UKitoglav Iyinyoni enkulu yasemanzini engabonakala ngokungangabazeki kubonga uqhwaku lwayo olwehlukile "olufana nezicathulo", oluyinika ukubukeka kwangaphambi komlando, ikhumbula imvelaphi yezinyoni ezivela kuma-dinosaurs. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye ase-Afrika futhi zinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu, kodwa zitholakala ezindaweni ezincane zendawo, zigxile emathafeni nakumaxhaphozi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kitoglav
UKitoglav wayaziwa kwabaseGibhithe lasendulo nama-Arabhu, kepha akazange ahlukaniswe kwaze kwaba ngekhulu le-19, lapho kulethwa izibonelo eziphilayo eYurophu. UJohn Gould uchaze lolu hlobo ngo-1850 njengoBalaeniceps rex. Igama lohlobo luvela kumagama esiLatin balaena "whale" kanye ne-caput "head", ezifushanisiwe -ceps ngamagama ahlanganisiwe. Ama-Arabhu abiza le nyoni ngokuthi abu markub, okusho ukuthi "isicathulo".
Ividiyo: Kitoglav
Ngokwesiko ihlotshaniswa nonogolantethe (i-Ciconiiformes), igcinwe ku-Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, ehlanganise inqwaba yetaxa engahlobene neCiconiiformes. Muva nje, i-whale glav bekucatshangwa ukuthi isondele kakhulu kuma-pelican (ngokususelwa ekuqhathanisweni kwe-anatomical) noma izindwandwe (ngokususelwa kudatha yamakhemikhali).
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo segobolondo leqanda ngo-1995 kwavumela uKonstantin Mikhailov ukuthi athole ukuthi igobolondo lekhanda lomkhomo lalifana nokwakheka kwegobongo.
Ukumboza uqobo kwakune-micoglobulin ewugqinsi ngaphezu kwamagobolondo amakristalu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwe-DNA luqinisekisa ukuzibandakanya kwabo namaPelecaniformes.
Kuze kube manje, izinsalela ezimbili zezihlobo zomkhomo zichaziwe:
- I-Goliathia evela e-Oligocene yasekuqaleni evela eGibhithe;
- UPaludavis wase-Early Miocene.
Kuphakanyisiwe ukuthi inyoni eyindida yase-Afrika, u-Eremopezus, naye wayeyisihlobo somkhomo, kodwa ubufakazi balokhu abukaqinisekiswa. Konke okwaziwayo nge-Eremopesis ukuthi kwakuyinyoni enkulu kakhulu, okungenzeka ukuthi ayikwazi ukundiza enemilenze eguquguqukayo eyayivumela ukuthi ikwazi ukubhekana nohlaza nezilwane.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: inyoni yomkhomo
Ama-Shoebill ayilungu kuphela lohlobo lweBalaeniceps futhi ukuphela kwelungu lomndeni weBalaenicipitidae. Lezi yizinyoni ezinde, ezibukeka ngokwesabekayo ezinokuphakama okungu-110 kuye ku-140 cm, kanti ezinye izinhlobo zifinyelela ku-152 cm. ... Isisindo kubikwa ukuthi sisuka ku-4 kuye ku-7 kg. Owesilisa uzokala isilinganiso esilinganiselwa ku-5.6 kg noma ngaphezulu, kuthi owesifazane ojwayelekile abe nesisindo esingu-4.9 kg.
Izimpaphe zimpunga mpunga nekhanda elimnyama grey. Imibala eyinhloko inezeluleko ezimnyama, kanti imibala yesibili inombala oluhlaza okotshani. Umzimba ongezansi unombala okhanyayo ompunga. Ngemuva kwekhanda kunesigaxa esincane sezimpaphe esingaphakanyiswa sibe ikamu. Intshontsho lekhanda lomkhomo elisanda kuchanyiswa limbozwe ngosilika osilika phansi, futhi linomthunzi ompunga othe ukuba mnyama kunabantu abadala.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngokusho kwezazi zezinyoni, lolu hlobo lungenye yezinyoni ezinhlanu ezikhanga kakhulu e-Afrika. Kukhona nezithombe zaseGibhithe zekhanda lomkhomo.
