizolile. Abesilisa bachitha amasonto amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili nezingane zabo ngaphambi kokuba zithole inkululeko ephelele.
Izitha zemvelo ze-guillemot
Isithombe: Inyoni yeGuillemot
Ama-Guillemot asengozini enkulu yezilwane ezizingela phezulu. Izinkumbi ezimpunga zaziwa ngokudla amaqanda namachwane ashiywe enganakiwe. Kodwa-ke, indawo eminyene yokwakha izidleke yama-guillemot, lapho izinyoni zimi khona ziqoqene ndawonye, isiza ukuvikela abadala namazinyane abo ekuhlaselweni umoya izinkozi, izinkukhu nezinye izinyoni ezidla ezinye, kanye nasekuhlaselweni komhlaba izimpungushe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu, kufaka phakathi amaqembu eCanada nase-Alaska, bazingela futhi badle amaqanda ezinsalela zokudla.
Izilwane ezidume kakhulu ze-saury zifaka:
- okukhazimulayo (L. hyperboreus);
- uklebe (Accipitridae);
- Amagwababa ajwayelekile (Corvus corax);
- Impungushe yase-Arctic (Vulpes lagopus);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
E-Arctic, abantu bavame ukuzingela ama-guillemot njengomthombo wokudla. Abomdabu baseCanada nase-Alaska minyaka yonke badubula izinyoni eduze kwamakholoni abo esidleke noma ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabo basuka ogwini lwaseGreenland njengengxenye yokuzingela kwendabuko kokudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye amaqembu, njengama-Alaska, aqoqa amaqanda ukuze adle. Ngama-1990s, umndeni ojwayelekile eSt. Lawrence Island (osentshonalanga yezwekazi i-Alaska oLwandle iBering) wawudla amaqanda angama-60 kuye kwangama-104 ngonyaka.
Isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila se-guillemot endle singafinyelela eminyakeni engama-25. Enyakatho-mpumalanga yeCanada, izinga lokusinda kwabantu abadala lalinganiselwa kuma-91%, kanye nama-52% ngaphezulu kweminyaka emithathu. Ama-guillemot asengozini yezinsongo ezenziwe ngumuntu njengokuchitheka kukawoyela namanetha.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yeGuillemot
Njengenye yezinyoni zasolwandle eziningi kakhulu eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, inani labantu emhlabeni lama-guillemot kulinganiselwa ukuthi lingaphezu kuka-22,000,000 ezinhlobonhlobo. Ngakho-ke, lolu hlobo alusondeli eduze kwemingcele yezinhlobo ezisengozini. Kodwa-ke, izinsongo zisekhona, ikakhulukazi kusuka ekuchithekeni kukawoyela nakumaginethi, kanye nokwanda kwenani lezilwane ezidla imvelo njengamaqhugwane.
Abantu baseYurophu balinganiselwa kubantu abangu-2,350,000-3,060,000 abavuthiwe. ENyakatho Melika, inani labantu liyanda. Yize inani labantu eYurophu belilokhu lenyuka kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, kuye kwehla ukwehla okukhulu okusanda kwenzeka e-Iceland (okuyikhaya cishe lesine labantu baseYurophu). Ngenxa yokwehla okubikiwe e-Iceland, isilinganiso esilinganisiwe nesibekiwe sokwehla kwabantu eYurophu ngesikhathi sika-2005-2050 (izizukulwane ezintathu) sisuka ku-25% kuye ngaphezu kwe-50%.
Lezi zinhlobo zincintisana ngqo nezindawo zokudoba ukuze kudliwe, kanti ukudotshwa kwamasheya athile kunomthelela oqondile ku-guillemot. Ukuwa kwesitoko se-capelin oLwandle iBarents kuholele ekwehlisweni kwama-85% kubantu abazalanayo esiQhingini saseBear kungekho zimpawu zokululama. Ukufa okuvela ekulawuleni i-gillnet okungalawulwa nakho kungabaluleka.
Iqiniso Elijabulisayo: Ukungcola kukawoyela okuvela emikhunjini eyacwila phakathi neMpi Yezwe II kukholakala ukuthi kube nomthelela ekwehleni okukhulu kwamakholoni oLwandle lwase-Ireland maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lapho amakoloni athintekile engakatholakali ngokuphelele kuwo.
Ukuzingela eziQhingini ze-Faroe, eGreenland naseNewfoundland akulandelwe futhi kungahle kwenzeke emazingeni angagcineki. Akukho kuhlola okuhlelekile okwenziwe ngamazinga okubamba esimeme alesi silwane. Guillemot futhi kuyazwela ekushintshashintsheni kwamazinga okushisa asolwandle, ngokushintsha okungu-1 inC kwezinga lokushisa okuhambisana nokwehla kwabantu abayi-10% ngonyaka.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 13.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-22: 46