Uqhwaku oluqhakazile luyisici esivelele kakhulu sale nyoni futhi sifana nebhuthi lokhuni elinombala wotshani elinamaki angathi shu. Yisakhiwo esikhulu, esiphela ngehhuku elibukhali, eligobile. Ama-mandibles (amandla) anemiphetho ebukhali esiza ukubamba nokudla inyamazane. Intamo incane futhi ijiyile kunaleyo yezinye izinyoni ezinemilenze emide njengezikhence nezindwandwe. Amehlo makhulu futhi aphuzi noma abe mpunga mhlophe ngombala. Imilenze mide futhi imnyama. Izinzwane zinde kakhulu futhi zihlukaniswe ngokuphelele ngaphandle kocingo phakathi kwazo.
Ihlala kuphi inhloko yomkhomo?
Isithombe: Kitoglav eZambia
Lezi zinhlobo zigcwele e-Afrika futhi zihlala engxenyeni esempumalanga maphakathi nezwekazi.
Amaqembu amakhulu ezinyoni yilawa:
- eningizimu yeSudan (ikakhulukazi e-White Nile);
- amaxhaphozi asenyakatho ye-Uganda;
- entshonalanga yeTanzania;
- ezingxenyeni ezisempumalanga yeCongo;
- enyakatho-mpumalanga yeZambia exhaphozini laseBangweulu;
- abantu abancane batholakala empumalanga yeZaire naseRwanda.
Lezi zinhlobo zigcwele kakhulu esifundeni saseNtshonalanga Nile nasezindaweni eziseduze naseningizimu yeSudan. Amacala ahlukanisiwe okuhlala amakhanda emikhomo abikiwe eKenya, enyakatho yeCameroon, eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Ethiopia naseMalawi. Abantu abazulazulayo baye babonakala eziGodini zase-Okavango, eBotswana nasenhla nomfula iCongo. IShoebill iyinyoni engafuduki enokuhamba okulinganiselwe kwesizini ngenxa yezinguquko endaweni yokuhlala, ukutholakala kokudla nokuphazamiseka kwabantu.
Amakhanda emikhomo akhethe izingodo zamanzi angenasawoti nezimbokodo ezinkulu, eziwugqinsi. Zivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezigcwele izikhukhula ezifakwe i-papyrus kanye nomhlanga. Lapho unogolantethe womkhomo usendaweni enamanzi ajulile, udinga uhlaza oluningi oluntantayo. Baphinde bathande imizimba yamanzi ngamanzi angenawo umoya-mpilo. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi izinhlanzi ezihlala lapho zivele kaningi, okwandisa amathuba okubanjwa.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inyoni yomkhomo. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani ikhanda lomkhomo?
Isithombe: Kitoglav noma i-royal heron
Amakhanda emikhomo achitha isikhathi sawo esiningi ezifunela imvelo yasemanzini. Inqwaba yokudla kwabo okudlayo inama-vertebrate amaxhaphozi.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezidliwayo kucatshangwa ukuthi zifaka:
- i-marble protopter (P. aethiopicus);
- I-polypiper yaseSenegal (P. senegalus);
- izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-tilapias;
- ikati (iSilurus).
Esinye isisulu esidliwe yilezi zinhlobo sifaka:
- amaxoxo;
- izinyoka zamanzi;
- Izibankwa zokuqapha iNayile (V. niloticus);
- izingwenya ezincane;
- izimfudu ezincane;
- iminenke;
- amagundane;
- izinyoni ezincane zamanzi.
Ngomlomo wayo omkhulu ocijile nocijile nomlomo obanzi, i-whale glider ingazingela inyamazane enkulu kunezinye izinyoni ezihambayo. Izinhlanzi ezidliwa yilezi zinhlobo zivamise ukuba ngamasentimitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-50 ubude futhi zinesisindo esingaba ngama-500 g. Izinyoka ezizingelwayo zivamise ukuba ngamasentimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-60. Emaxhaphozini aseBangweulu, isisulu esiyinhloko abazali abasiletha ematshweleni yi-African Clarium i-catfish nezinyoka zamanzi.
Amasu amakhulu asetshenziswa ngemilomo yomkhomo "yima ulinde" futhi "uzulazule kancane." Lapho kutholakala into edliwayo, ikhanda nentamo yenyoni iyacwila ngokushesha emanzini, okwenza inyoni yehle ibhalansi bese iyawa. Ngemuva kwalokho, ikhanda lomkhomo kufanele libuyise ibhalansi bese liqala phansi lisendaweni emi.
Kanye nesisulu, izinhlayiya zohlaza ziwela emlonyeni. Ukususa isisindo esiluhlaza okotshani, amakhanda emikhomo anikina amakhanda ngapha nangapha, ephethe inyamazane. Ukuzingela kuvamise ukunqunywa ikhanda ngaphambi kokugwinya. Futhi, uqhwaku olukhulu luvame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhipha ukungcola phansi echibini ukuze kukhishwe inhlanzi efihlwe emigodini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Heron Kitoglav
AmaKitheads awahlangani ngamaqembu ngesikhathi sokudla. Kuphela lapho indlala izwakala kakhulu, lezi zinyoni ziyokondla eduze komunye nomunye. Imvamisa eyeduna neyensikazi yalaba bobabili abazalanayo bathola ukudla ezinhlangothini eziphambene zensimu yabo. Izinyoni azifuduki inqobo nje uma kunezimo ezinhle zokudla. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izindawo zebanga labo, bazokwenza ukunyakaza kwesizini phakathi kwezindawo zokwakha izidleke nezindawo zokondla.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaKitoglavs awasabi abantu. Abaphenyi abacwaninga ngalezi zinyoni bakwazi ukusondela ngaphezu kwamamitha amabili esidlekeni sabo. Izinyoni azizange zisongele abantu, kodwa zibabheke ngqo.
Amakhanda e-Whale ahamba phezulu kuma-thermals (inqwaba yomoya okhulayo), futhi avame ukubonakala ehamba phezu kwendawo yawo emini. Lapho indiza, intamo yenyoni iyahlehla. Izimpaphe, njengomthetho, ziyathula, kepha zivame ukuduma ngemilomo yazo. Abantu abadala bayemukelana kakhulu esidlekeni, futhi amachwane avele ancenge imilomo yawo ngenkathi edlala. Abantu abadala bazophinda benze umsindo wokukhala noma “we-mooing”, futhi amatshwele enze ama-hiccups, ikakhulukazi uma ecela ukudla.
Izinzwa eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswa amakhanda emikhomo ngenkathi zizingela ukubona nokuzwa. Ukuze kube lula ukubona ngamehlo, izinyoni zibamba amakhanda kanye nemilomo yazo zibheke phansi zibheke esifubeni. I-kitoglav ibamba amaphiko ayo iqonde lapho isuka, futhi izimpukane njengama-pelicans nentamo yayo ihoxisiwe. Imvamisa yayo yokujikisa icishe ibe ngu-150 ngomzuzu. Lesi ngesinye sezivinini ezihamba kancane kunanoma iyiphi inyoni, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezinkulu zikanogolantethe. Imodeli yendiza iqukethe ukushintshana kwemijikelezo eshintshashintshayo nokuslayida okuhlala cishe imizuzwana eyisikhombisa. Izinyoni zihlala cishe iminyaka engama-36 endle.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Kitoglav endizeni
AmaKitoglavs - anendawo cishe engama-3 km². Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, lezi zinyoni ziyindawo enkulu futhi zivikela isidleke kunoma iziphi izidlo noma izimbangi. Izikhathi zokuzala ziyahluka ngendawo, kepha imvamisa ziyaqondana nokuqala kwenkathi eyomile. Umjikelezo wokuzala uthatha izinyanga ezi-6 kuya kwezi-7. Isakhiwo esinobubanzi obungamamitha amathathu siyanyathelwa futhi sisuswe isidleke.
Isidleke siseziqhingini esincane noma ezimileni ezintantayo. Izinto ezifakiwe, njengotshani, ziluka ndawonye emhlabathini ukwakha isakhiwo esikhulu esingaba imitha eli-1 ububanzi. Iqanda elilodwa kuya kwamathathu, imvamisa amabili, aqanduselwe amaqanda amhlophe, kodwa ekupheleni komjikelezo wokuzala kusala intshontsho elilodwa kuphela. Isikhathi sokufukamela sithatha izinsuku ezingama-30. Ama-Kitheads ondla amaphuphu awo ngokuphindaphinda ukudla okungenani ama-1-3 ngosuku, ama-5-6 amahlandla njengoba ekhula.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ukukhula kwamakhanda emikhomo kuyinqubo ehamba kancane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni. Izimpaphe zikhula zize zifike ezinsukwini ezingama-60, futhi amaphuphu ashiya isidleke ngosuku lwama-95 kuphela. Kepha amaphuphu azokwazi ukundiza cishe izinsuku eziyi-105-112. Abazali bayaqhubeka nokondla amawundlu isikhathi esingangenyanga ngemuva kokubaleka.
Amakhanda emikhomo yizinyoni ezizodwa. Bobabili abazali babambe iqhaza kuzo zonke izingxenye zokwakhiwa kwezidleke, ukufukamela nokufuya amachwane. Ukuze agcine amaqanda epholile, umuntu omdala uthatha umlomo ogcwele wamanzi awuthele esidlekeni. Zibuye zibeke izingcezu zotshani obumanzi zizungeze amaqanda bese ziphendula amaqanda ngezidladla noma ngomlomo.
Izitha zemvelo zamakhanda omkhomo
Isithombe: inyoni yomkhomo
Kunezilwane eziningana ezidla amakhanda ezindala emikhomo. Lezi ikakhulukazi izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama (uklebe, uheshe, ikhayithi) ezihlasela ngesikhathi sendiza ehamba kancane. Kodwa-ke, izitha eziyingozi kakhulu izingwenya, ezihlala emaxhaphozini ase-Afrika ngamanani amakhulu. Amachwane namaqanda kungathathwa yizilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye, kepha lokhu kwenzeka kakhulu, ngoba lezi zinyoni zivikela ngokuqinile amantshontsho azo futhi zakha izidleke ezindaweni ezingafinyeleleki kulabo abafuna ukuzidla.
Izitha eziyingozi kakhulu zekhanda lomkhomo ngabantu ababamba izinyoni bazithengisele ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu bomdabu bathola izizumbulu zemali ngokudayiswa kwalezi zinyoni emaphoyiseni. I-kitoglava isongelwa ngabazingeli, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yabo ngabantu kanye nemikhuba yamasiko eholela ekutheni bazingelwe futhi babanjwe ngamalungu ezizwe zasendaweni.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Emasikweni amaningi ase-Afrika, amakhanda emikhomo athathwa njengezinto ezingafuneki futhi ayishwa. Ezinye zezizwe zasendaweni zidinga ukuthi amalungu azo abulale lezi zinyoni ukuze ahlanze izwe lawo ngamabika amabi. Lokhu kwaholela ekuqothulweni kwalezi zinhlobo ezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Afrika.
Ukuthengwa kwabantu ngabanye ngama-zoo, aklanyelwa ukusinda kwalezi zinhlobo, kwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwabantu. Izinyoni eziningi ezithathwe endaweni yazo yemvelo zafakwa ema-zoo ziyenqaba ukukhwelana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amakhanda emikhomo yizilwane eziyimfihlo kakhulu nezinesizungu, kanye nengcindezi yokuhamba, indawo engajwayelekile, nokuba khona kwabantu ema-zoo kuyaziwa ukubulala lezi zinyoni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kitoglav ngokwemvelo
Kube nokulinganiselwa okuningi kwabantu bekhanda lomkhomo, kepha okunembile kakhulu yizinyoni eziyi-11,000-15,000 kulo lonke uhla. Njengoba abantu behlakazeke ezindaweni ezinkulu futhi iningi labo lingafinyeleleki kubantu isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, kunzima ukuthola inombolo ethembekile.
Usongo ludalwa wukucekelwa phansi nokonakala kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukuzingelwa nokubanjelwa ukuhweba ngezinyoni. Indawo yokuhlala efanelekayo iyacutshungulwa ukuze kufuywe futhi kudliwe imfuyo. Futhi njengoba wazi, izinkomo ziyazinyathela izidleke. E-Uganda, ukuhlola uwoyela kungathinta abantu balezi zinhlobo ngokushintsha kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokungcoliswa kukawoyela. Ukungcola nakho kungaphawuleka lapho imfucumfucu ye-agrochemical ne-tannery igeleza noma ilahle eLake Victoria.
Lezi zinhlobo zisetshenziselwa ukuhweba ngezilwane, okuyinkinga, ikakhulukazi eTanzania lapho ukuhweba ngalezi zinhlobo kusesemthethweni. Amakhanda emikhomo athengiswa ngama- $ 10,000- $ 20,000, okwenza kube yizinyoni ezibiza kakhulu e-zoo. Ochwepheshe baseziNtabeni eziManzi zaseBangweulu, eZambia balinganisela ukuthi amaqanda namachwane athathwa ngabantu bendawo ukuze badliwe futhi bathengiswe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Impumelelo yokuzala ingaba ngaphansi kwe-10% ngonyaka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezici zabantu. Ngesikhathi sokuzala ngonyaka ka-2011-2013. Amachwane ayi-10 kuphela kwangu-25 abenezimpaphe eziphumelele: amachwane amane afele emlilweni, eyodwa yabulawa kwathi eyishumi yathathwa ngabantu.
Izindawo zokuhlala zisongelwa ngomlilo nesomiso eZambia. Kunobunye ubufakazi bokubanjwa nokushushiswa. Ukungqubuzana eRwanda naseCongo kuholele ekuphulweni kwezindawo ezivikelwe, kanti ukwanda kwezibhamu kwenze ukuzingela kwaba lula kakhulu. EMalagarasi, izindawo ezinkulu zehlathi le-miombo elincikene namaxhaphozi ziyasuswa ukuze kulinywe ugwayi nezolimo, kanti umphakathi, okubandakanya abadobi, abalimi kanye nabelusi abayimizulane, ukhule ngokushesha emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Eminyakeni emine, izidleke eziyisikhombisa kuphela kwezingu-13 ezaphumelela.
Ukuvikelwa kwamakhanda emikhomo
Isithombe: Kitoglav ovela eRed Book
Ngeshwa, lolu hlobo lusengcupheni yokuqothulwa futhi luthwala kanzima ukuze luphile. Amakhanda emikhomo eShoebill abalwa esengozini yi-IUCN. Lezi zinyoni zifakwe ohlwini lweSithasiselo II seCITES futhi zivikelwe ngumthetho eSudan, Central African Republic, Uganda, Rwanda, Zaire naseZambia yi-African Convention on Nature and Natural Resources. Izinganekwane zendawo zivikela namakhanda emikhomo, futhi abantu bendawo bafundiswa ukuhlonipha ngisho nokwesaba lezi zinyoni.
Lezi zinhlobo eziyivelakancane nezenziwe endaweni zifakwe ohlwini lwabasengozini ngoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi zinabantu abambalwa abasakazwa kabanzi. I-Bangweulu Wetland Management Council isebenzisa uhlelo lokulondolozwa kwemvelo. ESouth Sudan, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuqonda kangcono lolu hlobo kanye nokwenza ngcono isimo sezindawo ezivikelwe.
UKitoglav uletha imali ngezokuvakasha. Abahambi abaningi baya e-Afrika ngohambo lwemifula ukuze babone izilwane zasendle. Izindawo eziningana ezibalulekile zibekwa njengendawo yezikhukhula zemikhomo eSouth Sudan, e-Uganda, eTanzania naseZambia. Ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi zaseBangweulu, kudotshwa abadobi bendawo njengonogada ukuvikela izidleke, ukukhulisa ukuqwashisa kwendawo nokuphumelela kokuzalela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-18: 24
